侵蚀黑土容重空间分异与地形和土地利用的关系

以黑土侵蚀和重点治理的典型流域———黑龙江省拜泉县通双小流域为案例,通过田间取样和测定、数字高程模型(DEM)导出、遥感影像(Landsat-7 ETM+)解译分别获得容重、地形因子和土地类型数据。运用经典统计和地统计学方法,结合地理信息系统(GIS),探讨侵蚀黑土表层土壤容重空间分异与地形和土地利用的关系。结果表明:小流域尺度上,黑土土壤容重变异(14%)和空间自相关性(块金值/基台值,C0/C0+C=41.18%,变程2 402 m)均属于中等强度。坡位和土地利用是影响容重变异的最突出因素,地形是控制空间自相关性的主要结构因素,土地垦殖、耕作方式和管理措施等随机因素强烈地影响了土壤容重的空间自相关性,有48.3%的农田耕层土壤容重过大,结构不良。目前黑土小流域的侵蚀治理方式是适合的,也是很成功的。但在保证土壤不再移位的前提下,如何提高土壤的质量和生产力,即培肥土壤是又一严峻的挑战。

施肥方式对重度侵蚀黑土养分及玉米产量影响

针对东北地区土壤侵蚀加剧，土壤有机质含量和土壤氮储量偏低，增产潜力下降等问题，采用培肥定位试验研究化肥和有机肥配施对土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分及玉米产量的影响。结果表明，化肥配合适量干牛粪施用对土壤的改良作用，优于化肥配合等养分含量的秸秆粉碎还田。相对不施肥的对照，0—20cm土层有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾都显著增加，差异达到0．05显著水平。有机无机配施对20～40cm深土壤质量改善作用有限。与单施无机肥处理相比，有机无机肥配合施用可增产14．51％-33．03％，差异达到0．05显著水平。施入过多的有机肥料会使短时期内土壤有机质及速效养分增加的比率降低，本研究建议针对重度侵蚀黑土（破皮黄黑土）的改良，干牛粪的施用量应为3．75thm^-2，玉米秸秆的施入量应为当年生产量的50％左右。

吉林省黑土侵蚀区水土保持措施对土壤颗粒组成和速效养分影响分析

为了探索黑土区生态环境恢复与土壤质量修复途径,笔者在榆树大沟采用全坡段"S"型采集土壤样品方法,分析吉林省黑土侵蚀区水土保持措施对土壤颗粒组成和速效养分的影响。结果表明:目前水土保持措施下,生态修复措施II是短时期内吉林省黑土侵蚀区进行土壤肥力恢复较好的措施。各措施粘粒含量均不高于12.6%,土壤质地为壤土。速效养分含量受水土保持措施影响较大,各水土保持措施土壤养分含量总体不高。碱解氮含量与粉粒、粘粒含量均呈极显著负相关;速效钾含量与砂粒含量、粉粒含量呈极显著正相关,而与粘粒含量呈极显著负相关;速效磷含量与土壤颗粒组成之间无显著相关性。为遏制黑土退化的趋势和保障生态安全,应结合当前国家需求,在进行水土流失综合治理的同时积极利用当地丰富的秸秆资源进行土壤培肥。

基于“3S”技术的东北黑土区土壤侵蚀动态数据库建立案例研究

介绍了利用遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统技术建立和更新黑土侵蚀强度动态数据库的方法和过程。黑土侵蚀强度动态数据库的建立为治理和合理开发利用黑土资源提供了科学手段和依据 ,为区域资源环境评价。

黑土侵蚀坡积过程分析

黑土侵蚀过程受到地质、地貌、气候、土壤、植被等自然因子的综合影响,人类活动对生态平衡的破坏而加速了土壤侵蚀过程,通过对海伦前进小流域坡积发育历史、地层序列的有机碳、腐殖质组分变化的研究,分析海伦前进小流域的土壤侵蚀发生规律。结果表明：剖面1在85 cm以上有明显的坡积后的沉积过程;剖面2坡积层次出现在27 cm以上;剖面3土壤侵蚀过程中第1次的坡积沉积过程发生在85~120 cm处,现代侵蚀发生在土壤表层。

东北黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟研究现状及进展

侵蚀沟造成了东北黑土区坡耕地大量的土壤流失,开展有关黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟的研究对于土壤流失防治、耕地保护以及生态恢复具有重要意义。目前,在黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟的发生发展的影响因素、预测、防治措施等方面进行了相关的研究。本文对当前的研究进行了深入的讨论和总结,指出当前对黑土区侵蚀沟分级分类缺乏细致标准的分类依据,对黑土区侵蚀沟影响因子的研究不够全面,对侵蚀沟治理的经济、生态效益以及各种治理措施的效果差异缺乏有效的定量评价。针对现有研究不足,提出了开展黑土区侵蚀沟分类分级体系的标准化,加强土壤、植物、工程措施和耕作措施等因子对侵蚀沟影响研究以及进行侵蚀沟治理措施效果的定量评价将是今后研究重点。

松嫩平原黑土侵蚀成因分析及治理措施

黑土是我国宝贵的土壤资源,近几十年来,黑土侵蚀退化严重,已成为制约国民经济发展的瓶颈。东北黑土侵蚀面积为240.87万hm2,占全区黑土总面积的36.7%,侵蚀类型主要有水蚀和风蚀两大类。导致黑土侵蚀的自然原因在于黑土地带的地形、气候及土体物理性状的组合特征,而过度垦殖、土地用养失调、不合理的耕作等人为因素则是引起黑土侵蚀的诱发因素。合理的土地利用方式是治理黑土侵蚀的关键。

复合地埂在黑土侵蚀山区坡耕地治理中的应用研究

[目的]结合"全国坡耕地水土流失综合治理试点工程"建设,探索复合地埂措施在黑土侵蚀山区坡耕地治理中应用的可行性。[方法]根据单位长度复合地埂拦蓄量与单位面积坡面来水量确定不同坡度复合地埂定型参数;根据调查研究确定施工方法;采用小区及实测对比的方法确定效益。[结果]选择穆棱市跃进北沟项目区进行复合地埂为主的坡耕地治理典型模式建设,项目区保水率和保土率分别达到96.14%和99.73%,实施治理坡耕地平均每年产粮797×104kg,比当地平均水平提高12.38%,取得了较好的治理效果。[结论]复合地埂是低山坡耕地中的一项有效水土保持治理措施。

丘陵漫岗黑土侵蚀区小流域综合治理开发标准的探讨

丘陵漫岗黑土侵蚀区小流域综合治理开发标准的探讨吴景才，吴萍，张丙友，王敬军（黑龙江省拜泉县水保办，１６４７００）在建立社会主义市场经济体制的新形势下，要发展以小流域治理开发为中心的水土保持工作，就必须抓住机遇，积极创造行业自身生存和发展的条件，把小流...

黑土侵蚀区人工种草的开发与研究

拜泉县地处黑土侵蚀区,全县缺乏草原,草原面积仅为8000 hm^2,占总土地面积2.2%,在农林牧用地结构中占2.5%,而且多为退化性草原,在这种情况下,发展畜牧业要走充分利用秸杆、人工种草、粮草间作的道路。近年来,我们在治理区域内,搞了人工种草开发。重点在国富、上升、新生、华光、三道镇、建国、民乐、兴华等9个乡镇,累计人工种草的面积达2666 hm^2。

丘陵漫岗黑土侵蚀区开发性治理模式

丘陵漫岗黑土侵蚀区开发性治理模式吴景才，张丙有，吴霞，吴平（黑龙江省拜泉县水土保持办公室，１６１７００）为了探索黑土侵蚀区水土保持小流域生态与经济同步效益的新途径，黑龙江省科委于１９９０年下达了松嫩平原漫岗丘陵黑土侵蚀区水土流失治理与开发的研究项目，...

Analysis on Status and Development Trend of Wind Erosion in Black Earth Region of Northeast China

In this paper,areas and main factors of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China were systematically analyzed,as well as the development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China.In addition,development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China was analyzed from the aspects of the geographic position,climatic change law in recent 40 years and effects of northeast sand land desertification on wind erosion in black earth region,which had provided references for the research and prevention of wind erosion in soil of black earth region of Northeast China.

关于中国水土流失研究中若干理论问题的新见解

[目的]探讨中国不同地区有关水土流失问题的根源,为水土保持研究提供理论依据,为青年学者提供学术研究的思路和方法。[方法]在大量的野外考察和学术交流基础上,利用各种形式的信息资料,重点从地质学角度分析有关水土保持问题。[结果]简要阐明了对5个水土流失问题的新认识:晋陕蒙接壤区砒砂岩与鄂尔多斯地台油气和铀矿藏的关系,优先流与黄土高原冲沟的形成和塬区地下水的来源,华南崩岗的侵蚀与治理,下伏亚黏土不透水层对东北黑土侵蚀的影响和西南喀斯特坡地土壤的地下漏失等。[结论]水土保持科学是密切结合生产实际的应用学科,应该首先服务国家生态文明建设的需求。研究工作者要善于发现问题,敢于质疑权威,综合运用多学科的知识解决问题。只有这样才能保证我们的学术研究沿着正确的方向不断进步。

Comparative Study on Rain Splash Erosion of Representative Soils in China

As the first event of soil erosion, rain splash erosion supplies materials for subsequent transportation and en-trainment. The Loess Plateau, the southern hilly region and the Northeast China are subject to serious soil and water loss; however, the characteristics of rain splash erosion in those regions are still unclear. The objectives of the study are to ana-lyze the characteristics of splash erosion on loess soil, red soil, purple soil and black soil, and to discuss the relationship between splash erosion and soil properties. Soil samples spatially distributed in the abovementioned regions were col-lected and underwent simulated rainfalls at a high intensity of 1.2mm/min, lasting for 5, 10, 15, and 20min, respectively. Rain splash and soil crust development were analyzed. It shows that black soil sample from Heilongjiang Province corre-sponds to the minimum splash erosion amount because it has high aggregate content, aggregate stability and organic mat-ter content. Loess soil sample from Inner Mongolia corresponds to the maximum splash erosion amount because it has high content of sand particles. Loess soil sample from Shanxi Province has relatively lower splash erosion amount be-cause it has high silt particle content and low aggregate stability easily to be disrupted under rainfalls with high intensity. Although aggregate contents of red soil and purple soil samples from Hubei and Guangdong provinces are high, the sta-bility is weak and prone to be disrupted, so the splash erosion amount is medium. Splash rate which fluctuates over time is observed because soil crust development follows a cycling processes of formation and disruption. In addition, there are two locations of soil crust development, one appears at the surface, and the other occurs at the subsurface.

The characteristics of gully erosion over rolling hilly black soil areas of Northeast China

In this study,short-term gully retreat was monitored from the active gullies selected in representative black soil area,using differential global positioning system(GPS).With the support of geographic information system(GIS),multi-temporal digital elevation models(DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and used for further analysis.Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM,we discussed the erosion-deposition characteristics within gully and a developing model for black soil gully area of Northeast China was proposed.The results are:(1) The analysis of the monitored gully data in 2004 indicated that the retreat of gully head reached more than 10 m,gully area extended 170-400 m2,net gully eroded volume 220-320 m3,and gully erosion modulus 2200-4800 t?km?2?a?1.(2) Compared with the mature gully the initial gully grows rapidly,and its erosion parameters are relatively large.The erosion parameters have not only to do with flow energy,but also with the growth phase.(3) There are significant seasonal differences in gully erosion parameters.The extension of gully area and width dominates in winter and spring without marked net erosion while changes mainly occur in gully head and net erosion in rainy season.(4) It is remarkable for freeze-thaw erosion in the black soil area of NE China.The gully wall of SG2 extended 0.45 m under freeze-thaw effect in 2004,and the distance of gully head retreated maximally 6.4 m.(5) Due to freeze-thaw action and snowmelt,gully is primarily in the interior adjustment process in winter and early spring.There are much more depositions compared with that during rainy season,which can almost happen throughout the gully,while erosion mostly occurs near head,esp.for gullies having a relatively long history of development.On the other hand,the process of energy exchange with exterior dominates in rainy season.It is considered that this cyclic process is an important mechanism for gully growth in high latitude or/and high attitude regions.

Effects of Gully Erosion and Gully Filling on Soil Degradation in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Gully erosion has caused soil degradation and even reduced soil productivity. However, only few studies on the effects of gully erosion and artificial controlling measures on soil degradation in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China are available. Thus, this study explores the relationships between gully erosion, gully filling and soil parameters. Two sets of soil samples were collected in the field at： （1） 72 sample points in the gully erosion study area, 60 sample points in the ephemeral and classical gully erosion area （3,518 m2）, 12 sample points in the deposition zone （443 m2）, （2）1o reference points along a slope unaffected by gully erosion representing the original situation before the gully was formed. All soil samples were analyzed for gravel content （GC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, total nitrogen （TN）, available nitrogen （AN）, available phosphorus （AP）, and available potassium （AK）. The soil property values on unaffected slope were fitted by the polynomial curves as the reference values in no gully erosion area. The interpolated soil property values in gully eroded study area were compared with these polynomial curves, respectively, and then, changes of soil property values were analyzed. Gully erosion caused an increase in GC and a decrease in SOM, TN, AN, AP and AK. The change of GC, SOM, TN, AN, AP, AK was 8.8%, -9.04 g kg-1, -0.92 g kg-1, -62.28 mg kg-1, -29.61 mg kg% -79.68 mg kg-1. The soil property values in the study area were below optimal values. Thus, we concluded that gully erosion and gully filling caused both on-site and off-site soil degradation. Soil degradation area was 0.65 % of the cultivated land. In addition, it was proved that gully filling were an improper soil and water conservation measure, which seems to exacerbate the problem. Thus, it is suggested that soil where soil is deep is moved to fill the gully, and then the area around the filled gullies should be covered by grass for preventing the formation and development of the gully.

Effect of Reclamation on Soil Environment in Sanjiang Plain

Soil environment in Sanjiang Plain has changed greatly because of the reclamation on a large scale.The physical and chemical properties of soil have changed, and soil erosion, soil saline-alkalization and soil pollution occurred in some areas. These problems have obstructed the sustainable development of agriculture. For the sustainable use of soils in Sanjiang Plain, in this paper we raise some suggestions and countermeasures which might be references for experts and departments concerned.

Gully Erosion Regionalization of Black Soil Area in Northeastern China

Gully erosion is the frequent and main form of soil erosion in the black soil area of the northeastern China, which is one of the most important commodity grain production bases in China. It is encroaching upon the fertile farmland there. Regionalization of gully erosion can reveal the spatial distribution and regularity of the development of gully erosion. Based on the eco-geographical regional background features of the black soil area, this study combined the regionalization with influencing factors of the development of gully erosion. GIS spatial analysis, geostatistical analysis, spatial statistics, reclassification, debris polygon processing and map algebra methods were employed. As a result, the black soil area was divided into 12 subregions. The field survey data on type, length, volume and other characteristics indicators of gully erosion were used to calibrate the results. Then the features of every subregion, such as where the gully erosion is, how serious it is, and why it happens and develops, were expounded. The result is not only an essential prerequisite for gully erosion surveys and monitoring, but also an important basis for gully erosion prevention.