明代北部湾北部滨海地区的社会环境与经济发展——以廉州府为视域

由于安南内乱对明代与安南关系的影响以及倭寇、海寇、交贼的不断侵扰,明代北部湾北部滨海地区的战略地位不断提高,成为明朝政府的海防前线,明朝政府对北部湾北部滨海地区的政治、军事管控手段进行调整,对当地经济发展产生了深刻影响。其经济发展体现出明显的时代特色和地域色彩,食盐生产和珍珠采集的发展和农业生产的相对滞后,反映了当地"依海为生"的滨海地域经济特点;与此同时,尽管商业得到一定程度的发展,但对外经济交往受到明朝政府的限制,北部湾北部滨海地区经济的对外辐射范围日渐缩小。

守护绿色的'海岸卫士' ——广西山口红树林保护发展记

依海而生,傍滩成林,连绵的绿意相连于广阔的蔚蓝.红树林,向人们展现着自己的坚韧,不论脚下踩的是咸涩的海水,亦或是贫瘠的滩涂,它的枝干总是挺拔地向着蓝天,像卫士一样守护着海岸. 作为一种生长于热带和亚热带海岸咸水环境的特殊植被,红树林因随潮水涨落而出没,其植物群落和生存环境,构成了海岸线上最重要的生态系统,环境效益非比寻常.而且,由于其所处的位置,红树林对沿海地区抵御灾害更起着不可替代的作用.

PRESENT SITUATION AND ANALYSIS OF ACUPUNCTURE IN DRUG WITHDRAWAL

Drug withdrawal with acupuncture appeared in 1970 s, which is one of the major achievements in modern medicine. The paper reviews the formation and development of acupuncture in drug withdrawal, analyzes its advantages and mechanisms as well as the questions encountered in drug withdrawal. Additionally, some feasible suggestions are provided for the further development of acupuncture in drug withdrawal.

Attributional Styles in Adolescents with Transfusion-dependent Thalassemia

This study focused on the way that Adolescents with Transfusion- dependent thalassemia explained negative or positive events in their life （Attributional Styles）. It is defined by three dimensions describing the cognitive appraisal of the events： internal-external, stable-unstable, and global-specific. With cross-sectional research design, the observations consist of 102 adolescents （48 males, 54 females） who diagnosed with Transfusion-dependent thalassemia （more than 50 times for blood transfusions） completed the measure of Attributional Styles and Anxiety Questionnaires. The correlations in the predicted directions among variables examine with Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, t-test, and One-way ANOVA to ascertain a significant between the group differences on attributional factors and levels of anxiety symptoms. The results show that Adolescent samples with higher levels of anxiety revealed statistically significant relationship among three negative attributional dimensions （overall composite F = 4.5, p 〈 0.05; negative composite F = 4.99, p 〈 0.01; negative-internality F = 4.99 p 〈 0.01; negative-stability F = 3.42, p 〈 0.05 and negative-globality F = 3.77, p 〈 0.05）. In addition, significant age- group differences were found for the total negative-globality （t = 2.05, p 〈 0.05） and negative- globality （t = -2.22, p 〈 0.05）. These data are consistent with the reformulated learned helplessness model of depression. In finding, the individuals who attribute negative life events to internal, stable, and global causes will be more vulnerable to anxiety than those who make external, unstable, and specific attributions. Most interestingly, those adolescents more than 17 years evidence more negative-globality attfibutional style than group less than 16 years, and female adolescents may influence this pattern. These results suggest that targeting Adolescents with Transfusion-dependent thalassemia may be important for improving aspect of coping on psychological adjustment to their chronic illness.

Primary studies on heroin abuse and injury induced by oxidation and lipoperoxidation

Objective To further reveal serious risks of heroin abuse to human body and clarify grave injuries of oxidation, peroxidation and lipoperoxidation induced by nitric oxide and other free radicals to heroin abusers Methods Determined and compared plasma levels of nitric oxide (P NO), vitamin C (P VC), vitamin E (P VE), β carotene (P β CAR), lipoperoxides (P LPO) and erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase (E SOD), catalase (E CAT), glutathione peroxidase (E GSH Px) and erythrocyte level of lipoperoxides (E LPO) in 137 cases of heroin abusers (HAs) and 100 cases of healthy volunteers (HVs), used linear regression and correlation, stepwise regression and correlation to analyze correlation among heroin abusing duration (HAD), daily heroin abusing quantity (DHAQ) with above determination values in the HAs Results Compared with the above average values in the HVs group, the average values of P NO, P LPO, E LPO in the HAs group were significantly increased ( P <0 0001), the average values of P VC, P VE, P β CAR, E SOD, E CAT and E GSH Px were significantly decreased ( P <0 0001); the analysis of linear regression and correlation showed that with ascending of the HAD and DHAQ in the HAs, the values of P NO, P LPO, E LPO were gradually increased ( P <0 0001), the values of P VC, P VE, P β CAR, E SOD, E CAT, E GSH Px were gradually decreased ( P <0 0001); the analysis of stepwise regression and correlation suggested that the correlation among the HAD, DHAQ with the values of P NO, P VC, P VE was the closest Conclusion The balance between oxidation and antioxidation in the HAs was seriously destroyed, and the injuries induced by nitric oxide and other free radicals, oxidation, peroxidation and lipoperoxidation reactions to the body of HAs gravely exacerbated In the abstaining from heroin dependence, therefore, it should consider that sufficient quantum antioxidants such as VC, VE and β CAR are dosed to the HAs so as to abate the injuries to their bodies

Studies on Coordinative Effect of Electroacupuncture and Methadone on Heroin Withdrawal Syndrome

Eight six heroin addicts were randomly divided into the treatment group by electroacupuncture plus Methadone and the control group by single Methadone for comparison of the therapeutic effects. Statistically there was no significant difference in the therapeutic effect （score reduction rate） between the treatment group and the control group （P〉 0.05）, In the treatment group, the dose of Methadone was half of routine dose, but the therapeutic effect was similar and side effect was less, in comparison with full dose in the control group.

Clinical Observation of Electroacupuncture in Treating Withdrawal Anxiety in Heroin-dependent Patients

Objective： To observe the effects of electroacupuncture on withdrawal anxiety in heroin-dependent patients. Methods： Sixty heroin-withdrawal subjects with negative urine morphine were digitally randomized into two groups： acupuncture group in which 30 cases were treated by electroacupuncture and control group in which 30 cases were given no treatment. The patients were assessed by Hamilton anxiety scale before treatment and one week, two weeks and three weeks after treatment. Results： After treatment, the anxiety symptoms of heroin-dependent patients were improved more significantly in the acupuncture group than in the control group （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Electroacupuncture has good effects on anxiety symptoms and emotions of heroin-dependent patients.

Can sexual selection and disassortative mating contribute to the maintenance of a shell color polymorphism in an inter- tidal marine snail？

Littorina fabalis is an intertidal snail commonly living on the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and showing frequent shell-color polymorphisms in the wild. The evolutionary mechanism underlying this polymorphism is currently unknown. Shell color variation was studied in mated and non-mated specimens of this species from different microareas in one locality from NW Spain, in order to estimate sexual selection and assortative mating that may （still） be operating in this population. The analyses across microareas allowed us to investigate frequency-dependent selection and assortative mating components, mechanisms that could maintain the polymorphism. The presence of shell scars caused by crab attacks, an environmental variable not related with sexual selection or assortative mating, was used as experimental control. This study provides new evidence of significant disas- sortative mating and some degree of sexual selection against some shell colors, supporting the results found 21 years ago in a similar study, i.e. in the same species and locality. The similarity of these estimates during the studied period suggests that this experimental approach is consistent and valid to be extended to other populations and organisms. In addition, sexual selection and assortative mating estimates did not change across microareas differing in shell color frequencies, suggesting than the polymor- phism can not be maintained by a frequency-dependent （sexual selection-based） mechanism. Our main hypothesis is that negative assortative mating could contribute to the maintenance of the polymorphism, perhaps by males showing distinct female color preferences when searching for mates [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 463-474, 2012].

Clinical Study on Electroacupuncture for Post-withdrawal Anxiety-depression Mood in Heroin Addicts

Objective： To investigate the intervention effect of electroacupuncture on postwithdrawal anxiety and depression of those with heroin dependence. Method： One hundred and twenty heroin dependence cases were randomly allocated into 4 groups, including acupuncture group 1 using Jiaji （Ex-B 2） points and Shenshu （BL 23）, acupuncture group 2 using points in the four limbs, simulation and control groups. Then the SAS and SDS changes were observed before the treatment and 4th, 8th and 10th week after. Result： At the 4th, 8th and 10th week, the SAS and SDS scores in acupuncture group 1 and 2 showed significant differences with the control group （P〈0.01, P〈0.05）. There were significant differences between SAS changes in acupuncture group 1 and 2 but there was no significant difference in SDS changes. Conclusion： Electroacupuncture can improve the post-withdrawal anxiety and depression in heroin addicts. Jiaji （Ex-B 2） points showed significantly better effects in improving anxiety than points in four limbs but no significant difference in improving depression.

Local changes in snow depth dominate the evolving pattern of elevation-dependent warming on the Tibetan Plateau

Elevation-dependent warming(EDW),whereby warming rates are stratified by elevation,may increase the threat to the life-supporting solid water reservoir on the Tibetan Plateau.Previous studies have debated whether EDW exists and how it is driven.Using temperatures at 133 weather stations on the Tibetan Plateau during 17 different periods generated using a 30-year sliding window over 1973-2018,this study finds that the existence of EDW varies as the period moves forward,and critically it has become more severe over time.During the early part of the record with weaker regional warming,there were limited changes in snow depth and no EDW,but as time advances and regional warming intensifies,snow depth declines significantly at higher elevations,causing development of EDW.We conclude that enhanced regional warming has caused decreases in snow depth,largely controlling the pattern of EDW on the Tibetan Plateau.This may explain contrasting conclusions on EDW from previous studies which have used data for different periods,and our findings support enhanced EDW and more severe depletion of the Tibetan Plateau solid water reserves in a warmer future.

Effect of Electroacupuncture on Anxiety and Craving in Heroin Addicts During Detoxification

Objective:To observe the effect of electroacupuncture at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points for anxiety and craving in heroin addicts during detoxification. Methods:A total of 60 cases were randomized into an electro-acupuncture group and a control group, 30 in each group. Cases in the electroacupuncture group were treated with electroacupuncture at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points, whereas cases in the control group were treated with Methadone and Doxepin. Then scores were graded using Zung self-rating anxiety score (SAS) and self-made visual analogue scale (VAS). The assessment was conducted once a day to record the adverse reactions. Results:After treatment, the SAS and VAS scores in the electro-acupuncture group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion:Electroacupuncture at Jiaji (EX-B 2) points can effectively alleviate anxiety and craving intensity in heroin addicts during detoxification.

Therapeutic Efficacy Observation on Acupuncture for Post-withdrawal Syndrome of Heroin Dependence

Obj ective： To observe and analyze the intervention effects of needling different points for post- withdrawal syndrome of heroin dependence, and thus provide clinical basis for screening specific points. Methods： A total of 60 males with heroin dependence were randomly allocated into 3 groups, the Neiguan （PC 6） group, the Shenmen （HT 7） group and the control group. The results were observed and evaluated before, during, and 3 weeks after treatment using the rating scale for post-withdrawal syndrome and Hamilton anxiety scale （HAMA）. Results： In regards to the control of post-withdrawal symptoms, the groups of Neiguan （PC 6） and Shenmen （HT 7） showed statistical difference when compared with the control group （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; however, there was no statistical difference between the Neiguan （PC 6） group and Shenmen （HT 7） group （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： Acupuncture can alleviate the post-withdrawal syndrome and anxiety of heroin dependence. Although both Neiguan （PC 6） and Shenmen （HT 7） have equally remarkable effects, Shenmen （HT 7） have a better tendency for marked effect for heart-mind related symptoms.

Observations on the Efficacy of Auricular-plaster Therapy plus Medicine in Treating Heroin Addiction

Objective. To investigate the curative effect of auricular plaster therapy on heroin addiction. Methods： Sixty cases of heroin addiction were treated by auricular plaster therapy in cooperation with methadone and another 60 cases with methadone as a control. The treatment lasted 10 days. Results and conclusion： The results showed that the curative effect of auricular-plaster therapy plus methadone on heroin addiction was significantly better than that of methadone in the control group（P〈 0.01）. The rate of drug relapse was also significantly lower in the former（P〈 0.01）. It is considered that auricular-plaster therapy in cooperation with methadone is now an ideal therapeutic method for drug withdrawal.

Effect of Electro-acupuncture on Relapse to Heroin-Seeking in the Heroin Self-administrating Rats

Objective： To observe the effect of electro-acupuncture on the relapse to heroin-seeking induced by heroin-related cues after withdrawal from heroin self-administration in rats. Methods： Sixty male Wistar rats were randomized into physiological saline group, withdrawal group A, withdrawal group B, electro-acupuncture （EA） treatment group A and EA treatment group B, with 12 rats in each group. The rats were trained by nose-poke response to self administer heroin （50μg/kg/per infusion） or saline with one daily 4-h session for 14 consecutive days, the session ended after 25 infusions were earned or 4 hours had passed, the reinforcement schedule was a progressive ratio. Then rats in withdrawal group A and withdrawal group B were withdrawn from heroin for 1 week and 2 weeks respectively, and then they were reintroduced to their training chambers for 4-h relapse testing which was induced by heroin-related environmental cues; And rats in EA treatment group A and EA treatment group B were also withdrawn from heroin for 1 week and 2 weeks respectively, during which they were given EA treatment for 20 min daily, then they received relapse testing; In the meantime, rats in saline group were trained with saline instead of heroin for 14 days as control, after 7 days of withdrawal from saline, they received relapse testing. Results： Following 7-8 days of drug training, the rats began to establish the stable intravenous heroin self-administration behavior; For the stable heroin self-administrating rats that received EA treatment, when they were reintroduced to their training chambers, their heroin-seeking behaviors were obviously inhibited, and this inhibitory effect related to the cumulativeness of EA stimulation. Conclusion： The results suggested that EA could prevent relapse to heroin-seeking to a certain extent.

Effect of acupuncture in intervening heroin-induced brain damage via regulating ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Objective：To observe the effect of acupuncture in regulating ubiquitin-proteasome pathway （UPP）,and discuss the action of acupuncture in intervening heroin-induced brain damage.Methods：Thirty male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were divided into a control group,a model group and an acupuncture group by using the random number table.Rats in the model and acupuncture groups received intramuscular heroin injection for successive 8 d at a progressively increased dose.Afterwards,the injection was suspended for 5 d for withdrawal.The heroin relapse rat model was established by repeating the drug addiction and withdrawal process for 3 times.The control group followed the step of the model establishment,but was given intramuscular injection of normal saline at the stage of addiction and no intervention at the stage of withdrawal;the model group was given intramuscular heroin injection at a progressively increased dose at the addiction stage and no intervention at the withdrawal stage;the acupuncture group was dealt in the same way as the model group at the addiction stage,but received acupuncture at Baihui （GV 20） and Dazhui （GV 14） at the withdrawal stage,with the needles retained for 30 min each time,1 session a day,for successive 5 d.On the 39th day,brain tissues were extracted from the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area （VTA） of the three groups of rats.The apoptosis of brain nerve cells was detected by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick and labeling （TUNEL）.The mRNA and protein expressions of ubiquitin （Ub）,ubiquitin protein ligase （E3） and 26S were examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR）.Results：Compared with the model group,rat＇s hippocampus and VTA in the acupuncture group showed significantly fewer cells positively stained by TUNEL staining （P〈0.01）,and its mRNA and protein expressions of Ub,E3,26S were significantly lower （P〈0.01）.Conclusion：Reducing nerve cell apoptosis and regulating the mRNA and protein expressions of Ub,E3 and 26S in rat＇s hippocampus and VTA are possibly one of the action mechanisms of acupuncture in intervening heroin-induced brain damage.

Clinical Study on Combined Acupuncture and Psychological Desensitization Therapy for Anxiety due to Heroin Addiction

Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of combined acupuncture and psychological desensitization therapy for anxiety in those with heroin addiction. Methods： All 90 cases were randomly allocated into a treatment group （45 cases） and a control group （45 cases）. Cases in the treatment group received 30 min of combined acupuncture and psychological desensitization therapy for each treatment, twice a week and 8 weeks in total, whereas cases in the control group received no treatment. After that, the anxiety score and state were observed. In addition, the mental state prior to and after cue-elicited heroin craving was evaluated. Results： The total and standard scores of anxiety in the treatment group were significantly reduced compared to the control group （P〈0.05）, coupled with a significant reduction of heroin craving （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Combined acupuncture and psychological desensitization can alleviate anxiety and inhibit the short-term heroin craving.

Influence of Acupuncture on Sleep Disorders and Anxiety in Patients with Heroin Dependence

Objective： To observe the influence of acupuncture on sleep disorders and anxiety in patients with heroin dependence. Methods： Sixty-two male patients with heroin dependence were divided into two groups by random number table. Thirty-five cases in the acupuncture group were treated by puncturing Baihui （GV 20）, Neiguan （PC 6）, and Shenmen （HT 7） and moxibustion at Zusanli （ST 36）. Twenty-seven cases in the control group did not receive any therapeutic measures. The therapeutic effects were summarized after observation of 8 weeks. Results： After treatment, the global scores and standard scores of anxiety declined in comparison with those before the treatment in both two groups, but there was statistical difference only in the acupuncture group （P〈0.05）. There were no statistical differences in the global score and the standard score of anxiety between the two groups, but the standard scores in the acupuncture group reached the normal level. After treatment, only the sleep latency was obviously improved in the control group （P〈0.05）. The syndromes of sleep disorder were improved noticeable in the acupuncture group （P〈0.05）, and the actual sleep time was improved better than those in the control group （P〈0.05）, and PSQI global scores decreased below the normal level. Conclusion： Acupuncture has the effects to improve sleep disorders and anxious emotion in the patients with heroin dependence.

Effect of Acupuncture on Contents of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Ventral Tegmental Area of Heroin Self-administrating Rats

Objective： This present study is to investigate the biochemical adaptations in the rdated brain regions of the mesolimbic dopamine system, such as the ventral tegmental area （VFA）, nucleus accumbens （NAc）, amygdale （Amy）, prefrontal cortex （PFC） , substantia nigra （SN） and caudateputamen （CPu） in response to heroin self-administration in rats and observe the effect of electroacupuncture on them. Methods. Thirty rats were trained by nose-poking response to establish stable intravenous heroin self-administration within 14 days, and then divided randomly into model group （group B） including 6 rats, withdrawal group which were withdrawn from heroin for 1 week （group C, n = 6） and for 2 weeks （group D, n= 6）, during which time they only lived in their individual home cages, and dectrtyacupuncture group which were also withdrawn from heroin for 1 week （group E, n= 6） and for 2 weeks （group F, n = 6）, during which time they were given electro-acupuncture treatment for 20 min daily and then returned to their individual home cages; in the meantime, another 6 rats were trained by nose-poking response with saline for 14 days as control （group A）; Then the leeds of tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） and glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） in VFA, NAc, Amy, PFC, SN, CPu were detected with immunohistochemistry method. Results. The leeds of TH and GFAP in VFA of the heroin self administrating rats were obviously increased, and the leeds of TH and GFAP in NAc were also decreased, and these changes were not found in SN, CPu, Amy and PFC; Electro-acupuncture could promote the up regulation of TH and GFAP in VTA and down-regulation of TH and GFAP in NAc to return to the normal leeel. Conclusions： The chronic heroin self administration produced some biochemical adaptations in the related brain regions of the mesolimbic dopamine system and electroacupuncture could promote the repair of the ＂injured＂ DA neurons in VTA of heroin addicted rats and their functional recovery.

Impact of Water Vapor on Elevation-dependent Climate Change

Elevation dependency amongst climate change signals has been found in major mountain ranges around the world,but the main factors causing this dependency have not been clarified.In this study,four different datasets of observation and reanalysis for China were used to examine the elevation dependency of climate change.A lack of consistency was found in dependency between warming magnitude and elevation across the Tibetan Plateau and China.However,a dependency of climate change on water vapor was detected whereby the temperature trend initially increased at low specific humidity,and then decreased as specific humidity increased.At ground level the maximum trend in temperature appeared in the specific humidity range 2.0–3.0 g kg^（-1）.This suggests that water vapor is a mediator of climate change and may be responsible for elevation-dependent climate change.

Effect of Electro-acupuncture on Drug-seeking Behavior of the Heroin Self-administrating Rat

Objective： This present study is to establish a rat model of intravenous heroin self-administration and observe the effect of electro-acupuncture on the heroin seeking behavior of the heroin self-administrating rat. Methods： Six Male Wistar rats were surgically implanted with an intra jugular intravenous catheters under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, following a minimum recovery of 7 days, the rats were trained by nose-poke response with one daily 4-hour session for 14 consecutive days to self administer heroin （50 μg /kg / per injection）, the session ended after 25 infusions were earned or 4 hours had passed, whichever came first, the reinforcement schedule was fixed ratio 1 （FR1） that the rat received a heroin injection for each nose poke response. And then the rats were given electro-acupuncture treatment daily 30min prior to each session and then were trained with one daily 4-h session for 7 consecutive days. Results： Stable intravenous heroin self-administration behavior of rats was established after 7-8 days＇ drug training, electro-acupuncture given to the stable heroin self-administrating rat 30 min prior to each session could reduce the drug self-administration behavior, namely the total heroin intake in each session was reduced, especially the 1^th hour heroin intake, the initiation of first nose-poke response in each session was relayed, and the haste heroin-seeking behavior also became slower. Conclusions： The above results suggested that the electro-acupuncture had better detoxification effect.