This article examines the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia in light of three successive Ethiopian governments’ proclamations on cultural heritage conservation. It provides a brief...This article examines the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia in light of three successive Ethiopian governments’ proclamations on cultural heritage conservation. It provides a brief overview of the meaning and types of cultural heritages as well as the evolution of the concept and practice of the protection and preservation of cultural heritages. Having critically analyzed the basic essences of the legal provisions of the cultural heritage conservation proclamations of the Imperial, the Military (Derg), and the reigning governments, the article argues that the decrees issued mainly reflect the political philosophy of the three respective regimes. As a result, the second legal provision is not better than the first one, and within the same logic, the third is more expected to mitigate the problems related to cultural heritage management than the second one. Nevertheless, it is an open secret that the destruction and loss of cultural heritages in Ethiopia are increasing from time to time. Finally, the article provides conclusions consisting of recommendations to address the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia.展开更多
A reliable chronology is essentially critical for correlating loess records with other paleoenvironmental time series, as well as for continuing improvements in the reconstruction of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate ...A reliable chronology is essentially critical for correlating loess records with other paleoenvironmental time series, as well as for continuing improvements in the reconstruction of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate changes. It is exactly that the scarcity of chronologies across the Sea of Azov has limited the interpretation of climatic and environmental information in the East European Plain. In view of this, this paper conducted an exploratory study to investigate whether the optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating of medium-grained quartz could be used to obtain a set of chronologies and the age models could be used to establish an independent time scale since the Late Pleistocene for the Sea of Azov loess. The results showed that an internally consistent set of optical ages for the Azov loess deposited up to ~76 ka. In addition, the ages developed based on magnetic susceptibility and grain size ages models showed good comparability with independent OSL ages at an acceptable range, suggesting that it might be practicable to establish an independent time scale using age models at the Sea of Azov loess, at least for the uppermost part of the Chumbur-Kosa section. Comparison with the ages based on two age models,the grain size ages using fine-grain fractions may provide a more reliable chronological sequence at the Azov loess since the Late Pleistocene. With the help of absolute ages and climate proxies(magnetic susceptibility and grain size), paleoclimatic change in the Sea of Azov have been traced for the Late Pleistocene.展开更多
This article is aimed at the analysis of the images of consciousness that the representatives of the Kazakh and Russian nations possess. The analysis has been carried on the man-horseparadigm. It has been discovered t...This article is aimed at the analysis of the images of consciousness that the representatives of the Kazakh and Russian nations possess. The analysis has been carried on the man-horseparadigm. It has been discovered that the ability to associatively connect the objects and phenomena of the world around bring together the Kazakh and Russian writers as well as does the ability to see common features of different objects. At the same time in the Russian literature sometimes a person is identified with a horse, which does physical work, and characterizes people exhausted by hard work which is not typical for the Kazakhs. But the Russians do not compare their child with a foal whereas for the Kazakhs it is the kindest term of endearment. It is supposed that interesting image paradigms with "horse" element can also be discovered in the English language展开更多
Fossil woods were collected from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene beds distributed around Heilong- jang (Amur) River area of China and Russia. A total of 43 specimens were collected from Baishantou, Long- gushan, a...Fossil woods were collected from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene beds distributed around Heilong- jang (Amur) River area of China and Russia. A total of 43 specimens were collected from Baishantou, Long- gushan, and Yong'ancun in Jiayin, China, and 85 specimens from Zeya-Bureya Basin lying southeast of Blagoveshchensk in Russia. Selected specimens were sectioned and studied anatomically. The source deposits of almost all identifiable specimens belong to the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Taipinglinchang Formation and the Paleocene Wuyun Formation in China, and the Paleocene Upper Tsagayan Formation in Russia. Al- though the results obtained are still far from complete, the taxonomic composition of the fossil woods show marked stratigraphic differences between the two horizons beyond the K/T boundary in China. There is also a strong similarity in wood flora between the Wuyun Formation of China and the Upper Tsagayan Formation of Russia. All identified specimens from the Taipinglinchang Formation are Xenoxylon latiporosum, This is one of the stratigraphically younger records of Xenoxylon, which is a conifer morphogenus of uncertain affinity most common in the Triassic to Early Cretaceous. Only one specimen with possible derivation from either the Wuyun or the Maastriehtian Furao Formation in China was identified as Taxodioxylon sp. The Wuyun Formation yielded both conifers and dicotyledonous woods. The conifers include Taxodioxylon sequoianum of the Taxodiaceae, and Protopiceoxylon amurense, which is attributable to the extant genera Keteleeria or Nothotsuga of the Pinaeeac, both are at present endemic to China. At least two morphotypes of dicotyledonous woods were recognized, with one identified as el. Hamamelidoxylon , and the other diffuse porous wood is characterized by numerous heterogeneous rays. From the Zeya-Buleya Basin of Russia, Taxodioxylon sequoianum and cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp. were identified from the Upper Tsagayan Formation. The similarity of wood composition in both Wuyun and Upper Tsagayan Formations support lithological as well as biostratigraphic correlations proposed for the two formations.展开更多
This research investigated the water permeability coefficient of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The effect of sodium hydroxide (Na(OH)) concentrations and Si/AI ratios on water permeability and compressive str...This research investigated the water permeability coefficient of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The effect of sodium hydroxide (Na(OH)) concentrations and Si/AI ratios on water permeability and compressive strength of geopolymer concretes were studied. The geopolymer concrete were prepared from Mae Moh fly ash with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (Na(OH)) solutions. In the first group, concentration of Na(OH) was varied at 8, 10, 12, and 14 molar and the Si/AI ratio was kept constant at 1.98. In the second group, a concentration of Na(OH) was kept constant at 14 molar and the Si/AI ratio was varied at 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, and 2.8. The hardened concretes were air-cured in laboratory. The compressive strength and water permeability were tested at the age of 28 and 60 days. The results showed that compressive strengths of geopolymer concrete significantly increased with the increase of a concentration of Na(OH) and Si/AI ratio. The water permeability coefficients increase with the decrease of compressive strength. In addition, the high reduction of water permeability coefficients with time was found in geopolymer concrete with lower Na(OH) concentration than that higher Na(OH) concentration.展开更多
The article is devoted to the psychoanalytic issues of the deconstruction of images of socialist ideals in Russian Sots Art--an ironic title of the artistic trend in which used a mixture signs of visual semiotics of ...The article is devoted to the psychoanalytic issues of the deconstruction of images of socialist ideals in Russian Sots Art--an ironic title of the artistic trend in which used a mixture signs of visual semiotics of "social realism" and "pop art" of the 1990-2000s. By comparing the idealization of the image of Lenin in Soviet art of the 1930-1950s with its grotesque interpretation in Sots Art works of the 1990s, it appears to be interesting to trace the functions of grotesque and caricature in the deconstruction of the canons of socialist realism. Thereupon, special interest is the role of the regression mechanism in the transformation of the ideals of socialist realism into laughable images.展开更多
The primary scientific goal of studying salt lakes is to better understand the formation of small continental- type hydrogeochemical systems. Many scientists have attributed the metamorphism of the chemical compositio...The primary scientific goal of studying salt lakes is to better understand the formation of small continental- type hydrogeochemical systems. Many scientists have attributed the metamorphism of the chemical composition of salt lakes to the evaporative concentration of water. How- ever, the formation of soda water is inconsistent with this hypothesis. Thus, analyzing intrabasinal biochemical pro- cesses and water--rocks interactions during the evaporative concentration of water allows us to understand the major mechanisms of the formation and evolution of water com- positions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify the key processes involved in the formation of the chemical composition of the water in Lake Doroninskoye. An analysis of the distribution of major components shows that Na+, HCO3-, CO32-, and C1- are dominant in this water. High concentrations of these elements are the result of evaporative water concentration. Calcium, magnesium, and potassium are not accumulated because the water is saturated in min- erals containing these elements. The main barrier to the growth of the sulfate content of water is sulfate reduction. This process also contributes to the additional reproduction of carbon dioxide, which reacts with the products of the hydrolysis of aluminosilicates OH- to form HCO3- and CO32-, thus further contributing to the natural processes of soda formation.展开更多
The article is devoted to the struggle for identity which has been intensified in the Russian social media in 2014 both on interpretation of the historical past and on the up-to-date situation, especially, Crimea even...The article is devoted to the struggle for identity which has been intensified in the Russian social media in 2014 both on interpretation of the historical past and on the up-to-date situation, especially, Crimea events. Authors suppose that as a result social media become a means of manipulation more than independent space with rizhoma nature. In 2011-2012 social media were the space of struggle between authority and political opposition. Today space of social media is looking polarized regarding polarization of society in respect of political order and Putin political course.展开更多
Across all Russia global climate change is observed. Consequences of climatic changes, undoubtedly, will be reflected in distribution of harmful organisms, their injuriousness and will demand development of new approa...Across all Russia global climate change is observed. Consequences of climatic changes, undoubtedly, will be reflected in distribution of harmful organisms, their injuriousness and will demand development of new approaches in plant protection. Over the last 10 years, the spread of cereal crop diseases in the Northwest Russia has been monitored. The purpose of researches is to find new diseases in the Northwest region of Russia. Disease progression was mainly monitored 3 or 4 times during the growing season, from germination to crop maturity. As a result in this region the new diseases were found. In 2005-2007 the causal agent of yellow leaf spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was found on wheat. Fusarium graminearum historically has two areas in Russia: the North Caucasus and the Far East. However, since 2003 F. graminearum appeared on the territory of the North-West of Russia. Septoria tritici became the main pathogen of wheat in the North-Western Region.. In 2013 Ramularia collo-cygni was found in Arkhangelsk region. These observations suggest that global warming of climate leads to an expansion south species pathogen to the north regions of Russia.展开更多
The article draws attention to the linguistic consciousness of a bilingual Kazakh writer D. Nakipov formed under the influence of Russian culture. The peculiar way of thinking about reality is fixed in a work of ficti...The article draws attention to the linguistic consciousness of a bilingual Kazakh writer D. Nakipov formed under the influence of Russian culture. The peculiar way of thinking about reality is fixed in a work of fiction by means of special speech techniques, verbal images of not only his native language culture, but the culture he grew up in.展开更多
This paper brings up the issue of a systemic study of the translation of Russian classics into Estonian during the Soviet period. These translations are often considered to be only the result of the "Sovietization" ...This paper brings up the issue of a systemic study of the translation of Russian classics into Estonian during the Soviet period. These translations are often considered to be only the result of the "Sovietization" of Estonian culture, but such approach is a simplification. Estonian translations of the Russian classics in the Soviet period, undoubtedly, depended on ideological conditions, but, it is argued here, were to a great extent determined by the mechanisms of cultural self-regulation and displayed continuity with translation strategies that had been established before the occupation, in the 1920s-1930s. In the independent Estonian Republic, a remarkable tradition of the translations of Russian classics existed thanks to the activity of A. H. Tammsaare, F. Tuglas, A. Oras, H. Talvik, B. Alver et al. Estonian translators devoted the particular attention to the text's audience--the Estonian readers. The paper explains why in the mid 19S0s Leskov, an ambivalent and diffficult-to-translate writer, was chosen by O. Samma and F. Kylli for the first presentation to the Estonian readers.展开更多
In big countries, nutrition profiles and foodstuffs chemical contamination may differ significantly between different regions and even between areas within a region. Thus one should assess toxic exposure through food ...In big countries, nutrition profiles and foodstuffs chemical contamination may differ significantly between different regions and even between areas within a region. Thus one should assess toxic exposure through food on not only national but also local level. We have developed and distributed a personal questionnaire for estimating average daily consumption of 44 types of foodstuffs, and for 12 of them-the percentage contribution of the main sources of supply. Depending on data analysis results, we choose the most important foodstuffs for determining their chemical contamination. We tested this approach in 7 industrial towns and found differences among them, as well as among children and adults, with regard to toxic exposure through food. People with a relatively high income consume more milk, cheese, meat, fish, poultry and fruit but less bread and potatoes than those with medium or low income. About 80% of consumed potatoes are grown locally and thus depend on each area's contamination. Although daily intakes of toxicants do not exceed WHO tolerable levels, their contribution to the total environmentally dependent dose is important. The approach developed by us can be used in epidemiological and risk assessment studies when they are performed on regional or local level.展开更多
This paper focuses on the language policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is intended to invite the readers for the broadening of the debate on the issues raised. The 20th century, for Kazakhs, became a century of t...This paper focuses on the language policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is intended to invite the readers for the broadening of the debate on the issues raised. The 20th century, for Kazakhs, became a century of tragic events which transformed them into the minority on their own native land. In spite of many collisions in history Kazakhs have not lost their language, the main wealth. At the beginning of the 21st century, Kazakhstan has tackled a lot of problems, connected with national and ethnic issues, social structure, and foreign and home policy. The influence of globalization is felt in every sphere of life in Kazakhstan. Serious ethno-demographic changes have occurred after gaining independence. Kazakhstan from the state with two dominating Kazakh and Russian diasporas has turned to the state with dominating one, the Kazakh ethnos. State language of the Republic of Kazakhstan now is Kazakh due to implementation of language policy展开更多
This article investigates the influence of the property of VGO derived from the Kazakhstan- Russian mixed crude on the hydrocracking catalyst. The influence of reaction temperature, reaction pressure, space velocity a...This article investigates the influence of the property of VGO derived from the Kazakhstan- Russian mixed crude on the hydrocracking catalyst. The influence of reaction temperature, reaction pressure, space velocity and hydrogen/oil ratio on the distribution and quality of products was analyzed with the optimal process regime determined, when the VGO was hydrocracked in the presence of the FC-16 catalyst.展开更多
REE (Rare Earth Element) signatures in fossil vertebrates from different stratigraphic units are sufficiently distinctive to allow identification of the original unit or location in which fossilization occurred. Our...REE (Rare Earth Element) signatures in fossil vertebrates from different stratigraphic units are sufficiently distinctive to allow identification of the original unit or location in which fossilization occurred. Our field studies at the classic Pleistocene site of Fossil Lake, Oregon, reveal at least nine exposed depositional packages, most separated by disconformities. Bones analyzed from eight of the defined packages have distinctly different REE signatures. By accruing an extensive REE data library, samples with nebulous origin can be compared to this data library to determine the best stratigraphic context of the fossil. The research involves an articulated horse from the Ferruginous Sandstone unit at Fossil Lake. This unit shows subtle lithological changes which may indicate differences in depositional environment. The recovered specimen transected these subtle variations of this unit. Since REE reflect depositional environment this specimen offers a unique opportunity to investigate the possible variations in a signature due to subtle changes in lithology. This was accomplished by collecting bone and sediment material from 1 cm increments. By relating subtle changes in lithology to possible variations in REE signature, this study will offer a better resolution for application of REE signatures to Paleoenvironmental interpretations, fossil provenience and stratigraphic correlation.展开更多
文摘This article examines the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia in light of three successive Ethiopian governments’ proclamations on cultural heritage conservation. It provides a brief overview of the meaning and types of cultural heritages as well as the evolution of the concept and practice of the protection and preservation of cultural heritages. Having critically analyzed the basic essences of the legal provisions of the cultural heritage conservation proclamations of the Imperial, the Military (Derg), and the reigning governments, the article argues that the decrees issued mainly reflect the political philosophy of the three respective regimes. As a result, the second legal provision is not better than the first one, and within the same logic, the third is more expected to mitigate the problems related to cultural heritage management than the second one. Nevertheless, it is an open secret that the destruction and loss of cultural heritages in Ethiopia are increasing from time to time. Finally, the article provides conclusions consisting of recommendations to address the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia.
基金auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41271024)the International Cooperation and Exchange Project (Grant No. 41411130204)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. lzujbky-2016-270)
文摘A reliable chronology is essentially critical for correlating loess records with other paleoenvironmental time series, as well as for continuing improvements in the reconstruction of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate changes. It is exactly that the scarcity of chronologies across the Sea of Azov has limited the interpretation of climatic and environmental information in the East European Plain. In view of this, this paper conducted an exploratory study to investigate whether the optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating of medium-grained quartz could be used to obtain a set of chronologies and the age models could be used to establish an independent time scale since the Late Pleistocene for the Sea of Azov loess. The results showed that an internally consistent set of optical ages for the Azov loess deposited up to ~76 ka. In addition, the ages developed based on magnetic susceptibility and grain size ages models showed good comparability with independent OSL ages at an acceptable range, suggesting that it might be practicable to establish an independent time scale using age models at the Sea of Azov loess, at least for the uppermost part of the Chumbur-Kosa section. Comparison with the ages based on two age models,the grain size ages using fine-grain fractions may provide a more reliable chronological sequence at the Azov loess since the Late Pleistocene. With the help of absolute ages and climate proxies(magnetic susceptibility and grain size), paleoclimatic change in the Sea of Azov have been traced for the Late Pleistocene.
文摘This article is aimed at the analysis of the images of consciousness that the representatives of the Kazakh and Russian nations possess. The analysis has been carried on the man-horseparadigm. It has been discovered that the ability to associatively connect the objects and phenomena of the world around bring together the Kazakh and Russian writers as well as does the ability to see common features of different objects. At the same time in the Russian literature sometimes a person is identified with a horse, which does physical work, and characterizes people exhausted by hard work which is not typical for the Kazakhs. But the Russians do not compare their child with a foal whereas for the Kazakhs it is the kindest term of endearment. It is supposed that interesting image paradigms with "horse" element can also be discovered in the English language
基金NSFC Project 30220130698 to G. S.the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research no.1425507 from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology of Japan to H.N.
文摘Fossil woods were collected from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene beds distributed around Heilong- jang (Amur) River area of China and Russia. A total of 43 specimens were collected from Baishantou, Long- gushan, and Yong'ancun in Jiayin, China, and 85 specimens from Zeya-Bureya Basin lying southeast of Blagoveshchensk in Russia. Selected specimens were sectioned and studied anatomically. The source deposits of almost all identifiable specimens belong to the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Taipinglinchang Formation and the Paleocene Wuyun Formation in China, and the Paleocene Upper Tsagayan Formation in Russia. Al- though the results obtained are still far from complete, the taxonomic composition of the fossil woods show marked stratigraphic differences between the two horizons beyond the K/T boundary in China. There is also a strong similarity in wood flora between the Wuyun Formation of China and the Upper Tsagayan Formation of Russia. All identified specimens from the Taipinglinchang Formation are Xenoxylon latiporosum, This is one of the stratigraphically younger records of Xenoxylon, which is a conifer morphogenus of uncertain affinity most common in the Triassic to Early Cretaceous. Only one specimen with possible derivation from either the Wuyun or the Maastriehtian Furao Formation in China was identified as Taxodioxylon sp. The Wuyun Formation yielded both conifers and dicotyledonous woods. The conifers include Taxodioxylon sequoianum of the Taxodiaceae, and Protopiceoxylon amurense, which is attributable to the extant genera Keteleeria or Nothotsuga of the Pinaeeac, both are at present endemic to China. At least two morphotypes of dicotyledonous woods were recognized, with one identified as el. Hamamelidoxylon , and the other diffuse porous wood is characterized by numerous heterogeneous rays. From the Zeya-Buleya Basin of Russia, Taxodioxylon sequoianum and cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp. were identified from the Upper Tsagayan Formation. The similarity of wood composition in both Wuyun and Upper Tsagayan Formations support lithological as well as biostratigraphic correlations proposed for the two formations.
文摘This research investigated the water permeability coefficient of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The effect of sodium hydroxide (Na(OH)) concentrations and Si/AI ratios on water permeability and compressive strength of geopolymer concretes were studied. The geopolymer concrete were prepared from Mae Moh fly ash with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (Na(OH)) solutions. In the first group, concentration of Na(OH) was varied at 8, 10, 12, and 14 molar and the Si/AI ratio was kept constant at 1.98. In the second group, a concentration of Na(OH) was kept constant at 14 molar and the Si/AI ratio was varied at 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, and 2.8. The hardened concretes were air-cured in laboratory. The compressive strength and water permeability were tested at the age of 28 and 60 days. The results showed that compressive strengths of geopolymer concrete significantly increased with the increase of a concentration of Na(OH) and Si/AI ratio. The water permeability coefficients increase with the decrease of compressive strength. In addition, the high reduction of water permeability coefficients with time was found in geopolymer concrete with lower Na(OH) concentration than that higher Na(OH) concentration.
文摘The article is devoted to the psychoanalytic issues of the deconstruction of images of socialist ideals in Russian Sots Art--an ironic title of the artistic trend in which used a mixture signs of visual semiotics of "social realism" and "pop art" of the 1990-2000s. By comparing the idealization of the image of Lenin in Soviet art of the 1930-1950s with its grotesque interpretation in Sots Art works of the 1990s, it appears to be interesting to trace the functions of grotesque and caricature in the deconstruction of the canons of socialist realism. Thereupon, special interest is the role of the regression mechanism in the transformation of the ideals of socialist realism into laughable images.
基金financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation The interaction mechanisms, equilibrium state and evolution trend of the salt waters and brines-basic and ultrabasic rocks systems (on the example of Siberian platform areas) (RSF Project No. 17-17-01158)
文摘The primary scientific goal of studying salt lakes is to better understand the formation of small continental- type hydrogeochemical systems. Many scientists have attributed the metamorphism of the chemical composition of salt lakes to the evaporative concentration of water. How- ever, the formation of soda water is inconsistent with this hypothesis. Thus, analyzing intrabasinal biochemical pro- cesses and water--rocks interactions during the evaporative concentration of water allows us to understand the major mechanisms of the formation and evolution of water com- positions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify the key processes involved in the formation of the chemical composition of the water in Lake Doroninskoye. An analysis of the distribution of major components shows that Na+, HCO3-, CO32-, and C1- are dominant in this water. High concentrations of these elements are the result of evaporative water concentration. Calcium, magnesium, and potassium are not accumulated because the water is saturated in min- erals containing these elements. The main barrier to the growth of the sulfate content of water is sulfate reduction. This process also contributes to the additional reproduction of carbon dioxide, which reacts with the products of the hydrolysis of aluminosilicates OH- to form HCO3- and CO32-, thus further contributing to the natural processes of soda formation.
文摘The article is devoted to the struggle for identity which has been intensified in the Russian social media in 2014 both on interpretation of the historical past and on the up-to-date situation, especially, Crimea events. Authors suppose that as a result social media become a means of manipulation more than independent space with rizhoma nature. In 2011-2012 social media were the space of struggle between authority and political opposition. Today space of social media is looking polarized regarding polarization of society in respect of political order and Putin political course.
文摘Across all Russia global climate change is observed. Consequences of climatic changes, undoubtedly, will be reflected in distribution of harmful organisms, their injuriousness and will demand development of new approaches in plant protection. Over the last 10 years, the spread of cereal crop diseases in the Northwest Russia has been monitored. The purpose of researches is to find new diseases in the Northwest region of Russia. Disease progression was mainly monitored 3 or 4 times during the growing season, from germination to crop maturity. As a result in this region the new diseases were found. In 2005-2007 the causal agent of yellow leaf spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was found on wheat. Fusarium graminearum historically has two areas in Russia: the North Caucasus and the Far East. However, since 2003 F. graminearum appeared on the territory of the North-West of Russia. Septoria tritici became the main pathogen of wheat in the North-Western Region.. In 2013 Ramularia collo-cygni was found in Arkhangelsk region. These observations suggest that global warming of climate leads to an expansion south species pathogen to the north regions of Russia.
文摘The article draws attention to the linguistic consciousness of a bilingual Kazakh writer D. Nakipov formed under the influence of Russian culture. The peculiar way of thinking about reality is fixed in a work of fiction by means of special speech techniques, verbal images of not only his native language culture, but the culture he grew up in.
文摘This paper brings up the issue of a systemic study of the translation of Russian classics into Estonian during the Soviet period. These translations are often considered to be only the result of the "Sovietization" of Estonian culture, but such approach is a simplification. Estonian translations of the Russian classics in the Soviet period, undoubtedly, depended on ideological conditions, but, it is argued here, were to a great extent determined by the mechanisms of cultural self-regulation and displayed continuity with translation strategies that had been established before the occupation, in the 1920s-1930s. In the independent Estonian Republic, a remarkable tradition of the translations of Russian classics existed thanks to the activity of A. H. Tammsaare, F. Tuglas, A. Oras, H. Talvik, B. Alver et al. Estonian translators devoted the particular attention to the text's audience--the Estonian readers. The paper explains why in the mid 19S0s Leskov, an ambivalent and diffficult-to-translate writer, was chosen by O. Samma and F. Kylli for the first presentation to the Estonian readers.
文摘In big countries, nutrition profiles and foodstuffs chemical contamination may differ significantly between different regions and even between areas within a region. Thus one should assess toxic exposure through food on not only national but also local level. We have developed and distributed a personal questionnaire for estimating average daily consumption of 44 types of foodstuffs, and for 12 of them-the percentage contribution of the main sources of supply. Depending on data analysis results, we choose the most important foodstuffs for determining their chemical contamination. We tested this approach in 7 industrial towns and found differences among them, as well as among children and adults, with regard to toxic exposure through food. People with a relatively high income consume more milk, cheese, meat, fish, poultry and fruit but less bread and potatoes than those with medium or low income. About 80% of consumed potatoes are grown locally and thus depend on each area's contamination. Although daily intakes of toxicants do not exceed WHO tolerable levels, their contribution to the total environmentally dependent dose is important. The approach developed by us can be used in epidemiological and risk assessment studies when they are performed on regional or local level.
文摘This paper focuses on the language policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is intended to invite the readers for the broadening of the debate on the issues raised. The 20th century, for Kazakhs, became a century of tragic events which transformed them into the minority on their own native land. In spite of many collisions in history Kazakhs have not lost their language, the main wealth. At the beginning of the 21st century, Kazakhstan has tackled a lot of problems, connected with national and ethnic issues, social structure, and foreign and home policy. The influence of globalization is felt in every sphere of life in Kazakhstan. Serious ethno-demographic changes have occurred after gaining independence. Kazakhstan from the state with two dominating Kazakh and Russian diasporas has turned to the state with dominating one, the Kazakh ethnos. State language of the Republic of Kazakhstan now is Kazakh due to implementation of language policy
文摘This article investigates the influence of the property of VGO derived from the Kazakhstan- Russian mixed crude on the hydrocracking catalyst. The influence of reaction temperature, reaction pressure, space velocity and hydrogen/oil ratio on the distribution and quality of products was analyzed with the optimal process regime determined, when the VGO was hydrocracked in the presence of the FC-16 catalyst.
文摘REE (Rare Earth Element) signatures in fossil vertebrates from different stratigraphic units are sufficiently distinctive to allow identification of the original unit or location in which fossilization occurred. Our field studies at the classic Pleistocene site of Fossil Lake, Oregon, reveal at least nine exposed depositional packages, most separated by disconformities. Bones analyzed from eight of the defined packages have distinctly different REE signatures. By accruing an extensive REE data library, samples with nebulous origin can be compared to this data library to determine the best stratigraphic context of the fossil. The research involves an articulated horse from the Ferruginous Sandstone unit at Fossil Lake. This unit shows subtle lithological changes which may indicate differences in depositional environment. The recovered specimen transected these subtle variations of this unit. Since REE reflect depositional environment this specimen offers a unique opportunity to investigate the possible variations in a signature due to subtle changes in lithology. This was accomplished by collecting bone and sediment material from 1 cm increments. By relating subtle changes in lithology to possible variations in REE signature, this study will offer a better resolution for application of REE signatures to Paleoenvironmental interpretations, fossil provenience and stratigraphic correlation.