“南越侵盗长沙”辨析

"南越侵盗长沙"是西汉高后七年九月(公元前181年9月)发生影响深远的军事、政治事件,波及南越国、长沙国和西汉帝国。本文基于《史记》、《汉书》、《南越五主传及其它七种》和散见于其他史书记载以及学者的研究成果,对这一事件做深入考究和辨析,理清了战事发生的具体时间、地点、经过,对战争爆发原因和战果进行了充分的论述。并对《史记·南越列传》和《汉书·西南夷两粤朝鲜传》中关于"南越侵盗长沙"的个别记载进行辨析,提出新的观点和补正依据。

清代“侵盗漕粮”问题探微

漕运制度发达的清代,“侵盗漕粮”混杂着漕帮勒索、官员渎职、运丁盗卖等各种犯罪行为以及责任类型的“综合性犯罪”。此类犯罪危害的不仅仅是国家的财政收入,而且影响征收、运输、交兑等漕运的各个环节。在某种程度上,清代对于漕运制度的监督、整顿,也是通过打击“侵盗漕粮”等犯罪行为而实现的。梳理清代有关侵盗漕粮规定的制度内容及其流变过程,分析相关规定的变化趋势,从而探究在漕运制度发展过程中,漕运法所代表的利益主体从国家向社会的多元变化,在律例关系中有所体现,“侵盗漕粮”法律规定的变化是利益关系变化的集中缩影。

立册存案,载入志乘:清代义田盗侵与宗族、官府应对

中国古代义田肇始于宋代,至清代鼎盛。伴随清代义田发展,盗侵现象亦呈多发之势。清代宗族、官府等踊跃捐输,支持义田发展,同时对义田盗侵现象进行深刻反思。宗族主动申请将义田立案,经过官府层层审批,载入志书中备存。官府为义田创立者颁发执帖,并通过勒石建坊、颁给御书匾额、赏予顶戴等方式予以褒奖宣扬。对盗侵义田者,则订立法律规条,分类治罪处罚。乾隆年间发生两起义田侵没案件,反映了律法规条在义田保护方面缺乏应有的执行力,透射出官府保护义田之有心与乏力。

The Effect of Infestation by the Confused Flour Beetle （Tribolium Confusum Duv.） on Specifications of Wheat Flour

The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infestation by the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum on the specification of flour and its product. The results of this work showed that infestation by the confused flour beetle with 5 pairs of adult stage and its progeny within 3 months period may cause high deterioration and damaged of the flour specification. The people in lraq get their flour from some official and non-official mills which they produce not so good quality of this flour in addition to which it contains some times an infestation with the two species of the flour beetles T. castaneum and T. confusum, when people do not use this quantity as quickly as possible during this period of storage, the beetles will be increased in numbers and make the flour unacceptable for any kind of pastes or bread. The infestation by this beetle causes great pollution to the flour by the ecdysial of larvae and a bad smell that it leaves on the flour and all its products.