辽宁绒山羊现代生物技术研究进展

20世纪80年代以后,生物技术飞速发展,笔者通过对辽宁绒山羊生产及研究现状的调研,从种质资源保护、生物技术辅助育种、转基因技术培育新品种、胚胎工程技术提高繁殖率等几方面进行探讨,阐述了现代生物技术与辽宁绒山羊育种的紧密联系,认为现代生物技术为辽宁绒山羊的育种提供了广阔的发展前景,开创了绒山羊生产新的途径。

Effects of Shading Degree on Storage Rate and Growth of Phoebe bournei Seedlings in Fields

In the research, four shading treatments were set, including the treatments with shading degrees at 0, 40%, 60% and 70%, in order to explore storage rate and seedling growth of annual Phoebe bournei. The results showed that the storage rate is growing upon shading degree. In the research, for example, storage rate reached the peak with the shading degree at 70%, and only 42.2% with shading degree at 0. In addition, seedling height and ground diameter showed extremely significant differences among treatments, and the treatment with shading degree at 60% was the best.

Fifty Years of Botanical Gardens in China

The development, distribution and features of one hundred and forty botanical gardens (BGs) in China are reported and their functions on research, conservation, display and utilization of biodiversity are summarized in this paper. The contributions to the social and economic development in the early stage of Chinese BGs with the researches of economic plant (tobacco), medicinal plant (yam) and wild fruit tree resources are evaluated. The theoretical and applied achievements in recent years in seed science, plant conservation, economic plant introduction, acclimatization and breeding are also described. A general scope of living plant collections in Chinese BGs is presented and the outstanding ones, including Magnoliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cycadaceae, medicinal plants, Actinidia and Rhododendron are particularly mentioned. With special reference to Chinese penjing art garden and silicified wood garden, the development of scientific popularization and tourism in BGs is reviewed.

Evaluating Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species:Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains,China

Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable.In this study,this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi Province,China.The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda,a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region.The habitat suitability of nine protected species,including the giant panda,was modeled by using Maximum Entropy(MAXENT)and their spatial congruence was analyzed.Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones(i.e.,core,buffer and experimental zones).Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species,and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species.Therefore,giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region.However,a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network.In addition,four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves.It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones,thus,is being affected by human activities.To increase their conservation effectiveness,nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species.The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.

广东大花白猪的培育史与定向选择

大花白猪是我国优良的地方猪种,也是广东的四大名猪之一。这一猪种的育成与原产地高热高湿的气候条件、丰裕的物产资源密切相关,也是劳动人民结合当地条件、根据生产需要定向选育的结果。它不仅是中国古代人民在长期生产活动中留给我们的物质文化遗产,而且对海外猪种的改进也发挥了很大的作用。然而随着外国品种公猪的引入与商品瘦肉型猪生产的快速发展,曾经的“名猪”在今天面临着“保种”的困境。因此,只有结合自然、社会条件了解猪种的起源和形成的历史,才能对症下药,加强猪种保育工作。

Yielding of Winter Triticale Varieties in Different Protection Levels in Two Sequence Systems

Five-year trials （2011-2015） were accomplished in a continuous field experiment conducted at the Production and Research Station in Balcyny. The experiment was set up on a luvisol medium soil, derived from light loam with the objective of evaluating the response of two winter triticale varieties （Pigmej and Cyrkon） to cultivation without protection （O）, chemical weed control （H） and combined protection against weeds and fungi （HF）. Comparisons were made in two crop sequence systems： cultivation of winter triticale varieties in a 6-field crop rotation and cultivation in a 19-23-year-long monoculture. The results showed that the plant sequence system significantly differentiated the response of winter triticale varieties to the applied levels of field protection. Significantly higher grain yield gains of the winter triticale varieties in response to the application of herbicides or herbicides with fungicides were obtained in the monoculture than in the crop rotation. In the crop rotation, a higher increase in yields induced by the applied plant protection treatments was achieved by the variety Cyrkon. In the monoculture, the response of both varieties to the herbicides applied was nearly identical, while the combined application of herbicides and fungicides raised the yields of var. Pigmej higher than those of var. Cyrkon. Overall for the plant protection levels, var. Cyrkon yielded higher than var. Pigmej by 18.1% more in the crop rotation and by 26.9% in the monoculture. At the same time, var. Cyrkon demonstrated a weaker response to being grown in the monoculture than var. Pigmej did. The average yield of the former was reduced by 21.1%, whereas the latter yielded 26.6% less grain.

Extraction,Utilization Pattern and Prioritization of Fuel Resources for Conservation in Manali Wildlife Sanctuary,Northwestern Himalaya

Fuelwood is the main source of the energy in mountainous regions.Hence,annual wood consumption is very high.Information on fuelwood resources,and their extraction and availability is very scanty.Therefore,present study was carried out to study the diversity of fuelwood species,annual collection,preference and availability of fuel species in the forests.Thirty four species(25 trees and 9 shrubs) were extracted for fuel by the inhabitants.Total collection and species preference was highest for Picea smithiana,Cedrus deodara,Indigofera heterantha,Pinus wallchiana and Sorbaria tomentosa,respectively.Resource use index indicating use pressure was highest for P.smithiana,C.deodara,I.heterantha and Abies pindrow,respectively.Besides native species,some non-native horticultural and agroforestry species such as Malus pumila,P.domestica,Celtis australis,etc.were also being used as fuel.Preferred species showed their availability in eight forest types whereas,population and regeneration status was poor.Therefore,immediate actions are suggested to sustain current and future demand of fuelwood.The afforestation of degraded,uncultivated and marginal lands through high quality and preferred fuel species might reduce pressure on wild and selective species.

Study on Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Oula Sheep(Ovis aries)

Mitochondrial genome has been widely used in species identification and gene conservation.In the present study,the complete mitochondrial genome of Oula sheep(Ovis aries)was determined using next-generation sequencing.This genome was16 618 bp(NCBI accession number:KU575248)and contained 13 protein coding genes,22 transfer RNA genes,two ribosomal RNA genes,and a typical control region.The overall nucleotide composition was 33.7%A,27.4%T,25.8%C,and 13.1%G,with a total A+T content of 61.1%.The phylogenetic analysis of selected sheep breeds showed that Oula sheep were clustered within branch A and originated from approximately 6 ka.This mitochondrial genome will provide valuable information for molecular genetic research of Oula sheep.

Effective Approaches to Wheat Improvement in Kazakhstan： Breeding and Conservation Agriculture

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center （CIMMYT） and Kazakhstan collaborative activities on wheat improvement are focused in the following main areas： （1） wheat germplasm enhancement： Kazakhstan-Siberian Network on Wheat Improvement （KASIB） and Shuttle Breeding ＂Mexico-KASIB＂ Programs; （2） Conservation agriculture （CA） for wheat production and crop diversification. Nineteen breeding programs of Kazakhstan and Russia are united by KASIB Network and Shuttle Breeding. By 2014, more than 15,000 wheat lines and varieties were involved in breeding programs of Kazakhstan and Russia; 10 varieties were developed and released. The KASIB Network and Shuttle Breeding Program were recognized as one of the best example of the effective regional and international cooperation in Kazakhstan and Russia. In the beginning of 2000 CIMMYT, National Agricultural Research System, the Ministry of Agriculture, FAO, World Bank in cooperation with farmers initiated large-scale activities based on CA in Kazakhstan. Due the joint efforts, area under CA-based practices has been increasing from virtually none to an estimated area of 500,000 ha in 2007, 1,200,000 ha in 2008, 2,000,000 ha in 2014 with continued rapid increases in area. Kazakhstan is now included among the top ten countries with the largest areas under no-tillage in the world.