A feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating water system to investigatethe effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index and liverlipid deposition of juvenile red snapper, Lut...A feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating water system to investigatethe effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index and liverlipid deposition of juvenile red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (average initial wet weight 8.0± 0.39 g and total length 3.14 ± 0.3 cm). In the experiment, six fishmeal-based diets wereformulated to contain various protein levels (20% to 45% in 5% increments), with dietary energyranging from 2210.7kJ100g to 2250.2 kJ 100g dry matter. The protein to energy ratios of diets rangedfrom 8.58 mg protein kJ^(-1) to 20.03 mg protein kJ^(-1). Diets were fed for 90 d to triplicategroups of fish stocked in 0.128 m^3 seawater tanks, 25 individuals each. The daily ration of 2% wetbody weight was offered to the fish thrice a day. The fish at the end of the study had more thanten-fold (77.0 g) increase in weight compared to the initial (8.0 g). Fish fed diets of 40% and 45%protein produced significantly (P【0.05) higher weight gain of 77.2 g and 76.5 g, and specific growthrate (SGR) of 2.65% and 2.62% than those of 67.0 g and 68.3 g, and 2.49% and 2.51% of the otherdiets. The broken-line regression of SGR against dietary protein level yielded an optimum dietaryprotein requirement of 42.6% (Y = - 1.6295 + 0.1114 X^2, P【0.05). Survival remained 100% amonggroups. Feed conversion ratio decreased from 0.45 for fish fed 20% dietary protein to 0.35 for fishfed 45% dietary protein. Nitrogen intake increased with an increase in dietary protein, which inturn resulted in an increase in nitrogen gain of fish whole body. Fish fed 40% and 45% protein dietsshowed higher (P【0.05) nitrogen gain (0.27g and 0.26g) than those (0.23g and 025g) fed all otherdiets. Gross energy intake (GEI) in fish fed 45% protein was lower (600.67kJ) than that (607.97 kJ)of 40% protein diet, though the differences were not statistically significant (P】0.05); GEI rangingfrom 677.31 kJ to 663.20 kJ at remaining four diets (20% to 35% protein) did not appear to differsignificantly (P】0.05). The highest energy gain of 518.33 kJ was obtained with fish fed 40% protein,resulting in the highest energy retention efficiency of 85.26%. The hepatosomatic index of fish feddiets of 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% protein were significantly (P【0.05) higher (2.09% to 2.57%) thanthose (1.44% and 1.41%) of fish fed diets containing 40% and 45% protein. Liver lipid contentsdecreased from 8.72% to 7.0% in fish fed dietary protein of 20% to 45% in 5% increments. Resultssuggest that the diet containing 40% to 42.6% protein with a P/E ratio of 17.6 mg protein kJ^(-1) isrequired for good growth of L. argentimaculatus weighing between 8.0 g and 85.2 g under the cultureconditions of the present study.展开更多
Europe＇s mountains cover nearly half of the continent＇s area and are home to one fifth of the European population. Mountain areas are hotspots of biodiversity and agriculture has played a multifunctional role in def...Europe＇s mountains cover nearly half of the continent＇s area and are home to one fifth of the European population. Mountain areas are hotspots of biodiversity and agriculture has played a multifunctional role in defining and sustaining mountain biodiversity. Ongoing trends of agricultural decline are having negative impacts on mountain biodiversity. This paper presents results from an interdisciplinary European research project, BioScene, which investigated the relationship between agriculture and biodiversity in six mountain study areas across Europe to provide recommendations for reconciling biodiversity conservation with social and economic activities through an integrated rural development strategy. BioScene used scenario analysis and stakeholder participation as tools for structuring the analysis of alternative mountain futures. Three main BioScene scenarios were evaluated： Business as Usual （BAIT）, Agricultural Liberalisation （Lib）, Managed Change for Biodiversity （MCB）. BioScene brought together ecologists, economists, sociologists and rural geogra- phers, to carry out interdisciplinary analysis of the scenarios： identifying key drivers of change, assessing the biodiversity consequences and evaluating costeffectiveness. BioScene used a sustainability assessment to integrate the research outputs across natural and social science disciplines to assess the broader sustainability of the scenarios in terms of biodiversity, natural resources, rural development, social development, economic development and institutional capacity. The sustainability assessment showed that the MCB scenario was potentially the most sustainable of the three BioScene scenarios. Through the reconciliation of potentially conflicting objectives, such as conservation, economic development and human livelihoods, and with a strong participatory planning approach, the MCB scenario could represent an alternative approach to BaU for sustainable rural development in Europe＇s mountains. BioScene confirms the necessity for natural and social scientists to work together to seek solutions to environmental problems. Interdisciplinary research can assist with the definition of integrated strategies with the potential to reconcile the ecological, social and economic parameters that determine a sustainable future for European mountain areas.展开更多
Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our im...Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our impact on functional parameters of the biosphere. Considering biosphere as a natural life-support system （LSS）, we can receive the helpful information for working out and creation of artificial LSS of various types. Big biotic cycle induced with flows of a solar energy, is a basis of functioning of the biosphere and its basic cells-ecosystems. It＇s possible to summarize briefly the main functional and structural properties of the biosphere： integrity, closure, substance cycling, steady state, energy dependence and biodiversity. These properties of the biosphere, as a LSS, ensure potentially everlasting life under the conditions of a limited quantity of substrate suitable for the life on the planet. Ecological Footprint （EF） as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic impact on biosphere functioning is discussed in the paper. The index of the ecological reliability （IER） is introduced as a quantitative ecological indicator of different territories. The comparative dynamics of the United Nations＇ Human Development Index （HDI） and EF is discussed. The vital goal of sustainable human development： all humans can have opportunity to fulfill their lives without degrading the biosphere. To support sustainability, we should try to develop each nation and the mankind as a whole with a high HDI and a low ecological footprint. It means to have high level of HDI at low level of EF. But current tendency of economical and social development shows that the higher HDI is, the bigger EF is. EF of mankind is growing menacingly. Now actual pressure of the human civilization of our planet （2010） upon 50% exceeds its potential possibilities biological capacity （BC）, measured on the area ＂global＂ green hectares）. It means that we need 1.5 planets of the Earth＇s type. It leads to ecological incident in the scale of biosphere. Our biosphere is the large, multilevel, hierarchically organized system, and our civilization is only a part of it. This part is not central; it can disappear for ever, if we do not cope to be included in the biosphere as a great system.展开更多
The Yellow River basin is well known for its high sediment yield. However, this sediment yield has clearly decreased since the 1980 s, especially after the year 2000. The annual average sediment yield was 1.2 billion ...The Yellow River basin is well known for its high sediment yield. However, this sediment yield has clearly decreased since the 1980 s, especially after the year 2000. The annual average sediment yield was 1.2 billion tons before 2000, but has significantly decreased to 0.3 billion tons over the last 10 years. Changes in discharge and sediment yield for the Yellow River have attracted the attention of both the Central Government and local communities. This study aimed to identify the individual contributions of changes in precipitation and human activities(e.g. water conservancy projects, terracing, silt dams, socio-economic and needs, and soil and water conservation measures) to the decrease in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River. The study used both improved the hydrological method and the soil and water conservation method. The study focused on discharge analysis for the upper reaches and the investigation of sediments for the middle reaches of the river. The results showed that discharge and sediment yield have both presented significant decreasing trends over the past 50 years. Precipitation showed an insignificant decreasing trend over the same period. The annual average discharge decreased by 5.68 billion m3 above Lanzhou reach of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2012; human activities(e.g. socio-economic water use) contributed 43.4% of the total reduction, whereas natural factors(e.g. evaporation from lakes, wetlands and reservoirs) accounted for 56.6%. The decrease in annual discharge and sediment yield of the section between Hekouzhen station and Tongguan station were 12.4 billion m3 and 1.24 billion tons, respectively. Human activities contributed 76.5% and 72.2% of the total reduction in discharge and sediment yield, respectively, and were therefore the dominant factors in the changes in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River.展开更多
文摘A feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating water system to investigatethe effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index and liverlipid deposition of juvenile red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (average initial wet weight 8.0± 0.39 g and total length 3.14 ± 0.3 cm). In the experiment, six fishmeal-based diets wereformulated to contain various protein levels (20% to 45% in 5% increments), with dietary energyranging from 2210.7kJ100g to 2250.2 kJ 100g dry matter. The protein to energy ratios of diets rangedfrom 8.58 mg protein kJ^(-1) to 20.03 mg protein kJ^(-1). Diets were fed for 90 d to triplicategroups of fish stocked in 0.128 m^3 seawater tanks, 25 individuals each. The daily ration of 2% wetbody weight was offered to the fish thrice a day. The fish at the end of the study had more thanten-fold (77.0 g) increase in weight compared to the initial (8.0 g). Fish fed diets of 40% and 45%protein produced significantly (P【0.05) higher weight gain of 77.2 g and 76.5 g, and specific growthrate (SGR) of 2.65% and 2.62% than those of 67.0 g and 68.3 g, and 2.49% and 2.51% of the otherdiets. The broken-line regression of SGR against dietary protein level yielded an optimum dietaryprotein requirement of 42.6% (Y = - 1.6295 + 0.1114 X^2, P【0.05). Survival remained 100% amonggroups. Feed conversion ratio decreased from 0.45 for fish fed 20% dietary protein to 0.35 for fishfed 45% dietary protein. Nitrogen intake increased with an increase in dietary protein, which inturn resulted in an increase in nitrogen gain of fish whole body. Fish fed 40% and 45% protein dietsshowed higher (P【0.05) nitrogen gain (0.27g and 0.26g) than those (0.23g and 025g) fed all otherdiets. Gross energy intake (GEI) in fish fed 45% protein was lower (600.67kJ) than that (607.97 kJ)of 40% protein diet, though the differences were not statistically significant (P】0.05); GEI rangingfrom 677.31 kJ to 663.20 kJ at remaining four diets (20% to 35% protein) did not appear to differsignificantly (P】0.05). The highest energy gain of 518.33 kJ was obtained with fish fed 40% protein,resulting in the highest energy retention efficiency of 85.26%. The hepatosomatic index of fish feddiets of 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% protein were significantly (P【0.05) higher (2.09% to 2.57%) thanthose (1.44% and 1.41%) of fish fed diets containing 40% and 45% protein. Liver lipid contentsdecreased from 8.72% to 7.0% in fish fed dietary protein of 20% to 45% in 5% increments. Resultssuggest that the diet containing 40% to 42.6% protein with a P/E ratio of 17.6 mg protein kJ^(-1) isrequired for good growth of L. argentimaculatus weighing between 8.0 g and 85.2 g under the cultureconditions of the present study.
文摘Europe＇s mountains cover nearly half of the continent＇s area and are home to one fifth of the European population. Mountain areas are hotspots of biodiversity and agriculture has played a multifunctional role in defining and sustaining mountain biodiversity. Ongoing trends of agricultural decline are having negative impacts on mountain biodiversity. This paper presents results from an interdisciplinary European research project, BioScene, which investigated the relationship between agriculture and biodiversity in six mountain study areas across Europe to provide recommendations for reconciling biodiversity conservation with social and economic activities through an integrated rural development strategy. BioScene used scenario analysis and stakeholder participation as tools for structuring the analysis of alternative mountain futures. Three main BioScene scenarios were evaluated： Business as Usual （BAIT）, Agricultural Liberalisation （Lib）, Managed Change for Biodiversity （MCB）. BioScene brought together ecologists, economists, sociologists and rural geogra- phers, to carry out interdisciplinary analysis of the scenarios： identifying key drivers of change, assessing the biodiversity consequences and evaluating costeffectiveness. BioScene used a sustainability assessment to integrate the research outputs across natural and social science disciplines to assess the broader sustainability of the scenarios in terms of biodiversity, natural resources, rural development, social development, economic development and institutional capacity. The sustainability assessment showed that the MCB scenario was potentially the most sustainable of the three BioScene scenarios. Through the reconciliation of potentially conflicting objectives, such as conservation, economic development and human livelihoods, and with a strong participatory planning approach, the MCB scenario could represent an alternative approach to BaU for sustainable rural development in Europe＇s mountains. BioScene confirms the necessity for natural and social scientists to work together to seek solutions to environmental problems. Interdisciplinary research can assist with the definition of integrated strategies with the potential to reconcile the ecological, social and economic parameters that determine a sustainable future for European mountain areas.
文摘Exponential increase of anthropogenic impact （human population number, some technological parameters） becomes menacing for biosphere functioning. Anyway, we should be able to estimate quantitatively limits of our impact on functional parameters of the biosphere. Considering biosphere as a natural life-support system （LSS）, we can receive the helpful information for working out and creation of artificial LSS of various types. Big biotic cycle induced with flows of a solar energy, is a basis of functioning of the biosphere and its basic cells-ecosystems. It＇s possible to summarize briefly the main functional and structural properties of the biosphere： integrity, closure, substance cycling, steady state, energy dependence and biodiversity. These properties of the biosphere, as a LSS, ensure potentially everlasting life under the conditions of a limited quantity of substrate suitable for the life on the planet. Ecological Footprint （EF） as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic impact on biosphere functioning is discussed in the paper. The index of the ecological reliability （IER） is introduced as a quantitative ecological indicator of different territories. The comparative dynamics of the United Nations＇ Human Development Index （HDI） and EF is discussed. The vital goal of sustainable human development： all humans can have opportunity to fulfill their lives without degrading the biosphere. To support sustainability, we should try to develop each nation and the mankind as a whole with a high HDI and a low ecological footprint. It means to have high level of HDI at low level of EF. But current tendency of economical and social development shows that the higher HDI is, the bigger EF is. EF of mankind is growing menacingly. Now actual pressure of the human civilization of our planet （2010） upon 50% exceeds its potential possibilities biological capacity （BC）, measured on the area ＂global＂ green hectares）. It means that we need 1.5 planets of the Earth＇s type. It leads to ecological incident in the scale of biosphere. Our biosphere is the large, multilevel, hierarchically organized system, and our civilization is only a part of it. This part is not central; it can disappear for ever, if we do not cope to be included in the biosphere as a great system.
基金National Basic Research Program of China,No.2011CB403303National Key Technology R&D Program,No.2013BAC05B04National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571276
文摘The Yellow River basin is well known for its high sediment yield. However, this sediment yield has clearly decreased since the 1980 s, especially after the year 2000. The annual average sediment yield was 1.2 billion tons before 2000, but has significantly decreased to 0.3 billion tons over the last 10 years. Changes in discharge and sediment yield for the Yellow River have attracted the attention of both the Central Government and local communities. This study aimed to identify the individual contributions of changes in precipitation and human activities(e.g. water conservancy projects, terracing, silt dams, socio-economic and needs, and soil and water conservation measures) to the decrease in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River. The study used both improved the hydrological method and the soil and water conservation method. The study focused on discharge analysis for the upper reaches and the investigation of sediments for the middle reaches of the river. The results showed that discharge and sediment yield have both presented significant decreasing trends over the past 50 years. Precipitation showed an insignificant decreasing trend over the same period. The annual average discharge decreased by 5.68 billion m3 above Lanzhou reach of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2012; human activities(e.g. socio-economic water use) contributed 43.4% of the total reduction, whereas natural factors(e.g. evaporation from lakes, wetlands and reservoirs) accounted for 56.6%. The decrease in annual discharge and sediment yield of the section between Hekouzhen station and Tongguan station were 12.4 billion m3 and 1.24 billion tons, respectively. Human activities contributed 76.5% and 72.2% of the total reduction in discharge and sediment yield, respectively, and were therefore the dominant factors in the changes in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River.
