多动词构式:汉语单、双音介词形成的句法环境新探——以双音动词“依据”的语法化为例

一般认为,汉语动词语法化为介词的典型句法环境是连动结构的V1位置。文章以双音动词"依据"语法化为介词为例,通过对其语法化句法环境考察后发现,动词"依据"语法化的句法环境不是连动式的V1位置而是承接复句的第一个动词(V1)位置。有鉴于此,文章提出在汉语介词语法化的句法环境称谓上,既不宜说是连动式,也不宜说是承接复句,而应统称为"多动词构式"。"多动词构式"形式特征是"V1+N1+V2+N2",本质特征是多个动作行为按时序共用一个施事,连动式与承接复句分别是它的两个小类,汉语单音介词虚化于连动式,汉语双音介词虚化于承接复句。用"多动词构式"统一解释汉语单、双音介词语法化的句法环境,可避免因语法术语称谓不同人为将同一种语言事实割裂开来。

介词“作为”的产生

介词"作为"由动词"作为"语法化而来,"作为+N_2(身份)"短语的出现为演变提供了语义基础;"作为+N_2"短语充当连动结构的V_1部分,为演变提供了句法基础。当"作为+N_2(身份)"短语位于句首(在谓语部分之前),句子表示对人或事件的评议时,"作为"的介词性质得到确定。导致介词"作为"产生的句法机制是"作为+N_2"短语的移位,N_2位置上的次类变换,以及施事论元的隐没,演变动因是由"使成"到"依据"的语用目的变化。

Three-dimensional Imaging of Multi-slice Spiral CT in Bronchial Artery Correlative Study on Blood Supply of Central Lung Cancer and Its Clinical Significance

Objective: To evaluate three-dimensional bronchial artery imaging charactersin central lung cancer and applied values with multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) to provide theoreticalevidence on blood supply and intervention therapy. Methods: Eighteen patients with central lungcancer underwent MSCT with real time helical thin-slice CT scanning. Three-dimensional bronchialartery reconstruction was done at the console work-station. The space anatomical characters ofbronchial artery were observed through different rotations. Results: For 6 cases, thethree-dimensional images of bronchial artery (33.33%) could exactly show the origins, the routes(lung inner segment and mediatism segment) and the diameters of bronchial arteries. Vision rate ofbronchial arteries was the highest in pulmonary artery stricture and truncation groups, and thevessels' diameter became larger apparently. These characters demonstrated blood supply of this kindof central lung cancer come from bronchial artery. Volume rendering images were the best ones amongthree-dimensional images. Conclusion: Three-dimensional imaging with MSCT in bronchial artery canreveal the anatomical characters of bronchial artery and provide theoretical evidence on bloodsupply and intervention therapy of central lung cancer.

Coupling Effect of Water and Phosphate on Economic Traits of Sugarcane

[Objective] The aim was to study the coupling effect of water and phosphate on economic traits of sugarcane. [Method] Taking sugarcane variety ROC22 as tested material,coupling effects of different levels of water supply quantity and different levels of phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and quality of sugarcane were studied. Among them,water supply quantity had 3 levels,that was,the water supply quantity per 10 days from the early tillering stage of sugarcane to the end of elongation was 199.5 m3/hm2 (A1),400.5 m3/hm2 (A2) and 600.0 m3/hm2 (A3),respectively; Phosphorus fertilizer as basic fertilizer had 4 levels:P2O5 0 kg/hm2 (B1),120 kg/hm2 (B2),240 kg/hm2 (B3) and 360 kg/hm2 (B4). [Result] Treatment A3B2 in water-fertilizer coupling was more suitable to improve economic traits of sugarcane. [Conclusion] The research results provide theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of water and phosphorus fertilizer in production of Guangxi sugarcane and the cultivation of high-yield and high-glucose sugarcane.

Correlation between the Change in the Number of Apis mellifera Worker Bees and Nectar Secretion of Nectariferous Plants

[Objective] This study aimed to clarify the correlation between changes of Apis mel ifera and the nectar secretion characteristics of nectariferous plants. [Method] Considering the nectar secretion characteristics of major and auxiliary nec-tariferous plants, six Apis mel ifera colonies were selected for measure the number of eggs, larvae, pupae and adult bees from Jan. to Dec. in 2012; based on that, their annual change curves were also plotted. [Result] The results showed that there were three peaks of the total number of A. mel ifera workers throughout the year：the first occurred on May 15th, with bees developed into an ideal population for col-lecting pomegranate nectar, and the second and third peaks occurred on July 15th and Oct. 15th, respectively, with bees developed into an ideal population for col ect-ing E. ciliate （Thuab） Hyland. [Conclusion] Prevention of Varroa jacobsoni should be carried out with two or more types of acaricides at the late nectar flow stages of the two nectariferous plants（pomegranate and E. ciliate （Thuab） Hyland） when there was a nectar deficiency. Prevention of Tropilaelaps clareae should be timely per-formed with sublimed sulfur in conjunction with acaricides. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-yielding production of honey, as wel as for the product safety.

A Zooarchaeological Study on the Origins of Animal Domestication in Ancient China

A series of criteria such as morphological metrics, pathology, age structure, sex ratios, relative proportions, archaeological phenomena, diet analysis, and DNA studies are established for identifying the origins of domestic animals in ancient China in a scientific way. Using these criteria, it is established that the earliest domestic dog has been found in southern Hebei Province(ca. 10,000 BP), and the earliest domestic pig in southern Henan Province(ca. 9000 BP). Domestic sheep have been found in the Gansu–Qinghai region dating from 5600–5000 BP, and domestic cattle in eastern Gansu Province(ca. 5000 BP). Domestic horses from the period 4000–3600 BP have been discovered in eastern Gansu, and domestic chickens have been identified from sites in eastern Henan Province dating to ca. 3300 BP. Although the locations and time of the origins of animal domestication vary, they are mostly located in northern China.

Foundations of medical decision-making for older adults with cardiovascular disease

In order to help older adults with cardiovascular disease navigate complex decisions, clinicians must know tenets of medical ethics and have good communication skills. The elements of decision making capacity and informed consent are reviewed, using relevant clinical ex- amples to illustrate the basic concepts. The shared decision making model, by which clinician and patient work together to determine the plan of care, is described. Useful communication techniques to implement shared decision making are suggested.

Modeling and Analysis of Data Dependencies in Business Process for Data-Intensive Services

With the growing popularity of data-intensive services on the Internet, the traditional process-centric model for business process meets challenges due to the lack of abilities to describe data semantics and dependencies, resulting in the inflexibility of the design and implement for the processes. This paper proposes a novel data-aware business process model which is able to describe both explicit control flow and implicit data flow. Data model with dependencies which are formulated by Linear-time Temporal Logic(LTL) is presented, and their satisfiability is validated by an automaton-based model checking algorithm. Data dependencies are fully considered in modeling phase, which helps to improve the efficiency and reliability of programming during developing phase. Finally, a prototype system based on j BPM for data-aware workflow is designed using such model, and has been deployed to Beijing Kingfore heating management system to validate the flexibility, efficacy and convenience of our approach for massive coding and large-scale system management in reality.

An exceptional cause of left lower quadrant abdominal pain

Acute appendidtis is an exceptional cause of left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Computed tomography scan is the key to its diagnosis and helps to establish its early treatment. We present a case of a 35-year-old male patient who presented acute appendicitis with redundant and loosely attached cecum which was diagnosed based on his left lower quadrant abdominal pain.

ACUPUNCTURE AT TRAGUS APEX FOR TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC OCULAR MUSCLE PARALYSIS——A Report of 16 Cases

Traumatic ocular muscle paralysis is nota rare condition in clinical practice. However,complete recovery is very difficult. Withacupuncture at the tragus apex, we treated 16cases in the period of 1992-1996, withsatisfactory therapeutic results reported asfollows.

Preoperative diagnosis of renal oncocytoma: case report and literature review

To differentiate renal oncocytoma from renal carcinoma, the clinical data of four patients with incidentally found renal oncocytomas were studied in this report. And additional Immunohistochemistry examinations were done to confirm diagnosis. Renal oncocytomas were found incidentally in four patients during medical examination. No characteristic changes were found in laboratory tests. Radiology examination provided the location and possibility of renal oncocytoma. History, laboratory test and radiology exanimation indicated the diagnosis of renal oncocytoma, but the final identify of renal oncocytoma need pathology examination.

Level of Independence in Georgia Throughout the 14th Century

In 1329-1334, George the Brilliant took advantage of the situation created in the llkhanate, eliminated his political opponents and restored the territorial integrity of Georgia. He created a solid legal basis for the country and regulated the ecclesiastic area. He was in West Georgia in 1329-1332/1333. The llkhanid coin was not minted in Georgia during that period; yet, soon the king of Georgia, which had already been united by that time, restored relations with llkhanids and returned to Tbilisi, which implied making the already united Georgia subject to Mongols. Ilkhanid coins and later, coins of Chobanids, the Golden Horde and Jalayirids circulated during the reign of George the Brdhant. In 1338-1339 George the Brilliant conquered Ossetia and Ilkhanid coins were disseminated on the territory of the Golden Horde after that. Formally, Georgia remained under the control of Ilkhanids, which was replaced by Chobanids in 1338 and the governors of the Golden Horde in 757/1356; and in parallel and afterwards by Jalayirids, which is evidenced by written sources as well as numismatic data; Despite formal dependence on the foreign power, which is evidenced by the deployment of 10,000 troops at the border of Georgia as well, the country enjoyed a rather wide internal autonomy. Participation of George the Brilliant in sending envoys for the purpose of the redemption of the Jvari （Cross） Monastery in Palestine in 1316/7, 1320 cannot be assumed. It seems that in those years envoys were sent by Constantine, the king of West Georgia. All the above do not diminish the merits of George V to the Georgian nation and his historic role in terms of the political unification of the country, the creation of a legal basis for it and the regulation of ecclesiastic affairs--the accomplishments of the king, who deservedly bears the name ＂the Brilliant＂.

Final Move for an Integrated EU Energy Market： Energy Union

EU is in position of world＇s largest energy importer and plays an active role in energy markets. Therefore, the EU＇s energy policy has not only local but also global effects. Because of the two oil crises in the 1970＇s, energy has taken an important place in the EU＇s agenda and has become one of the EU＇s highest priorities as the part of the EU＇s goal of Single Market. Especially, the 1987 Single European Act followed by the goal of Single Market has come to dominate the idea of the necessity of having a single market for energy. A chapter about energy has been added into the letter of the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon for the first time, thus energy has gained a new dimension and has had a legal basis. However, although there are energy rules defined at European level, there are 28 national regulatory structures in practice. Therefore, an integrated energy market is needed to create more competition, to increase market efficiency through better use of energy generation facilities across the EU, to produce affordable prices for consumers, and to move as whole, not as 28 separate countries. In this regard, the idea of creation of the Energy Union has emerged and the European Commission has published a detailed action plan for the Energy Union on February 25, 2015. In this study, historical process of initiatives for the creation of common energy policy in the EU is analyzed and the future of Energy Union is discussed.

Effectiveness of Budgetary Entities

This paper acquaints readers with the practice of effectiveness evaluation in the public sector. The purpose of this paper is to study performance measurement according to the changes in public sector reform by focusing on performance-based budgeting in Russia. This paper suggests that the construction process of performance measurement should be aligned with outputs and outcomes of budget policy. The main research materials for this paper are based on data from a survey and follow-up interviews of budgetary managers and accountants. The survey result sets priorities and weighted some indicators to the measurement of effectiveness in the public sector. The data of this study were not large, but the study led to understanding how effectiveness is seen by budgetary managers and how measurement systems should be structured. Texts and contents from different sources such as financial annual reports and budgetary entities＇ websites provided insightful and interesting findings.

Measuring Enrichment Liability in the Context of Unfinished Construction Projects

Most aspects of construction projects mainly fall under contractual regime. However, when things go wrong such as when the project is abandoned for various reasons, they may create two different scenarios： a contract that is breached and a fixed structure that is left on the land which may constitute an incomplete benefit that is acquired by one of the parties. The transfer of such benefit is initially made with a legal ground, but that ground has since ceased to exist. If some aspect of that benefit cannot be recovered under a contract, enrichment rules may be competent to solve the problem. How to measure the different aspects of that enrichment is however a problem that may have different interpretations according to different conceptions of the foundations of enrichment liability in a particular legal system. This article explores the measures of enrichment in such cases of failed bilateral contracts scenarios working from South African perspective. It argues that in cases of failed bilateral contracts generating an enrichment situation, sanctioning a dual measure of enrichment in a legal system may be an appropriate avenue.

Talk about the necessity and realistic significance of the separation between the financial accounting and tax accounting

The tax accounting and financial accounting＇ s different target, different legal basis, different accounting principles as well as the different time of recognition between incomes and expenses will result in significant differences between accounting income and taxable income. We think that drawing on the experience of the United States and other countries to establish the specialized accounting theory and methods, the implementation of tax accounting and financial accounting separation is an inevitable requirement. Whether the financial accounting and tax accounting should be separated, of which the key lies in the degree of difference and coordinability between accounting income and taxable income. We believe that from our tax system, financial system and the history and current status of the development of accounting systems perspective, it do not exist realistic necessity of the separation between the tax accounting and the financial accounting.

A Study on the Legal Sources and Principles of Consumer Cooling-off Period System

In October 25, 2013, the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress made a decision on revising the ＂consumer rights protection law＂ of PRC. The new revised ＂Chinese Consumer Protection Law＂ China consumers will take consumer cooling-off period system as an important consumer right.2 Because it is a new system different from traditional civil law ＂principle of obeying compacts＂ , and the theoretical research on the calm period by scholars is still not mature enough. This paper discusses the consumer cooling off period from the theoretical perspective, and its legal origin, and puts forward and demonstrates legal principles and the legal basis the cooling off period system should follow.

Anisotropy of Critical Fields in MgB_2: Two-Band Ginzburg-Landau Theory for Layered Superconductors

The temperature dependence of the anisotropy parameter of upper critical field γHe2 （T） = Hc2^‖ （T） /Hc2^⊥ （T） and London penetration depth γλ （T） = λ‖（T）/λ⊥ （T） are calculated using two-band Ginzburg-Landau theory for layered superconductors. It is shown that, with decreasing temperature the anisotropy parameter γHc2 （T） is increased, while the London penetration depth anisotropy γλ（T） reveals an opposite behavior. Results of our calculations are in agreement with experimental data for single crystal MgB2 and with other calculations..Results of an analysis of magnetic field Hc1 in a single vortex between superconducting layers are also presented.

An optimization method on runner blades in bulb turbine based on CFD analysis

In this paper an optimization method of the runner blades in a bulb turbine based on CFD analysis is proposed.In the method the main scales of the turbine including guide vane,runner and draft are maintained.Only the runner blades are modified based on the present method.In the optimization method the runner blade is expressed by spline surface with a gather of coordinate points.The B-spline curve is used to keep the modified blades smooth.In order to make the blade optimization simple and ef- ficient,one of the coordinates is fixed and only the angles of the points are changed according to different modification purposes.Three main optimization principles based on flow diagnosis are presented here.These three principles are all based on the CFD analysis of the internal flow in bulb turbine.For the purpose of method verification,the optimization method is used in a model bulb turbine.A three dimensional steady turbulent computation is carried out through the whole passage including the bulb body,guide vanes,runner and draft tube of the bulb turbine under seven different work conditions.An SST k-ωturbulence model is used during the CFD analysis and the performance of the turbine can be achieved.The runner blade is optimized according to the three optimization principles based on flow diagnosis.The CFD analysis is conducted again on the optimized turbine and another modification is needed if the new turbine can’t satisfy the required performance.Comparison of the computational results between the original turbine and an optimized one indicates that the optimization method is practical and does improve the performance of the bulb turbine.

A Comparative Analysis of Environmental Courts in Sweden and China

The numbers of environmental courts and tribunals have been increasing tremendously in the twenty-first century in various countries. Facing with the challenges of environmental disputes explosion, China has to keep up with the trend. A system of environmental courts from institution to procedure rules has been established according to the Swedish Environmental Code of 1999. In contrast, the environmental courts in China are far from perfect, and the reforms of the envi- ronmental courts lack unified legal grounds, specific structural design, and clear procedure rules. An analysis concerning the origin and development, standing, the composition of judges, the litigation costs of the Sweden environmental courts will be revealing and beneficial for the bettering of the Chinese environmental courts system.