微生物对食用菌生长发育影响的研究进展

食用菌已经成为我国继粮、油、果、蔬后的第五大种植业。食用菌作为一类大型真菌,目前主要采用纯培养技术进行栽培,然而在自然界中食用菌与各种微生物并存,并且在长期的演化中形成了复杂的相互关系,根据其对食用菌的影响,可分为有害微生物和有益微生物,常见的有害微生物包括竞争性杂菌和侵染性病原;有益微生物主要包括覆土微生物、伴生菌、生防类微生物等。在农作物生产中,人们根据土壤微生物和根际微生物的营养、促生、抗病等功能,开发出多种微生物肥料和菌剂,有效的推动了作物的优质高产,而食用菌在菌丝际微生物的研究和开发尚未起步。本文对目前关于食用菌和其他微生物之间相互关系的研究进展进行综述,旨在推动相关研究,为下一步食用菌新种类的驯化,以及高产、稳产、优质、高抗、广适和绿色生产提供新的思路。

敦煌地区大白菜软腐病的发生与防治

介绍了敦煌地区大白菜软腐病的发生与防治技术,包括为害症状、发病规律、发病原因、防治措施等内容,以期为敦煌地区大白菜软腐病的发生与防治提供技术参考。

Infection of the Anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum in Populations of Silene dioica: Variation in Floral Morphology, Patterns of Spore Deposition and Pathogen-Pollinator Mediated Selection

The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum ( Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systematic infection of its host Silene dioica ( L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of teliospores (dispersal propagules) in flowers. These spores are transmitted to healthy plants mainly by flower visitors. The behavioral responses of flower visitors to a variation in floral characters are not only likely to affect rates of pollen export/import, but also the rate of spore deposition and probability of disease. In a transplantation experiment, using plants from four different populations, we tested for correlation between variation in female floral morphology and patterns of spore and pollen deposition, and a resulting risk of disease. The source populations in this experiment were located on four islands in Skeppsvik archipelago in northern Sweden, and represented a gradient of disease incidence from completely healthy ( Island 1), low incidence ( Island 2) to high incidences ( Islands 3 and 4) of disease. Fifty plants from each population were transplanted to the center, of the population on Island 4. There were significant differences among the transplants in floral characters, i.e. corolla size, style length and ovule number. Plants from the non-diseased population had larger flowers and longer styles than plants from the highly diseased populations. Numbers of pollen grains and spores deposited on flowers were strongly and positively correlated. We found that plants originating from the non-diseased population captured approximately 4 times more pollen and 9 times more spores, per flower than die individuals from the resident population (Island 4, population 4). The incidences of disease among plants, from the four populations differed significantly, and was 37%, 20%, 18% and 0 for populations 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In a survey of ten populations we found a significant negative correlation between the mean style length ( positively correlated with corolla size and ovule number) among healthy plants and incidence of disease in these populations. The potentiality for pathogen-pollinator mediated selection oil floral characters; and consequences for gone flow between populations of Silene dioica are discussed.

安县杉木猝倒病的初步研究

杉苗猝倒病是杉木苗期的严重病害,安县各林业苗圃均有发生,幼苗死亡率高。据调查,1985年安县国营睢水苗圃杉苗发病率为70.2%;高川伐木场苗圃其发病率为66.1%;天台山林场在杂灌林中新开圃地育苗,其发病率也达38.5%。为了有效地控制四川盆地西北边缘、龙门山脉杉木适生地带杉苗猝倒病的发生和流行,我们以安县为基点,对这一地区杉苗猝倒病的病原及病害发生发展规律进行了观察和探索,对有关生物防治在生产上应用可能性和方法开展了试验。现将结果报导如下。

预防松苗立枯病的技术措施

落叶松、樟子松幼苗立枯病,发病幼苗死亡率很高,轻则造成苗木减产,重则造成苗木绝产。近几年,内蒙古大杨树地区一些苗圃这种病害时有发生,特别是大扬树林业局宜里林场苗圃,由于这种病害的危害,苗木产量一直上不去。预防松类幼苗立枯病。

中草药病虫害种类及发生特点

1中草药的病虫害种类由于中草药植物种类较多、起源环境复杂,栽培历史悠久,适应能力较差、与周边植物关系复杂和防治的局限性的关系,病虫害种类繁多。1.1中草药病害按病原可分为非侵染性病害和侵染性病害两大类。前者是由不适的环境因素引起的,没有传染性。由非侵染性病原引起的中草药病害,称作非侵染性病害。这类病害只要环境因素得到改变和调整,病害就可得到控制。