L150X2井裸眼取换套工艺技术应用

冀东油田十分注重通过老井的修复来完善注采井网的布置,取换套管作业是修复套管损坏井的有效手段之一。针对L 150X 2井的井下技术状况,结合现有修井工艺技术,优化工艺技术措施,采用找鱼头、保鱼、打通道、切割套管、打捞、套管回接等技术,成功地实施了L 150X 2井的取换套管作业,这一取换套管工艺技术可供相同井况的井借鉴。

Effects of Salinity and Freezing on Freshness of Crucian

Salt tolerance and freeze preservation of crucian are always important concerns of people. There are rare reports on effect of different salinity on fresh- ness and quality. However, water salinity will directly affect osmotic pressure in fish, thereby affecting meat quality. In this study, the tolerance of crucian to different salinities （1‰, 2‰, 5‰, 8‰, 10‰ and 15‰） was investigated. In addition, the ef- fect of different salinity on freezing freshness and quality of crucian was studied. The results showed that the tolerance threshold of crucian to salinity was about 8‰, and the freezing quality of crucian in water with salinity of ‰ was significantly better than that in fresh water.

Preliminary Report on the Successful Breeding of the Endangered Fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami Endemic to Dianchi Lake

The fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami is one of the indicative and endemic species in the Dianchi Lake ecosystem. As a result of pollution and invasion of exotic fishes, the fish had disappeared from Dianchi Lake since 1986 and only a few small populations survive in springs and streams around the lake. Due to the endangered status and special scientific value, S.grahami was listed as the second class protective animal of China in 1989. The importance of S. grahami and the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake were recognized by the Global Environment Foundation （GEF） /World Bank and Yunnan Development ＆ Reform Committee. Therefore a special grant was set up to restore and conserve the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake. The artificial breeding of S. grahami is a part of the targeted activities. Two successful breeding experiments were achieved using five females plus six males up to early March 2007. Approximately 1600 eggs were collected, of which 1320 eggs fertilized using the dry-fertilizing method. The mean fertilization rate was 73%. Approximately 480 fish fry was hatched and the mean hatching rate was 36%. After 10 days of cultivation, 95% fingerlings survived and their body lengths were up to 8- 12 mm. The importance of the artificial breeding success of S. grahami could be summarized as following： effectively protecting the fish from extinction; releasing the fish fry back to appropriate water body of the lake could help to restore the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake; facilitating the shift of local fish cultivation from the present non-indigenous to the future indigenous fishery.

Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Growth and Utilization of Protein and Energy by Juvenile Mangrove Red Snapper(Lutjanus argentimaculatus)

A feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating water system to investigatethe effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index and liverlipid deposition of juvenile red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (average initial wet weight 8.0± 0.39 g and total length 3.14 ± 0.3 cm). In the experiment, six fishmeal-based diets wereformulated to contain various protein levels (20% to 45% in 5% increments), with dietary energyranging from 2210.7kJ100g to 2250.2 kJ 100g dry matter. The protein to energy ratios of diets rangedfrom 8.58 mg protein kJ^(-1) to 20.03 mg protein kJ^(-1). Diets were fed for 90 d to triplicategroups of fish stocked in 0.128 m^3 seawater tanks, 25 individuals each. The daily ration of 2% wetbody weight was offered to the fish thrice a day. The fish at the end of the study had more thanten-fold (77.0 g) increase in weight compared to the initial (8.0 g). Fish fed diets of 40% and 45%protein produced significantly (P【0.05) higher weight gain of 77.2 g and 76.5 g, and specific growthrate (SGR) of 2.65% and 2.62% than those of 67.0 g and 68.3 g, and 2.49% and 2.51% of the otherdiets. The broken-line regression of SGR against dietary protein level yielded an optimum dietaryprotein requirement of 42.6% (Y = - 1.6295 + 0.1114 X^2, P【0.05). Survival remained 100% amonggroups. Feed conversion ratio decreased from 0.45 for fish fed 20% dietary protein to 0.35 for fishfed 45% dietary protein. Nitrogen intake increased with an increase in dietary protein, which inturn resulted in an increase in nitrogen gain of fish whole body. Fish fed 40% and 45% protein dietsshowed higher (P【0.05) nitrogen gain (0.27g and 0.26g) than those (0.23g and 025g) fed all otherdiets. Gross energy intake (GEI) in fish fed 45% protein was lower (600.67kJ) than that (607.97 kJ)of 40% protein diet, though the differences were not statistically significant (P】0.05); GEI rangingfrom 677.31 kJ to 663.20 kJ at remaining four diets (20% to 35% protein) did not appear to differsignificantly (P】0.05). The highest energy gain of 518.33 kJ was obtained with fish fed 40% protein,resulting in the highest energy retention efficiency of 85.26%. The hepatosomatic index of fish feddiets of 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% protein were significantly (P【0.05) higher (2.09% to 2.57%) thanthose (1.44% and 1.41%) of fish fed diets containing 40% and 45% protein. Liver lipid contentsdecreased from 8.72% to 7.0% in fish fed dietary protein of 20% to 45% in 5% increments. Resultssuggest that the diet containing 40% to 42.6% protein with a P/E ratio of 17.6 mg protein kJ^(-1) isrequired for good growth of L. argentimaculatus weighing between 8.0 g and 85.2 g under the cultureconditions of the present study.

The loss of genetic diversity during captive breeding of the endangered sculpin, Trachidermus fasciatus, based on ISSR markers: implications for its conservation

Abstract Inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） markers were used to determine the genetic variation and genetic differentiation of cultured and wild populations of Trachidermus fasciatus, an endangered catadromous fish species in China. Six selected primers were used to amplify DNA samples from 85 individuals, and 353 loci were detected. Relatively low genetic diversity was detected in the cultured population （the percentage of polymorphic loci PPL=73.80%, Nei＇s gene diversity h--0.178 2, Shannon information index I=0.276 9）. However, the genetic diversity at the species level was relatively high （PPL-91.78%; h = 0.258 3, I= 0.398 6）. The UPGMA tree grouped together the genotypes almost according to their cultured and wild origin, showing distinct differences in genetic structure between wild and cultured populations. The pairwise F^t values confirmed significant genetic differentiation between wild and cultured samples. The cultivated population seems to be low in genetic diversity as a result of detrimental genetic effects in the captive population. The results suggest that ISSR markers are effective for rapid assessment of the degree of diversity of a population, thus giving important topical information relevant to preserving endangered species.

Lipid Oxidation and Histamine Production in Atlantic Mackerel（Scomber scombrus） Versus Time and Mode of Conservation

Lipids oxidation, histamine production and quality loss were studied according to storage time and temperature （ambient temperature （Tamb） 26 ℃, 4 ℃ and -18℃） in Atlantic mackerel （Scomber scombrus）. Muscle pH, hydrolysis of phospholipids, content of primary （hydroperoxides）, secondary lipid oxidation products （TBARS） and histamine were determined and compared with a sensory assessment. Atlantic mackerel is sensory acceptable, less than 24 hours at Tamb, for up to 3 days at 4 ℃ and 3 months at-18 ℃. Evolution of biochemical parameters with storage time and temperature showed significant differences （P 〈 0.05）. Muscle pH increased from 5.99 to 6.13 at Tamb, to 6.23 at 4 ℃ and to 6.04 at -18 ℃. The highest content of TBARS is associated with a decrease in phospholipids and hydroperoxides contents and highest levels of sensory alteration. Histamine content exceeded the limit recommended by the Trade Algerian Ministry （10 mg/100g）, after 24 hours at Tamb, 5 days of storage at 4 ~C only. Therefore, freezing storage has a preserving effect on lipid damage and histamine production and seems the best means of storage; if these species are not consumed during the two days following capture. Moreover, monitoring histamine production is more useful as sanitary index rather than spoilage parameter and the strategy used for measuring kinetic of lipid oxidation appear pertinent for determining the degree of oxidation.

Protection and Development of Varicorhinus macrolepis Germplasm Resources

Varicorhinus macrolepis is a unique rare fish in the Mount Tai area and belongs to the national second-class protected animals. Due to the development of Mount Tai area and the impact of human activities, the amount of wild V. macrolepis resources has been reduced sharply and is about to go extinct. In order to protect this rare freshwater fish, various protection policies have been promulgat- ed by various levels of government and various protection measures have been im- plemented, a number of studies have been conducted by all levels of scientific re- search institutes, and local enterprises, farmers and social groups are also actively involved in the protection activities. The protective measures and the achieved re- sults were summed up in this paper. It is believed that with the active participation of government at all levels, scientific research institutes at all levels, breeding units and social groups, significant results have been obtained after years of implementa- tion of the protection-development pattern, the amount of V. macrolepis germplasm resources has been recovered significantly, and V. macrolepis has been utilized suc- cessfully in the nutrition, health care, tourism, culture and other areas. The protec- tion model for V. macrolepis has a certain reference value for germplasm resources protection, propagation and development of other rare species.

Seasonal variation in species composition and abundance of demersal fish and invertebrates in a Seagrass Natural Reserve on the eastern coast of the Shandong Peninsula,China

Seagrass habitats are structurally complex ecosystems, which support high productivity and biodiversity. In temperate systems the density of seagrass may change seasonally, and this may influence the associated fish and invertebrate community. Little is known about the role of seagrass beds as possible nursery areas for fish and invertebrates in China. To study the functioning of a seagrass habitat in northern China, demersal fish and invertebrates were collected monthly using traps, from February 2009 to January 2010. The density, leaf length and biomass of the dominant seagrass Zostera marina and water temperature were also measured. The study was conducted in a Seagrass Natural Reserve(SNR) on the eastern coast of the Shandong Peninsula, China. A total of 22 fish species and five invertebrate species were recorded over the year. The dominant fish species were Synechogobius ommaturus, Sebastes schlegelii, Pholis fangi, Pagrus major and Hexagrammos otakii and these species accounted for 87% of the total number of fish. The dominant invertebrate species were Charybdis japonica and Octopus variabilis and these accounted for 98% of the total abundance of invertebrates. There was high temporal variation in species composition and abundance. The peak number of fish species occurred in August–October 2009, while the number of individual fish and biomass was highest during November 2009. Invertebrate numbers and biomass was highest in March, April, July and September 2009. Temporal changes in species abundance of fishes and invertebrates corresponded with changes in the shoot density and leaf length of the seagrass, Zostera marina.

Evaluation of organ distribution of microcystins in the freshwater phytoplanktivorous fish Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

To evaluate the public health risk of exposure to microcystins in fish food in China, the distribution pattem of microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR in various organs （liver, intestine, kidney, muscle and lipid） of the dominant freshwater phytoplanktivorous fish Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in Hangzhou, China＇s Tiesha River was investigated with the method of HPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The distribution of microcystins was different in the fish organs and the major total microcystins （microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR） were present in the intestines （6.49 μg/g fresh weight）, followed by the livers （4.52 μg/g fresh weight） and the muscles （2.86 μg/g fresh weight）. Microcystins were detected in kidneys （1.35 μg/g fresh weight）, but not detected in lipid. The results suggested that the mean daily intake from fish was 0.03 μg/kg body weight which was very close to the recommended WHO tolerable daily intake （TDI） level of 0.04μg/kg body weight per day, and local people were wamed they may have health risk if they consumed fish from the river.

Chitosan Extends the Shelf-life of Filleted Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) During Refrigerated Storage

Shelf-life extension of aquatic products is of significant economical importance. To determine the potential effect of chitosan on the shelf-life of filleted tilapia, this study analyzed the bacterial community diversity in fresh and spoiled tilapia fillets stored at (4 ± 1)℃ and examined the antimicrobial activity of chitosan against relevant bacteria isolates. Results showed that Pseudomonas (20%) and Aeromonas (16%) were abundant in fresh tilapia fillets, whereas Pseudomonas (52%), Aeromonas (32%) and Staphylococcus (12%) were dominant in the spoiled samples. Chitosan showed wide-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria isolated from tilapia and 5.0 g L-1 chitosan was selected for application in preservation. We further determined the shelf-life of chitosan-treated, filleted tilapia stored at (4 ± 1)℃ based on microbiological, biochemical and sensory analyses. Results showed that the shelf-life of chitosan-treated, filleted tilapia was extended to 12 d, whereas that of untreated, control samples was 6 d. These indicate that chitosan, as a natural preservative, has great application potential in the shelf-life extension of tilapia fillets.

Effect of Operational Changes in Reducing Fish Impingement at a Power Plant in Ohio, USA

Both intake volumetric flow and through-screen velocity （the velocity of water as it passes through the screen） are important variables affecting fish impingement at industrial water intake structures including those at power plants. However, there are limited data available on quantitative assessments of impingement following changes in power plant operation such as reduced volumetric flow and intake velocity. Impingement studies were conducted at Bay Shore Power Plant in 2005-2006 （baseline） and again in 2013-2014 following fish protection mitigation which included reduced intake volumetric flows （from 33.5 m^3·s^-1 to 9.1 cm·s^-1）, a reduced through-screen velocity （from approximately 79.2 cm·s^-1 to 11.6 cm·s^-1）, modified traveling screens and installation of a fish-return system to gently and quickly remove any fish that were impinged back into the waterbody. A comparison of baseline and post-mitigation results suggested that with this mitigation in place, impingement reductions can exceed 90% for robust dominant fish species in the area.

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Vibrio harveyi pcFlaA DNA vaccine in Epinephelus awoara

The FlaA gene from Vibrio harveyi marker, was cloned into the eukaryotic expression with a short nucleotide sequence encoding the Flag vector pcDNA3.1（＋） （designated as pcFlaA）. Ninety grouper （Epinephelus awoara） were separated into three equal size groups. An experimental group was immunized with pcFlaA, Control I group was immunized with the vector pcDNA3.1（＋）, and Control 1I group was immunized with PBS. The expression of pcFlaA mRNA and protein was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and immunohistochemistry. We also evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of pcFlaA against V. harveyi by measuring the lymphocyte proliferation response and serum levels of specific antibody and conducting a bacterial challenge test. We successfully transfected the fish muscle with pcFlaA. The pcFlaA mRNA and protein was expressed in the muscle cells for up to one month following injection. The proliferation response of lymphocytes in fish immunized with pcFlaA was significantly higher than in control group II. Furthermore, the immunized fish generated specific antibody. The vaccination also resulted in significantly higher survival during the bacterial challenge test.

Evaluations of the Sensory Quality Indices and Freshness Assessment of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Fillets Fed Recycled Food Waste Materials

This study was designed to evaluate the sensory quality indices, freshness assessment and safety of eating Nile tilapia fed recycled food waste materials [food industry waste （FIW） and soy sauce waste （SSW）] for 32 weeks using K values, IMP content and microbial viable cell count. Five experimental diets were formulated at 0% and 20%-22% inclusion level of recycled food wastes. The diets were designated as D 1： 0% of recycled food waste, D2： 20% inclusion of FIW, D3： 20% inclusion of FIW and SSW, D4： 20% inclusion of FIW and tryptophan, and D5： 22% inclusion of SSW. The result from the body composition shows that D I had higher carcass protein, while D3 had the highest lipid content and there was no significant difference in the carcass moisture and ash contents among all treatments. The results of microbial viable cell counts showed that no significant differences were observed among the dietary treatments and all the fish fed experimental diets still remained fresh four days after refrigerated storage at 5 ~C. In addition, no significant differences were noted among the K value concentrations of all the fish fed the experimental diets. From the result of this study, we concluded that using 20% inclusion of recycled food waste materials （FIW and SSW） in the diet of tilapia had no negative effect on the flesh of the fish; hence, recycled food waste could be a good alternative ingredient to aquaculture.

Effect of Combinations of Sucrose and Cryoprotectants on the Survival of Catfish Embryos （Pangasidae hypophthamus）

Although cryopreservation of embryos has been used in most terrestrial animals, the application of this technique has not been succeeded for aquatic animals. In this study, the authors investigate the effect of different combinations of sucrose （SUC, C12H22OH） and cryoprotectants （CPAs） on the survival of the catfish embryos （Pangasidae hypophthalmus） at low temperatures （4, 0 and -20 ℃） for short-term storage. For this aim, embryos with somites and optic cups were exposed to different combinations of sucrose with methanol （SUC ＋ MeOH）, 1.2-propylene glycol （SUC ＋ PROH） and ethylene glycol （SUC ＋ EG） at four concentrations ratios： （1） 0.5 M SUC ＋ 0.5 M CPA; （2） 1 M SUC ＋ 0.5 M CPA; （3） 0.5 M SUC ＋ 1 M CPA; （4） 1 M SUC ＋ 1 M CPA for 40 min at 4, 0 and -20 ℃. Embryos kept in water at room temperature （RT）, 4, 0 and -20℃ were used as controls. The survival rate was expressed as a percentage of hatched embryos per total embryos treated. The results showed that the hatching rate declined significantly when embryos were stored in water at 0 ℃ and -20℃. For embryos at 0 ℃ storage, the highest survival rate （87.78%） was obtained with 1 M SUC ＋ 1 M MeOH combination while at -20 ℃, only embryos in the combined treatments of 0.5 M SUC ＋ 1 MEG and 0.5 M SUC ＋ 1 M PROH reached the hatching stage （40% and 83.33%, respectively）. In conclusion, the results showed that the catfish embryos are sensitive to sub-zero temperatures and the combined treatment of 0.5 M sucrose and 1 M propylene glycol can be used to protect catfish embryos from damages caused by low temperature （0 ℃ and -20 ℃）.

Reserve network planning for fishes in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin by systematic conservation approaches

Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is missing in the construction of nature reserves. To promote the development of nature reserves for fishes, this study took the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin(MLYRB) as an example to carry out top-level reserve network planning for fishes using approaches of systematic conservation planning. Typical fish species living in freshwater habitats were defined and considered in the planning. Based on sample data collected from large quantities of literatures, continuous distribution patterns of 142 fishes were obtained with species distribution modeling and subsequent processing, and the distributions of another eleven species were artificially designated. With the distribution pattern of species, Marxan was used to carry out conservation planning. To obtain ideal solutions with representativeness, persistence, and efficiency, parameters were set with careful consideration regarding existing wetland reserves, human disturbances, hydrological connectivity, and representation targets of species. Marxan produced the selection frequency of planning units(PUs) and a best solution. Selection frequency indicates the relative protection importance of a PU. The best solution is a representative of ideal fish reserve networks. Both of the PUs with high selection frequency and those in the best solution have low proportions included in existing wetland nature reserves, suggesting that there are significant conservation gaps for fish species in MLYRB. The best solution could serve as a reference for establishing a fish reserve network in the MLYRB. There is great flexibility for replacing selected PUs in the solution, and such flexibility facilitates the implementation of the solution in reality in case of unexpected obstacles. Further, we suggested adopting a freshwater management framework in the implementation of such solution.

Revision of Cyprinus maomingensis Liu 1957 and the first discovery of Procypris-hke cyprinid(Teleostei, Pisces) from the late Eocene of South China

Fossil cyprinids from the upper part of the upper Eocene Youganwo Formation of Maoming, Guangdong, China were first studied in 1957 by Liu, who referred the only specimen to the genus Cyprinus as a new species, C. maomingensis. And this was suggested as one of the earliest records for fossil cyprinids. Unfortunately, this specimen is poorly preserved and reveals no more morphological information than its serrated last unbranched dorsal and anal fin rays. Recently, some new specimens were unearthed from the same locality, where C. maomingensis was discovered. In addition to the serrated dorsal and anal fin rays, these new materials also show that the pattern and shape of their pharyngeal teeth obviously differ from that of Cyprinus but resemble that of Procypris. However, its number of the branched dorsal fin rays and number of vertebrae are much less than that in Procypris. Morphologically, these specimens are closer to Procypris than to Cyprinus. This is the first report of fossil Procypris-like fish, and it implies that Procypris-like fish is an early member of the Tribe Cyprinini sensu stricto(sensu Yang et al., 2010) and the origin of this group can be traced back at least to the late Eocene.

How territoriality affects the density of an egg predator： Habitat renovation and reintroduction as a method of conserving two endangered desert spring fish

Conservation of endangered sympatric species must be carefully executed to ensure that the protection of one species does not negatively impact the survival of another. Critically endangered Pecos gambusia Gambusia nobilis and Leon Springs pupfish Cyprinodon bovinus, which are endemic to a threatened desert spring habitat, exemplify one such scenario. Recently, this habitat has been expanded, and captively bred C. bovinus were released to repopulate an area historically known to contain this species. A previous study suggested that G. nobilis are detrimental to C. bovinus populations, due to their tendency to congregate near spawning pairs and feed on their eggs. Whether G. nobilis are attracted to territorial C. bovinus, regardless of spawning behavior, remains unclear. To determine this, the number of G. nobilis in occupied and unoccupied breeding territories of both wild and captively bred C. bovinus was measured. Gambusia nobilis densities were similar between unoccupied and occupied territorial sites, suggesting that they do not show a preference for C. bovinus territories. Regardless of habitat location or prior captivity, territorial C. bovinus significantly excluded G. nobilis within their direct vicinity （5 cm）, but not from their entire territory. Decreased G. nobilis density within the habitat may allow C. bovinus to defend their breeding territories more readily during the summer spawning season. This study provides empirical evidence of captively raised individuals behaving similarly to wild indi- viduals upon reintroduction to their natural habitat and support for conservation methods that focus on common limiting factors between endangered species [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 527-533, 2014].

Daily variation in the shoaling behavior of zebrafish Danio rerio

Shoaling behavior provides numerous fitness benefits for fish, including enhanced access to mates, increased success in foraging and protection from predators. We were interested in determining whether shoaling intensity differed throughout the day. To do this we kept adult zebrafish Danio rerio in different lighting conditions for 10 days： ＂Normal＂ （12：12LD, lights on at 0800 hrs）, ＂Reverse＂ （12：12LD, lights on at 2000 hrs）, DD, or LL, and then observed the shoaling behavior at different times during the day. Our findings suggest that daily variations exist in shoaling behavior, with mean shoaling times for fish from the ＇normal＇ group being the lowest at the mid-point of the dark phase in the fish＇s subjective day （00：00 hrs）, then rising signifi- cantly throughout the day, reaching their highest intensity at 20：00 hrs （lights out）. Fish from the ＂reverse＂ LD cycle （lights on at 20：00 hrs） showed differences in the mean shoaling times at different times of day, but did not show a gradual increase in shoaling throughout their subjective day. Fish from the DD and LL groups did not show significant differences in the mean shoaling values at different times of day, suggesting that the differences observed in LD fish may not represent circadian rhythms. Therefore, these results demonstrate the existence of daily variations in the shoaling behavior of fish and suggest that environmental cues in the form of light/dark cycles play an important role in regulating these variations [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 129-137, 2012].

Ecological Benefit Evaluation of Agricultural Heritage System Conservation——A Case Study of the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System

In order to better understand the developmental conditions and trends of the biodiversity at agricultural heritage sites,the structure and function of the ecosystem and ecological environment in Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System is examined in the decade since the implementation of the GIAHS project.Through the collection of historical data and sample-plot survey,this study collates the data from 2005 to 2013 related to the heritage site to evaluate the ecological benefit of the Agricultural Heritage System conservation.The results show that:(1)Since the implementation of heritage conservation,the variety of traditional rice grown at the heritage sites basically remains stable,the varieties of other crops basically remain unchanged and the varieties of fruit trees and medicinal plants have developed at faster rates.As the ecological environment at the heritage sites gradually improved,the species and richness of the biodiversity in the ecosystem have increased,especially the increasing growth of egrets and boars.(2)From 2005 to 2013 in the Fangshan Town of Qingtian County,the ecosystem areas identified as river,forest,urban and bare land have increased.The increased area of the urban ecosystem is the largest one of them,which is up to 20.30 ha;while the area of the forest ecosystem has increased to 7.29 ha.The areas of wetland,reservoir,farmland and grassland have been reduced,and the area of grassland ecosystem has been reduced the most with a reduction of 28.87 ha.From the changes in the values of the ecosystem services of different ecosystem types,the values of forest ecosystem services have achieved the most growth,reaching up to 92000 yuan yr-1 and the growth of the river and bare land ecosystem service values are not obvious.(3)Over nearly a decade,the soil nutrients and the water quality of rice fields at the heritage site have not obviously changed and the plant diseases and insect pests in the rice fields have not been aggravated.The monitoring indexes are far better than the standard values.With the great support of the local government,the production and living conditions and the living environments of farmers in the villages of the heritage sites have been greatly improved through road reconstruction,water improvement,toilet enhancements and the greening,brightness and beautification of the villages.

Spearfishing-induced behavioral changes of an unharvested species inside and outside a marine protected area

By prohibiting fishing, marine protected areas （MPAs） provide a refuge for harvested species. Humans are often perceived as predators by prey and therefore respond fearfully to humans. Thus, fish responses to humans inside and outside of an MPA can provide insights into their perception of humans as a predatory threat. Previous studies have found differences in the distance that har- vested species of fish initiate flight （flight initiation distance--FID） from humans inside and outside an MPA, but less is known about unharvested species. We focused on whether the lined bristle- tooth Ctenochaetus striatus, an unharvested surgeonfish, can discriminate between a snorkeler and a snorkeler with a spear gun inside and outside of a no-take MPA in Mo＇orea, French Polynesia. Additionally, we incorporated starting distance （the distance between the person and prey at the start of an experimental approach）, a variable that has been found to be important in as- sessing prey escape decisions in terrestrial species, but that has not been extensively studied in aquatic systems. Lined bristletooth FID was significantly greater in the presence of a spear gun and varied depending on if the spear gun encounter was inside or outside of the MPA. These results imply a degree of sophistication of fish antipredator behavior, generate questions as to how a non- targeted species of fish could acquire fear of humans, and demonstrate that behavioral surveys can provide insights about antipredator behavior.