朝阳县侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力变化特征研究

以朝阳县及周边气象站点1991—2021年逐日降雨数据为基础,应用克里金插值、小波分析、趋势分析、线性回归等揭示降雨侵蚀力及侵蚀性降雨量时空变化特征。结果表明:朝阳县侵蚀性降雨量总体表现出波动上升趋势,多年平均值为271.82mm,其变化周期性有2~15a、15~22a和25~31a,并以26a为第一主周期,突变点出现在2016—2017年和2012年;从南到北降雨侵蚀力呈现递减趋势,1991—2000年、2001—2010年和2011—2021年降雨侵蚀力均值为1226.28、1271.40、1683.41MJ·mm/(hm^(2)·h·a),朝阳县降雨侵蚀力与降雨量存在显著正相关性。

不同样本序列下侵蚀性雨量标准的研究

侵蚀性降雨标准可以将发生侵蚀和不发生侵蚀的降雨区分开来 ,但它的拟定需要基于一定的降雨样本。利用黄河流域子洲径流实验站 196 2— 196 9年降雨径流观测资料 ,分析了不同样本年数与拟定的侵蚀性雨量标准的关系 ,结果表明 ,足够多的样本数才能保证雨量标准的稳定性 ,但考虑到资料的易获得性和计算的工作量 ,5a序列的观测资料 ,已经满足拟定侵蚀性雨量标准的要求。

基于日雨量的长武县53年来降雨量及侵蚀力演变趋势分析

用长武县1957—2009年日雨量数据,对该地区侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力不同时间尺度变化趋势及其协同性进行系统分析,为该区水土流失治理及生态环境建设提供科学支持。结果表明:(1)长武县53a来多年平均降雨量577.8mm,侵蚀性降雨量340.7mm,降雨侵蚀力1 691.2(MJ.mm)/(hm2.h)。3要素变异系数、集中程度逐渐增大,变异系数分别为22.5%,34.4%,43.2%。分别有76.1%,83.4%和85.8%的量集中于夏、秋两季,53.2%,65.5%,70.1%的量集中于7—9月。(2)53a来年降雨量和年侵蚀性降雨均呈不显著减少趋势,受极端降雨事件发生次数增多的影响,降雨侵蚀力呈不显著增加趋势。季节间的变化格局类似,夏、秋两季均呈不显著的增、减趋势,春、冬两季均呈显著减、增趋势。4月、6月呈显著的减、增趋势。(3)对全年降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力年际变化的贡献程度,季节尺度上均受夏、秋两季尤其夏季影响较大,月尺度上则以7—9月尤其8月影响较大。影响程度在3要素间逐渐增强。53a来3要素的演变特征既有差异,又有巨大协同性。

海南省东方市60年来降雨量及降雨侵蚀力变化趋势

[目的]分析海南省东方市降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力在不同时间尺度上的趋势变化及其相关性,为该区生态环境建设、水土流失治理及土壤侵蚀机理研究提供科学支持。[方法]根据该地区1956-2015年60a的逐日降雨量数据资料,采用变异系数、趋势系数和气候趋势率分析不同时间尺度的降雨、侵蚀性降雨和降雨侵蚀力的变化趋势。[结果](1)东方市1956—2015年60a来年均降雨量、年均侵蚀性降雨量、年均降雨侵蚀力分别为982.9±36.9mm,816.1±37.6mm和9 441.7±554.2 MJ·mm/(hm^2·h·a),变异系数分别为29.1%,35.7%,45.5%。(2)60a来降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力年际变化均呈一定的增加趋势,趋势系数分别为0.129,0.156,0.198。季、月尺度上变化差异较大,但总体变化格局相似,均呈单峰型分布。(3)降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力两两之间有极强的线性相关性,且乘幂方程较线性回归方程能更好的反映两两之间的关系。[结论]60a来降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力均呈现较明显的年际增加趋势,且两两之间呈幂函数关系。

鄱阳湖流域日降雨的侵蚀性雨量标准研究

确定日降雨的侵蚀性雨量标准是提高基于日降雨数据的降雨侵蚀力模型计算精度的重要前提。利用鄱阳湖流域降雨数据,采用最小偏差法,确定该流域日降雨的侵蚀力雨量标准。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖流域次降雨的侵蚀性雨量标准为14.0 mm,降雨侵蚀力偏差系数为1.8%,土壤侵蚀损失率2.8%,降雨场次错选度为14.9%。(2)流域内各站点的逐月降雨量均表现为6月达到峰值的倒“V”形规律;侵蚀性次降雨中,降雨时间跨越2日或以上的类型最多,占总次数的54.2%。(3)流域日降雨的侵蚀性雨量标准为10.0 mm,该标准下年均次、日降雨侵蚀力偏差值为0.11%。

福州市降雨量及降雨侵蚀力变化趋势

根据福州市年降雨量数据资料,采用变异系数、趋势系数和气候趋势率等方法分析不同时间尺度的降雨和降雨侵蚀力的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)福州市年平均降雨侵蚀力和降雨量分别为393.06 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1和1 394.43 mm。降雨侵蚀力和降雨总量年际波动显著,且年降雨量和降雨侵蚀力年内变化较大,主要集中在5、6、8、9月。(2)总体上夏季、秋季和冬季降雨侵蚀力的倾向率为正,分别为7.57、0.39和1.40 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1·10 a^-1,春季降雨侵蚀力倾向率为负值,呈减少趋势。(3)月降雨量和降雨侵蚀力的变化趋势基本一致,1、2、4、7、8、10、11、12月降雨侵蚀力有增加的趋势,3、5、6、9月降雨侵蚀力有减少的趋势。(4)福州雨季的降雨量和降雨侵蚀力分别为990.61 mm和285.90MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1,并且其变异系数在全年中最小,均低于0.22;枯季的降雨量和降雨侵蚀力分别为403.82 mm和107.16MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1,变异系数在全年中最大,均高于0.40,且福州降雨量和降雨侵蚀力在雨季、枯季及其年际变化均属于中等变异性(0.1≤CV≤1)。研究结果可为福州市的土壤侵蚀评估、预报和水土流失防治提供数据和理论支撑。

天水市罗玉沟流域降雨量和降雨侵蚀力变化特征研究

为给流域水土流失风险评估和防治等提供可靠有效的参考依据,根据2016—2020年罗玉沟流域内的17个雨量站的日连续实测降雨数据,运用日降雨量数据进行了降雨侵蚀力风险评估,分析了该区域降雨量及降雨侵蚀力的变化规律。结果表明:罗玉沟流域降雨侵蚀力与降雨量关系呈现出较为显著的正向相关性,决定系数R 2=0.8521;罗玉沟流域及各雨量站的年内降雨侵蚀力和降水量分布不均,呈现单峰型趋势,8月是峰值拐点,过8月后逐渐下降;流域侵蚀性降雨量占总降雨量的比例总体呈上升趋势,且降雨量、侵蚀性雨量和降雨侵蚀力年际总体呈波动上升趋势,三者之间保持一定的相关性。

海南省60多年来降雨量及降雨侵蚀力变化趋势

为了分析海南省降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力在不同时间尺度上的变化趋势及其相关性,根据该地区1952～2015年的日降雨量数据资料,采用变异系数、趋势系数和气候趋势率等方法分析不同时间尺度的降雨、侵蚀性降雨和降雨侵蚀力的变化趋势。结果表明:①1952～2015年海南省年平均降雨侵蚀力和降雨量分别为514.96 MJ·mm/(hm^2·h)和1 751.50 mm。降雨侵蚀力和降雨总量年际波动显著,年均侵蚀性降雨量、年均降雨量、年均降雨侵蚀力变异系数分别为24.43%、24.14%、21.71%。且年内变化较大,均主要集中在5～10月。②总体上春冬降雨侵蚀力呈减少趋势,趋势系数分别为-0.008、-0.002,夏秋降雨侵蚀力呈增加趋势,趋势系数分别为0.21、0.14。③月降雨量和降雨侵蚀力的变化趋势基本一致,5、7、8、10月降雨量呈增加趋势,趋势系数分别为0.08、0.22、0.04、0.30;5、7、8、10、12月降雨侵蚀力呈增加趋势,趋势系数分别为0.07、0.34、0.16、0.44、0.10。④相关分析表明,年降雨量、年侵蚀性降雨量和年降雨侵蚀力这三者之间呈极显著正相关,相关系数均大于0.99。本研究结果可为该地区及海南省水土流失防治及土壤侵蚀机理研究提供数据和理论支撑。

陕西省降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征

根据陕西省全省96个数据序列较完整的气象站点逐日降水资料,利用章文波提出的基于日降雨侵蚀力模型估算陕西省的降雨侵蚀力,并采用反距离权重空间插值方法,借助GIS工具绘制全省侵蚀性降雨量以及侵蚀性降雨量空间分布图,分析其全年和四季空间分布特征,并分析了年内变化特征。结果表明：（1）陕西省降雨侵蚀力的空间分布与侵蚀性降雨量的空间分布基本一致,均呈由南向西北递减态势,降雨侵蚀力与降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量均达极显著相关水平;（2）降雨侵蚀力年内集中度高,夏秋季降雨侵蚀力较大,冬春季降雨侵蚀力较小,陕北地区和关中发生水土流失的时期主要集中在7~9月份,而陕南地区5~10月份均可能发生较大的水土流失,侵蚀潜在危险性由北向南递增;（3）陕西省降雨侵蚀力的年际变化也较为明显,年际变率CV在33.1%~77.3%,不同地区的年降雨侵蚀力差异及波动程度都比较大,北部地区降雨侵蚀力的年际变化大于南部地区。

陇东地区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征分析

【目的】对陇东地区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征进行研究，为认知该区域水土流失规律和指导水土保持工作提供参考。【方法】以陇东地区正宁、宁县、西峰、镇原、合水、庆城、华池和环县等8个区县气象站2001－2011年日降雨量资料为基础，采用日降雨量侵蚀力模型计算各站点降雨侵蚀力值，探讨分析了该区域降雨侵蚀力的年际变化和年内分布特征，并结合GIS软件分析了陇东地区年降雨侵蚀力的空间分布规律。【结果】陇东地区各区县气象站点年均降雨侵蚀力为1 144.8~2 048.5 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·年)，且东南部明显高于西北部；中南部地势低洼的宁县和合水县由于侵蚀性降雨集中，其降雨侵蚀力值大于东南部年降雨量和侵蚀性降雨量最大、侵蚀性降雨天数最多的正宁县。区域降雨侵蚀力年内高度集中，各区县气象站点6－9月降雨侵蚀力占全年的84.4%~88.8%，呈显著的单峰型分布。区内降雨侵蚀力年际波动较大，各站点年际变率为29.09%~56.55%。趋势分析表明，陇东8个区县的年降雨侵蚀力总体呈减小趋势，其中华池和环县降雨侵蚀力减小显著 (P【0.05)。【结论】陇东地区年内80%以上的降雨侵蚀力集中在6－9月，空间上则由东南向西北递减，从时间上看，近年来该地区降雨侵蚀力呈减小趋势。

陕北黄土洼聚湫类型划分与侵蚀产沙模拟研究

为了揭示泥沙沉积与降水的关系,重建淤地坝水成黄土的沉积环境,选择陕北黄土洼的天然聚湫为研究对象,通过野外多次多点位打钻采样和样品测定,利用近60年降雨数据与剖面粒度的对比分析和数学模拟等方法,划分了黄土洼聚湫类型,建立了标准聚湫侵蚀产沙模型。结果表明:(1)将黄土洼的侵蚀性雨量标准定为9.2mm能更好地反映黄土洼的土壤侵蚀状况;(2)依据降雨数据,黄土洼年均最大日降雨量52.7mm以下的降雨总量占88.1%,利用52.7mm以下降雨量产生的泥沙分布范围,可以确定"非标准聚湫"的范围;(3)通过对库容曲线的模拟将1 058.03m定为零库容高程点,并基于黄土洼的分形维数对岔巴沟流域建立的次降雨侵蚀输沙模型进行了修订,建立了适用于本地区的侵蚀产沙模型;(4)对各剖面沉积物粒度旋回规律进行对比分析,并结合模型计算数据,确定了黄土洼"标准聚湫"在近坝地剖面点附近,坝地至沟口附近之间为"非标准聚湫",沿沟至沟头以上均为"非聚湫"沉积区。

1960―2017年秦岭南北地区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征研究

基于秦岭南北地区1960―2017年47个气象站点逐日降雨资料,根据章文波提出的日降雨侵蚀力模型估算降雨侵蚀力,并采用气候倾向率、反距离权重插值及Mann-Mendal突变检验等方法分析秦岭南北地区近58 a年均降雨侵蚀力与不同量级降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1) 1960―2017年秦岭南北地区年均降雨侵蚀力与不同雨量产生的降雨侵蚀力均呈由南向北递减的特征。(2)近58 a,秦岭南北地区年均降雨侵蚀力、大雨与暴雨侵蚀力年际变化呈增长趋势,未通过突变检测;中雨侵蚀力呈减弱趋势,在1972年发生突变且在2007年后达到显著;其中秦岭以北年均降雨侵蚀力、中雨侵蚀力、暴雨侵蚀力均呈下降趋势,且年际波动程度较大,秦岭以南年均降雨侵蚀力及大雨、暴雨侵蚀力均呈上升趋势。(3)秦岭南北地区年均降雨侵蚀力变化趋势空间差异显著,明显增长区集中于汉中盆地与巴巫谷地,减少区集中于西部嘉陵江、秦岭以北汾河入黄河交界、汉水流域两湖平原;且不同量级侵蚀力呈增长趋势的面积大小依次为大雨侵蚀力>暴雨侵蚀力>中雨侵蚀力。

等高植物篱笆条件下红壤坡耕地水土流失的发生特征

研究了红壤坡耕地植物篱笆条件下的水土流失特征、土壤入渗特性及径流量、侵蚀量、侵蚀雨量、降雨量、入渗量的发生特征.结果表明,与大豆单作相比,黄花菜(HemerocalliscitrirnaBaroni)和百喜草(Paspalum.notatumFlugge)植物篱笆的径流量和侵蚀量分别减少10.14～11.56倍和135.34～165.84倍;植物篱笆处理和大豆单作处理的径流量、侵蚀量与可产生侵蚀的降雨量之间呈极显著正相关,建立了相应的降雨产流、降雨产沙、径流侵蚀回归模型,同时建立了降雨入渗、入渗产流、入渗侵蚀的回归模型.植物篱笆水土保持的本质原因是植物篱笆地下部根系显著改善了耕层土壤的物理性状;显著增强了土壤的入渗能力,植物篱笆带能在较长的时间内维持较高的土壤入渗量和较大的稳定入渗速率.

The runoff characteristics and harmonic analysis of the soil moisture dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia stand

Robinia pseudoacacia stands act as a typical ecological protection forest in hilly semi-arid area of China. Two fields of surface runoff were separately set up in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area in the western Liaoning Province (1850-12225 E, 4024-4234 N) for measuring the characteristics of runoff and sediment as well as soil moisture dynamics. Contractive analysis of the two land types showed that there existed a significant difference in volumes of runoff and sediment between the sites of R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area. The runoff volume and sediment volume in clearcut area were much bigger than those in R. pseudoacacia stand, with an increase amount of 40%-177% for runoff and 180%-400% for sediment. Hydrograph of surface runoff of typical rainfall showed that the peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was decreased by 1.0-2.5?0-3m3s-1 compared with that in its clearcut area, and the occurring time of peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was 10-20 min later than that in its clearcut area. Harmonic analysis of soil moisture dynamics indicated that the soil moisture in R. pseudoacacia stand was 2.3 % higher than that in clearcut area, and the soil moisture both in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area could be divided into dry season and humid season and varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation. It was concluded that R. pseudoacacia stand plays a very important role in storing water, increasing soil moisture, and reducing surface runoff and soil erosion.

Soil Erosion and Its Basic Characteristics at Karst Rocky-desertified Land Consolidation Area: A Case Study at Muzhe Village of Xichou County in Southeast Yunnan, China

Xichou County of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southeast Yunnan is one of the karst mountainous areas in southwest China showing typical rock desertification. During this study, we set up three soil erosion contrast test spots at Muzhe Village, Benggu Township, Xichou County, which was the birthplace of the Xichou rock-desertified land consolidation mode. The three spots included the terrace land spot （already consolidated land）, sloping land spot （unconsolidated sloping land under rock desertification）, and standard runoff spot （bare land spot）. In 2007, a whole-year complete observation was conducted during the rainy season and ＂rainfall-erosion＂ data were obtained for 32 times. Our analysis showed that during the entire observation period, the number of the rainfalls that led to soil erosion accounted for 34.04% of the number of all rainfalls and the amount of the rainfalls that led to soil erosion accounted for 84.17% of the total amount of all rainfalls. The average erosive rainfall standard in the three test spots was 11.0mm, slightly higher than the lO mm standard that has been adopted all over China, but lower than the 12.7 mm standard of the US and the 13.0 mm standard of Japan. According to single-factor analysis, the soil loss in the sloping land spot （L2） and that in the bare land spot （L3） are correlated to certain extent to manyother factors, including the single precipitation （P）, rainfall intensity during the maximum ten minutes （Lo）, rainfall intensity during the maximum 20 minutes （I2o）, rainfall intensity during the maximum 30 minutes （I30）, rainfall intensity during the maximum 40 minutes （I4o）, and rainfall intensity during the maximum 6o minutes （I60）. Among these factors, they are of the highest relativity with I6o. According to double-factor analysis, both L2 and L3 are of good relativity with P and I60. According to multi-factor analysis, L2 and L3 are also of good relativity with seven rainfall indexes, namely, P, Ia （average rainfall intensity）, L10, 120, I30, 140, and I60, with their related coefficient R reaching 0.906 and 0.914, respectively. The annual soil losses in the three test spots are widely different： 1030.70 t/km2.a in the terrace land spot, which indicates a low-level erosion; 12913.22 t/km2.a in the sloping land spot （unconsolidated spot）, some 12.5 times than that in the terrace land spot, which indicates an ultra-high-level erosion; and 19511.67 t/km2-a in the bare land spot, some 18.9 times than that in terrace land spot, indicating an acute erosion. These figures fully show that the Xichou rock-desertified land consolidation mode plays a significant role in soil conservation.

坡耕地弃耕对坡面径流的影响

研究表明,坡耕地弃耕后由于植被恢复和人为基本不干扰,和坡耕地种植农作物相比,明显地降低了径流量。观测资料显示,在雨型为大雨,年侵蚀性降雨量为189.2 mm情况下,种植坡耕地次径流量均值为5 448.2 ml,弃耕坡耕地次径流量均值为3 364.8 ml,径流削减率均值为38.2%。

Characteristics of Rainfall Erosivity Based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Data in Tibet, China

Rainfall erosivity in Tibet from 2000 to 2OlO was estimated based on simplified erosion prediction model using daily rainfall data derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Misssion （TRMM） 3B42 rainfall measurement algorithm. Semi- monthly erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity were validated using weather station data. The spatial distribution of annual rainfall erosivity as well as its seasonal and annual variation in Tibet was also examined. Results showed that TRMM 3B42 data could serve as an alternative data source to estimate rainfall erosivity in the area where only data from sparsely distributed weather stations are available. The spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in Tibet generally resembles the distribution of multi-year average of annual rainfall. Annual rainfall erosivity in Tibet decreased from the southeast to the northwest. The concentration degree of rainfall erosivity shows an increasing trend from the southeast to the northwest. High rainfall erosivity accompanies low rainfall erosivity concentration degree and vice versa. Rainfall erosivity increased in the middle and western Tibet and decreased in the southeastern Tibet during the 11 years of this study.

Dated deposition couplets link catchment erosion flux with storm discharge on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Tracing erosion flux within a single catchment is one of the major targets for the Earth's Critical Zone science. The sedimentary succession in landslide-dammed reservoirs within the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP) serves as a valuable archive of past erosion history. Deposition couplets and annual freeze–thaw layers were firstly identified for the sedimentary succession of the Jingbian reservoir on the northern CLP with high-resolution XRF core scanning. The deposition couplets in the reservoir since 1963 A.D. were further dated with ^(137) Cs activity. We found consistent one-to-one correspondence between couplet specific sediment yield and storm intensity. The reconstructed soil erosion history highlights the control of storm intensity and frequency on loess erosion on the northern CLP in the past hundreds of years.

2000—2016年山西境内黄河流域侵蚀性降雨特征分析

基于2000—2016年山西境内黄河流域71个气象站逐日降雨观测资料,采用空间插值等方法分析了侵蚀性降雨的时空变化特征。结果表明:17 a间,研究区年侵蚀性降雨量在189.84~443.72 mm,平均为305.08 mm,占多年平均降雨量的61.5%;空间分布上,总体呈现由东南向西北递减的变化趋势,存在中条山东部山地和吕梁山中南部山地2个侵蚀性降雨中心;年内分配上,呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,最大值出现在7月;89%的侵蚀性降雨量集中在暖季(每年5—9月),其中7—9月是水土流失防控的关键期;71个气象站多年平均侵蚀性降雨量与多年平均降雨量之间存在极显著线性相关关系,年侵蚀性降雨量及其所占比例均随年降雨量增加而增加。

Effect of Polyacrylamide Application on Runoff,Erosion,and Soil Nutrient Loss Under Simulated Rainfall

Soil erosion affects soil productivity and environmental quality.A laboratory research experiment under simulated heavy rainfall with tap water was conducted to investigate the effects of anionic polyacrylamide(PAM) application rates(0,0.5,1.0,and 2.0 g m-2) and molecular weights(12 and 18 Mg mol-1) on runoff,soil erosion,and soil nutrient loss at a slope of 5°.The results showed the two lower rates of PAM application decreased runoff while the highest rate increased runoff as compared with the control.Sediment concentration and soil mass loss increased significantly with the increasing PAM application rate.Compared with the control,PAM application decreased K+,NH4+,and NO3-concentrations in sediment and K+ and NH+4 concentrations in runoff,but significantly increased the mass losses of K+,NH4+,and NO-3 over soil surface except for the NH4+ at PAM application rate lower than 1.0 g m-2.PAM application decreased the proportion of K+ loss with runoff to its total mass loss over soil surface from 60.1% to 16.4%.However,it did not affect the NH4+ and NO3-losses with runoff,and more than 86% of them were lost with runoff.A higher PAM molecular weight resulted in less soil erosion and K+ mass loss but had little effect on runoff and NH+4 and NO3-losses.PAM application did not prevent soil erosion and the mass losses of K+ and NO3-under experimental conditions.