Objective:To survey current community health nursing(CHN)courses offered in baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China from the perspective on information available on websites of colleges and universitie...Objective:To survey current community health nursing(CHN)courses offered in baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China from the perspective on information available on websites of colleges and universities.Methods:A descriptive research design was used.Data were collected from the official websites of colleges and universities providing baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China.A checklist was applied to identify academic year,type of course,credit,and class hours for both theory and practice teaching of CHN courses including Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing,Rehabilitation Nursing,and Health Education.The prescribed textbooks were consulted for teaching content.Results:Colleges(n?16)and universities(n?26)offering baccalaureate nursing programs with accessible online information for curriculum setting were recruited.The results showed that most of the accessible educational institutions(92.86%)have offered three to four investigated CHN courses.Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Nursing are generally offered to juniors,while Health Education is offered in half of these institutions in different academic years.Community Nursing is mainly offered as a required course with 2 credits,while Geriatric Nursing,Rehabilitation Nursing and Health Education are provided as elective courses with fewer credits.Around half of the institutions have practice hours for Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Nursing courses.However,the proportion of practice hours in the courses is generally less than 50%.The teaching content focuses on clinical care competencies instead of complementary competencies.Conclusion:It was revealed that CHN education in China is still in its infancy from website information of colleges and universities.CHN courses should be included in curriculum design,and teaching reforms and innovations should be taken to prepare nursing students to practice in primary health care and community settings.展开更多
Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was ...Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy(MAXENT)and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones(i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones).Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.展开更多
文摘Objective:To survey current community health nursing(CHN)courses offered in baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China from the perspective on information available on websites of colleges and universities.Methods:A descriptive research design was used.Data were collected from the official websites of colleges and universities providing baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China.A checklist was applied to identify academic year,type of course,credit,and class hours for both theory and practice teaching of CHN courses including Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing,Rehabilitation Nursing,and Health Education.The prescribed textbooks were consulted for teaching content.Results:Colleges(n?16)and universities(n?26)offering baccalaureate nursing programs with accessible online information for curriculum setting were recruited.The results showed that most of the accessible educational institutions(92.86%)have offered three to four investigated CHN courses.Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Nursing are generally offered to juniors,while Health Education is offered in half of these institutions in different academic years.Community Nursing is mainly offered as a required course with 2 credits,while Geriatric Nursing,Rehabilitation Nursing and Health Education are provided as elective courses with fewer credits.Around half of the institutions have practice hours for Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Nursing courses.However,the proportion of practice hours in the courses is generally less than 50%.The teaching content focuses on clinical care competencies instead of complementary competencies.Conclusion:It was revealed that CHN education in China is still in its infancy from website information of colleges and universities.CHN courses should be included in curriculum design,and teaching reforms and innovations should be taken to prepare nursing students to practice in primary health care and community settings.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40901289)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(No.2009CB421104),U.S.National Science Foundation
文摘Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy(MAXENT)and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones(i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones).Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.
