国外化学保藏应用概述

目前,国际上保藏农产品、畜牧产品、水产品以及各种食品的基本方法大体分两种:一种是物理保藏法;另一种是化学保藏法。物理保藏法的主要特点是,把要保藏的产品置于可以抑制微生物生长的物理措施之下,像加热、冷冻、烘干和辐射等都属于这个范畴。与物理保藏法相反。

人支气管上皮细胞的体外培养

背景:人支气管上皮细胞培养在呼吸系统疾病研究中应用越来越广泛。目的:探索美国典型培养物保藏中心人支气管上皮细胞体外培养方法的可行性。方法:对人支气管上皮细胞培养条件进行反复摸索,最终确定应用含体积分数20%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基进行培养。结果与结论:实验培养的人支气管上皮细胞扁平,呈多边形,长满后呈"铺路石"样分布,经免疫组化检测发现培养的细胞表达上皮细胞标志物细胞角蛋白。在支气管扩张症患者痰液上清刺激下,细胞表达的核因子κB、肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素8明显增强,证实培养的人支气管上皮细胞获得成功。提示不必拘泥于美国典型培养物保藏中心推荐的培养条件,改进的培养方法简便易行,有应用价值。

Pheasants in sacred and other forests in western Sichuan: their cultural conservation

Buddhism and local cultural traditions have long protected wildlife species and their habitats in Tibetan-dominated areas of western Sichuan. In Daocheng County, the White Eared-pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) has been afforded special protection by local people because it is conspicuous and white, a color with special symbolism for Buddhists. This and other cultural reasons have led to pheasants and forests benefiting in some areas. Pheasants were found during surveys between January 2003 and June 2004 in forests with varying degrees of local (non-formal) protection. However, there were significant signs that these traditional attitudes were changing in the face of three particular pressures brought to bear by better roads, improving access to and from the rest of China. The first was the development of a significant local demand for the Chinese caterpillar fungus (Cordyceps sinesis), which is much sought after throughout East Asia and mushrooms. Second, and more recent, is a dramatic increase in tourism from major Chinese cities, bringing non-Tibetan values into Daocheng County and changing the local attitudes to all animals. And then, there is a rise in income of the local population, resulting in a higher timber demand for building big houses, which impact all wildlife in the forest, but local attitudes to sacred forests have been retained so far in spite of this increased timber demand. Lessons should be learnt from the impact that unregulated tourism at Chonggu monastery, the most visited area in the county, has on the surrounding forests so that other sacred and non-sacred forests can best be protected for the long term. The alternative is that several Tibetan Plateau Galliformes, currently considered non-threatened because of their extensive distribution in a remote area, cannot be guaranteed such a healthy future.

我国专利培养物保藏制度的建立与中国典型培养物保藏中心的发展

我国于1985年正式实施专利法,设在武汉大学的中国典型培养物保藏中心(China Center for Type Culture Collection,CCTCC)与设在中国科学院微生物研究所的中国普通微生物菌种保藏和管理中心(China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center,CGMCC)被国家专利局指定为用于专利程序的培养物(简称专利培养物)保藏机构.1995年,中国加入《国际承认用于专利程序的微生物保存布达佩斯条约》,CCTCC和CGMCC正式成为世界知识产权组织(World Intellectual Property Organization,WIPO)确认的国s际培养物保藏单位(International Depository Authority,IDA);2016年,设在广东省科学院微生物研究所的广东省微生物菌种保藏中心(Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center,GDMCC)也被批准成为IDA.经过30多年的发展,目前中国专利培养物保藏总量仅次于美国,位居世界第二,且专利培养物年新增量稳居世界第一.CCTCC也从专门的专利培养物保藏机构转变为能开展各类培养物保藏和服务的综合性机构和国家级共享平台,担负起更广泛的生物材料收集、保藏及共享责任.

Comparison of bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrates with mixed culture after cryopreservation with PEG-2000 in liquid nitrogen

A mixed culture of bioleaching microorganisms was enriched.Then the mixed culture was preserved by liquid nitrogen cryopreservation for 6 months and 12 months,respectively,using PEG-2000 as the protective agent.The chalcopyrite leaching ability,activity and diversity of the mixed culture before and after preservation were compared.The results showed that the copper extraction rate was 95.7%in chalcopyrite bioleaching within 20 d by the original culture.After cryopreservation for 6 months and 12 months,the copper extraction rate of the mixed culture was 94.9%within 25 d and 93.6%within 35 d,respectively.The cell viability achieved 87%and 41%after being preserved for 6 months and 12 months,respectively.Furthermore,the ecology analysis identified Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Acidithiobacillus caldus,Sulfobacillus thermotolerans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the original mixed culture.After cryopreservation for 12 months,the composition of community changed,but the predominant microorganisms still existed.

Sap Flow of Abies georgei var. smithii and Its Relationship with the Environment Factors in the Tibetan Subalpine Region, China

Abies georgei var. smithii is a dominant species playing an important role in protecting biodiversity and sustaining the forestry ecosystems in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Stem sap flows of five different diameters at the breast height(DBH) A. georgei var. smithii samples were monitored continuously with the thermal dissipation probe for the entire growing period in order to understand the water transportation mechanism and the effects of environmental factors on its transpiration and growth. Relative environment factors, temperature and humidity of air, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and wind speed, soil moisture, etc. were measured by the automatic weather stations. Diurnal and seasonal variations in sap flow rate with the different stem diameters and their correlations with meteorological factors were analyzed. The diurnal change in sap flow velocity showed a single-peak curve at the daily time scale, whereas a lower sap flow velocity can be observed in the largest DBH sample tree at night. The maximum average velocity was observed in August, whereas the minimum velocity was observed in January, and a large amount of water evaporated in summer owing to the higher sap flow velocity. In addition, sap flow velocity was closely related to changes in the micrometeorological factors, with average sap flow velocity showing significant linear correlations with air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and vapor pressure deficit of air and soil moisture. Therefore, some measures, improving the light and temperature conditions, should be taken for protecting A. georgei var. smithii population in the Tibetan Plateau.