俄气的天然气发展战略及其挑战

俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司拥有丰富的天然气资源,但是近两年随着北美页岩气的蓬勃发展,其发展空间受到挤压。为此,俄气制定了积极的天然气发展战略,拟通过开发新区提高商业储量和产量,延伸产业链,并在保持欧洲天然气市场份额的基础上,着力提高向东北亚的天然气出口和LNG销售量。然而在国内外天然气市场竞争日趋激烈的大环境下,俄气要实现其战略目标,面临着资金、技术、市场等多重压力,并可能影响到对中国的天然气出口。中国东线的天然气进口需要进一步落实资源以及相关管道设施建设。

俄气石油公司非常规油气开发面临的挑战

近年来,俄罗斯常规石油产量开始下降,亟需开发非常规油气储量以及时应对挑战。俄气石油公司利用巴热诺夫项目,积极开展非常规油气研究,取得了里程碑式的成就,但也面临巨大挑战,主要表现在非常规油气系统评价,有效钻井、完井和生产以及综合开发规划三个方面。文章对这些挑战加以归纳总结,以利于国内相关研究进行对比分析,开展相应研究与合作。

俄罗斯天然气在东北地区的利用发展分析

中俄东线天然气即将引入中国,将对东北地区的天然气利用项目产生有力的推动作用,同时也将面临各种问题。为建立长期可持续发展资源供应体系,结合能源供需实际,讨论了俄气到来后,东北地区天然气未来的发展方向,并分析了存在的主要问题:①天然气自产不足,域外依存度高;②地域特点决定替代能源可有多种选择;③调峰困难且富余天然气难以处理;④天然气替代经济性差,价高难以承受。并针对矛盾点进行了总结,指出来源多元化和资源多样化才能可持续发展。明确东北地区宜以天然气作为过渡能源,并提出了适宜地区经济发展的天然气利用建议。

俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司的地位及发展战略研究

俄罗斯的天然气储量和产量均位居世界前列,而俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司2011年公布的储量为35.05×1012m3,约占全俄储量的78%;产量为5132×108m3,约占全俄产量的77%。俄气还控制着世界最大的天然气管道运输网络,独家垄断全俄天然气出口经营权,甚至影响着俄天然气工业政策制订到执行的每一个环节。俄气公司还拥有大规模的电力、传媒、金融等资产,同时还经营着航空和铁路运输、无线通讯、IT等业务。由于俄气公司在俄罗斯政治经济生活中的重要地位,使之成为国内经济的晴雨表,更是成为俄罗斯内政外交和能源政治中的重要工具。虽然近年俄气面临诸多挑战,但未能从根本上动摇其在国内外天然气市场的地位。俄气公司未来的发展战略,一是继续强化行业领袖和垄断出口商地位,并扩大综合影响力。为此,2011年俄气公司资本投入达到13277亿卢布,继2010年大幅提高40%之后再次同比提高50.3%。二是以强硬姿态扩大世界天然气市场份额,增量不减价。力求西方市场稳中有升,维持垄断供应商地位;在亚太市场实现突破,获取10%～15%的市场份额;同时遏制中亚国家的出口独立。我国石油企业与俄气公司开展合作,其实质是与俄罗斯国家层面的经济和能源战略的合作。要从更高层面深入分析俄气公司所处的市场地位和战略得失,同时从更广阔和长远的角度考虑我国经济和能源发展状况,寻找相应的对策。

怀俄明气山地区控制铀资源的地质因素

Wind River组的有利岩相——长石砂岩的分布限定了有可能找到铀矿体的地区。容矿主岩的厚度变薄和主岩岩相在近地表被淋滤,更进一步限定了有远景的地区。 矿体或卷状体的横断面上呈月牙形,平面上形状极其弯曲。水平方向上矿带呈不规则狭窄状,多数矿带可延伸几百米。一般情况下,它们呈首尾相接的叠瓦状产出,构成了前锋体系。蚀变岩石位于卷状体的凹处,而未蚀变岩石位于凸处。 西气山、中气山属同一前锋体系的不同地段,东气山可能是同一体系的东延段。成矿溶液可能从南向北流动,在其流动途径上留下很大的蚀变岩石柱。 到1970年底,气山地区估计生产了5千万磅U_3O_8(约1.92万吨金属铀),估计最终可回收总量达1.5亿磅的U_3O_8(约5.77万吨金属铀)。在不远的将来,如价格升高有可能增加可回收的U_3O_8,总量约2.0亿磅(约7.69万吨金属铀)。

Close relationship between the East Asian westerly jet and Russian far East surface air temperature in summer

The interannual variability of the east asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet（EAJ） in summer is characterized by the meridional displacement of its axis, or a seesaw pattern of zonal wind anomalies between the northern and southern flanks of the EAJ. This study reveals a close relationship between the surface air temperature in the russian far east and the northern flank of the EAJ. Related to a warmer surface in the russian far east, the westerly decelerates in the northern flank of the EAJ. The relationship can be explained by a positive feedback mechanism between the surface air temperature in the russian far east and the overhead circulation： the anticyclonic circulation anomaly related to a weakened westerly in the northern flank of the EAJ induces surface warming in the russian far east and the warmer surface can in turn act as a heat source and induces a local anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the upper troposphere, therefore decelerating the westerly in the northern flank of the EAJ. The result implies that a better description of the summer surface condition in the russian far east may benefit seasonal forecasts of the EAJ and, subsequently, east asian summer climate.

Russian Scientific Investigations in China in the Nineteenth Century

This article aims to study the history of scientific investigations in China in the nineteenth century,made by Russian scientists who ranged in status and position including official agents,the directors of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,the members of the Russian Orthodox Mission(ROM),and others.The article gives a detailed analysis of the unique expeditions of H.Fritsche(1839–1913),director of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,and Archimandrite Palladius(1817–1878),head of the ROM to the northeast part of China.During those expeditions,existing maps were corrected and new maps were made.The article also covers the history of natural science investigations,made by other members of missions,doctors,and attached persons.This article employs sources from Russian archives(Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Russian State Historical Archive,Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire),which were rarely used by the scientific community,and adopts an empirical approach based on objectivity and historicism to the sources and research.

Water Chemistry and Hydrometeorology in a Glacierized Catchment in the Polar Urals,Russia

This study aims to determine the relationships between local meteorological conditions,proglacial river discharge and biogeochemical processes operating in a periglacial basin located in the Polar Ural mountain range, Russia. Fieldwork was conducted in the catchment of Obruchev Glacier(13 km2) during the summer peak flow period in 2008. River discharge was dominated by snowmelt and changed from 3300 l s-1 to less than 1000 l s-1. The mean daily air temperatures of stations situated in the mountain tundra and near Obruchev Glacier from July 11 th to August 1st 2008 were 14.4°C and 10.3°C, respectively. The glacial river had low total dissolved solids varying from 4.5 to 9 mg l-1 and coefficients of correlation between Na+ and Cl-, K+ and Cl-, as well as NH4+ and Cl- were 0.94, 0.90 and 0.84, respectively. Rainfall events affected the snowmelt initiation and provided an essential part of the discharge during the intense snowmelt period, which occurred from July 11 th to July 18 th 2008. Data showed that Na+ and K+ in the surface water derived from snowmelt rather than chemical weathering of silicates. Also, it was obtained that NO3- derived from the melting snowpack, whereas ammonification occurring under the snowpacks was the primary source for NH4+.

Variations of CO2 Mixing Ratios in the Air near the Ground in the European Territory of Russia

The instrumentation, method and measurement results used for measurements of CO2 concentrations in surface air of Obninsk （55.1° N, 36.9° E, 183 m above the sea level） located at a distance of 105 km to the south-west of Moscow are presented. Proposed is a method of experimental data filtering allowing one to separate natural and anthropogenic variations of CO2 concentrations. It is shown that minimal concentrations of CO2 registered in Obninsk and at the continental stations of GAW WMO characterize not only the ＂regional background＂ but also coincide with the data from GAW WMO background stations located in the oceanic regions. In this connection, one can assume that the excess in measured CO2 concentration over its minimal values, making about 5-6 ppm, is connected with an anthropogenic emission, and the continent should be considered as an anthropogenic source of C02.

Luminescence chronology and age model application for the upper part of the Chumbur-Kosa loess sequence in the Sea of Azov, Russia

A reliable chronology is essentially critical for correlating loess records with other paleoenvironmental time series, as well as for continuing improvements in the reconstruction of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate changes. It is exactly that the scarcity of chronologies across the Sea of Azov has limited the interpretation of climatic and environmental information in the East European Plain. In view of this, this paper conducted an exploratory study to investigate whether the optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating of medium-grained quartz could be used to obtain a set of chronologies and the age models could be used to establish an independent time scale since the Late Pleistocene for the Sea of Azov loess. The results showed that an internally consistent set of optical ages for the Azov loess deposited up to ~76 ka. In addition, the ages developed based on magnetic susceptibility and grain size ages models showed good comparability with independent OSL ages at an acceptable range, suggesting that it might be practicable to establish an independent time scale using age models at the Sea of Azov loess, at least for the uppermost part of the Chumbur-Kosa section. Comparison with the ages based on two age models,the grain size ages using fine-grain fractions may provide a more reliable chronological sequence at the Azov loess since the Late Pleistocene. With the help of absolute ages and climate proxies(magnetic susceptibility and grain size), paleoclimatic change in the Sea of Azov have been traced for the Late Pleistocene.

Effect of Operational Changes in Reducing Fish Impingement at a Power Plant in Ohio, USA

Both intake volumetric flow and through-screen velocity （the velocity of water as it passes through the screen） are important variables affecting fish impingement at industrial water intake structures including those at power plants. However, there are limited data available on quantitative assessments of impingement following changes in power plant operation such as reduced volumetric flow and intake velocity. Impingement studies were conducted at Bay Shore Power Plant in 2005-2006 （baseline） and again in 2013-2014 following fish protection mitigation which included reduced intake volumetric flows （from 33.5 m^3·s^-1 to 9.1 cm·s^-1）, a reduced through-screen velocity （from approximately 79.2 cm·s^-1 to 11.6 cm·s^-1）, modified traveling screens and installation of a fish-return system to gently and quickly remove any fish that were impinged back into the waterbody. A comparison of baseline and post-mitigation results suggested that with this mitigation in place, impingement reductions can exceed 90% for robust dominant fish species in the area.

Accumulation conditions of outside source heavy oil in NepaBotuoba Sub-basin,Russia and prediction of distribution

In terms of tectonic evolution and petroleum geological conditions of the Nepa-Botuoba Sub-basin and its adjacent su4b-basins,the accumulation conditions of the heavy oil were analyzed. The studied area had plenty of oil and gas accumulation,but there were no developed source rocks. It is a typical outside source accumulation,whose origins from thick high-quality source rock deposited in the adjacent sub-basins. The shallow layer has favorable heavy oil reservoir conditions and poor sealing conditions,which benefits the thickening of hydrocarbon. The multi-periods of structural compression not only uplifted the studied area drastically,but also created a series of fault zones and large-scale slope belt. The structural compression also provided channel and sufficient power for migration of hydrocarbon to shallow layers. Based on these conditions,the favorable accumulation zone of heavy oil was predicted,which provided direction for heavy oil exploration in Nepa-Botuoba Subbasin.

Plant Diseases in Globally Changing Russian Climate

Across all Russia global climate change is observed. Consequences of climatic changes, undoubtedly, will be reflected in distribution of harmful organisms, their injuriousness and will demand development of new approaches in plant protection. Over the last 10 years, the spread of cereal crop diseases in the Northwest Russia has been monitored. The purpose of researches is to find new diseases in the Northwest region of Russia. Disease progression was mainly monitored 3 or 4 times during the growing season, from germination to crop maturity. As a result in this region the new diseases were found. In 2005-2007 the causal agent of yellow leaf spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was found on wheat. Fusarium graminearum historically has two areas in Russia： the North Caucasus and the Far East. However, since 2003 F. graminearum appeared on the territory of the North-West of Russia. Septoria tritici became the main pathogen of wheat in the North-Western Region.. In 2013 Ramularia collo-cygni was found in Arkhangelsk region. These observations suggest that global warming of climate leads to an expansion south species pathogen to the north regions of Russia.

Unconventional Story： A Future with Shale Gas and Other Unconventional Resources, A Look from Russia

The main achievements in the development of hardly-recoverable resources are currently associated with shale oil and gas. The result of the ＂shale revolution＂ was billions of dollars in losses for oil exporters. The question is how this situation w＇ill be long-lasting or ＂shale bubble＂ will burst. The success of the shale revolution can be not only an economic win or economic defeat of the United States, the question is about reputation as a global political leader and the country＇s ability to solve the most difficult technological problems. Everything at stake to extend the ＂shale gas revolution＂ as it is possible longer, in time to prepare the conditions and technologies for a new energy revolution and to maintain the usual high level of energy consumption. The situation is further complicated by the introduction in the game of OPEC （organization of petroleum exporting countries） causing oil prices dropped below the cost of shale oil. The future of high technology in the production of oil depends on whether exporters and importers to negotiate the best price for oil, to ensure the sustainable development of the world economy.

A comparison of mesospheric winds measured by FPI and meteor radar located at 40N

In this paper, winds derived from OH Meinel 892.0 nm detection by an FPI （Fabry-Perot Interferometer） are compared with the simultaneous wind measurements from a meteor radar during April-May of 2010. The peak height of OH Meinel 892.0 nm is about 87 km. The variations of FPI wind at 87 km mostly have the similar track to meteor radar wind at 87 km, and the data values of FPI wind mainly fall into the range of meteor radar wind. However, there are still quantitative differences between the observations of the two systems. The best cross-correlation occurs in rneridional winds from two systems in April of 2010. An obvious wave signal with 0.2 cycle/d frequency is found in meridional winds observed by both FPI and meteor radar.

Estimation of Travel Climate Comfort Degree in the Cross-border Region between China and Russia based on GIS

The duration of travel climate comfort degree is an important factor that influences the length of the tourism season and the development of a tourism destination.In this study,we used the monthly average meteorological data for the last 10 years from 46 weather stations in Heilongjiang Province(China)and Primorsky Krai(Russia)to calculate the temperature-humidity index(THI)and wind chill index(WCI)based on ArcGIS software interpolation technology.We obtained the climate comfort charts of the study area with a grid size a 1 km2 grid size,and analyzed the spatial distribution of comfort for each month.The results show the following:1)The THI and WCI of the cross-border region gradually decrease from south to north and from low altitude to high altitude.The annual comfortable climate period is longer when analyzed in terms of the WCI rather\than the THI.2)The travel climate comfortable period of the study area shows significant regional difference and the length of the comfortable period in Heilongjiang Province is 4 to 5 months.Meanwhile,the period in Primorsky Krai decreases from south to north and the length of the comfortable period length in its southern region can reach 7 months.3)The predominant length of the climate comfortable period in the cross-border area is 5 months per year,and it covers 46.6%of the total area,while areas that have a climate comfortable period of 2 months are the most limited,covering less than 0.3%of the area.The results provide a scientific basis for the utilization and development of a meteorological tourism resources and touring arrangements for tourists in the cross-border region between China and Russia.