This study focused on the automatic versus controlled nature of the underlying cognitive processes of ERPs (Event-Related Potentials) effects during speech perception. ERPs to the final word of sentences (half bein...This study focused on the automatic versus controlled nature of the underlying cognitive processes of ERPs (Event-Related Potentials) effects during speech perception. ERPs to the final word of sentences (half being semantically incongruent with the sentence and half congruent) were presented to French natives under 4 levels of degradation: no degradation, mild degradation (2 levels), and strong degradation. Under mild degradation allowing controlled sentence-level processing according to behavioral data, the N400 effect (i.e., the N400 to incongruent words minus the N400 to congruent words) and a late positive complex were delayed and the latter effect was reduced. Under strong degradation allowing only automatic sentence processing according to behavioral data, no ERP effects remained. These results suggest that, unlike contextual effect found with single words (e.g., using word-pair or word-list paradigms), ERP effects elicited by more complex contexts such as full sentences are generated by controlled but not by automatic mechanisms of speech processing.展开更多
This article discusses the role of the Souss river in disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and sustainable development through mainstreaming natural capital into macro-economic policies. The river course...This article discusses the role of the Souss river in disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and sustainable development through mainstreaming natural capital into macro-economic policies. The river course, rising from several headstreams in the high Atlas mountain and flowing westward for 180 km to the atlantic ocean is the beating heart of the Argan biosphere reserve. Its alluvial basin ensures the vital link between biodiversity and the population's utility functions for more than three million inhabitants. It is one of Morocco's most fertile regions where citrus fruits, vegetables, olives are grown beside an argan natural grove, and many of them are for export. Recent growing concern of local authorities tackles natural disasters and subsequent social issues associated to climate change, resource scarcities and flooding damages, especially after the 2014 flood events. This situation paved the way for local NGO incentives to embrace an ecological civilization approach for reconciliation with the Souss river. The local option adopted is to reverse the trend of intensive modem agriculture through a counterbalancing circular economy approach towards an agro-ecological producing pattern in order to sustain the river water balance.展开更多
文摘This study focused on the automatic versus controlled nature of the underlying cognitive processes of ERPs (Event-Related Potentials) effects during speech perception. ERPs to the final word of sentences (half being semantically incongruent with the sentence and half congruent) were presented to French natives under 4 levels of degradation: no degradation, mild degradation (2 levels), and strong degradation. Under mild degradation allowing controlled sentence-level processing according to behavioral data, the N400 effect (i.e., the N400 to incongruent words minus the N400 to congruent words) and a late positive complex were delayed and the latter effect was reduced. Under strong degradation allowing only automatic sentence processing according to behavioral data, no ERP effects remained. These results suggest that, unlike contextual effect found with single words (e.g., using word-pair or word-list paradigms), ERP effects elicited by more complex contexts such as full sentences are generated by controlled but not by automatic mechanisms of speech processing.
文摘This article discusses the role of the Souss river in disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and sustainable development through mainstreaming natural capital into macro-economic policies. The river course, rising from several headstreams in the high Atlas mountain and flowing westward for 180 km to the atlantic ocean is the beating heart of the Argan biosphere reserve. Its alluvial basin ensures the vital link between biodiversity and the population's utility functions for more than three million inhabitants. It is one of Morocco's most fertile regions where citrus fruits, vegetables, olives are grown beside an argan natural grove, and many of them are for export. Recent growing concern of local authorities tackles natural disasters and subsequent social issues associated to climate change, resource scarcities and flooding damages, especially after the 2014 flood events. This situation paved the way for local NGO incentives to embrace an ecological civilization approach for reconciliation with the Souss river. The local option adopted is to reverse the trend of intensive modem agriculture through a counterbalancing circular economy approach towards an agro-ecological producing pattern in order to sustain the river water balance.