AIM:To examine the association between parity and gastric cancer (the cases are almost all premenopausal women) risk in a cohort of young parous women.METHODS:The study cohort consisted of all women with a record of a...AIM:To examine the association between parity and gastric cancer (the cases are almost all premenopausal women) risk in a cohort of young parous women.METHODS:The study cohort consisted of all women with a record of a first and singleton childbirth in the Birth Register between 1978 and 1987.We tracked each woman from the time of her first childbirth to December 31,2008.Their vital status was ascertained by linking records to the computerized mortality database.Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios of death from gastric cancer associated with parity.RESULTS:There were 1090 gastric cancer deaths (85.87% of them were premenopausal) during 33686828 person-years of follow-up.The mortality rate of gastric cancer was 3.24 cases per 100000 person-years.A trend of increasing risk of gastric cancer was seen with increasing parity.The adjusted hazard ratio was 1.24 [confidence interval (95% CI):1.02-1.50] for women who had borne two to three children,and 1.32 (95% CI:1.01-1.72) for women with four or more births,when compared with women who had given birth to only one child.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that higher parity may increase the risk of death from gastric cancer among premenopausal women.展开更多
As a result of 30 years of an internal armed conflict, women and children not only lost male relatives in struggle, but comprised of the displaced. Most of the households in Sri Lanka are now headed exclusively by wom...As a result of 30 years of an internal armed conflict, women and children not only lost male relatives in struggle, but comprised of the displaced. Most of the households in Sri Lanka are now headed exclusively by women. The micro finance institutions help the poor people in effective ways in order to generate income to enhance their standard of living in the rural areas. This study focuses on women entrepreneurship development through micro credit programme under post war development in Jaffna District selecting four rural areas which are Kopay, Chavakachcheri, Varani and Kodikamam. The main objective of this study is to identify the linkage with micro credit programmes and entrepreneurship development. Further it has an objective to identify the impact of micro credit on entrepreneurship development. The information has been gathered by primary data which has been distributed through the close ended questionnaire to the rural women in the above selected areas and seventy seven （77） responded out of 100. The relation between the micro credit programmes and women entrepreneurship development is examined using Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS）. It is concluded that the Entrepreneurship development has a significant relationship （p〈0.05） with the microcredit programme and its impact on entrepreneurship development is crucial. It is suggested that the microcredit facilities are essential in women entrepreneurship development under post war development.展开更多
This paper was carried out by the group of professors--Maia Creus, Tamara Diaz, and Ines Martins from the Design Analysis and Prospective Department, with the collaboration of the Catalan Institute for Women, Generali...This paper was carried out by the group of professors--Maia Creus, Tamara Diaz, and Ines Martins from the Design Analysis and Prospective Department, with the collaboration of the Catalan Institute for Women, Generalitat de Catalunya. Maia Creus and Ines Martins are parts of the research group TADD （Theory, Analysis, Design, and Development） recognized by Ramon Llull University. The research, based on feminist and performance studies, focuses on artistic groups currently working in Catalonia and whose practices produce tools and technology sharing, highlight the social and educational potential of ICTs （information and communication technologies） free access when used, consciously and critically, from feminist perspectives assumed. The research project was developed as a dual methodological process. This research group has developed a critical review of the three conceptual axes--women, art, and technology--around which revolves the present study and, in parallel, has conducted field work directly with groups of selected artists, in order to meet them within their areas of production and to know more about their working methods, theoretical discourse, goals, frustrations, and desires. This deployment in parallel was used to develop a group of key concepts that revolve around ＂free culture＂ and ＂culture of access＂ that in contrast with the practices and theories of the investigated groups are necessary to intercept and reinterpret. Through various forms of visibility, this paper intends to investigate, promote, and share these tools, technologies, and pedagogies developed by these groups which, by its own dynamics of collective work, as well as the processes of public participation, emphasize forms of interculturality and interdisciplinary.展开更多
In this paper, I critically challenge the ability of legal reforms to recognize and integrate the way in which a rape victim sees rape. Current limitations to the law are mainly due to the accepted patriarchal view on...In this paper, I critically challenge the ability of legal reforms to recognize and integrate the way in which a rape victim sees rape. Current limitations to the law are mainly due to the accepted patriarchal view on law as a form of objective and rational knowledge, outside which there are only impracticable and irrational views. I investigate the case of marriage jurisprudence in the UK, as a prominent example, because it has long accepted marital rape as objectively and rationally part of a wife＇s duty. Even though changes have occurred which improve the marital rape jurisdiction and prejudicial disbelief concerning a woman＇s private life is still used in the courts to question the credibility of the victim. Over the past year, extensive efforts have been made to reform the management of rape cases. Whilst there is a need to acknowledge the seriousness of the accusation with rigorous legal principles which provide appropriate safeguards for the accused person as well as the complainant, especially bearing in mind the often ＂private＂ circumstances, with a concomitant lack of witnesses, it remains the case that the rate of attribution in attempts to secure successful prosecutions in rape case remains overwhelming. I show how a Wittgensteinian approach to law would take into consideration the shape ofgendered lives as they are experienced, and hence would not accept just one legal interpretation of marital law. The phenomenon of＂seeing-as＂ in Wittgenstein＇s philosophy can support the experience of being jolted into appreciating the feminist aspect of consent in marital sexual relationships.展开更多
The role of female sex pheromones in natural selection, particularly as a means for species recognition to avoid the generation of hybrid offspring with low fitness, has been widely explored and is generally accepted ...The role of female sex pheromones in natural selection, particularly as a means for species recognition to avoid the generation of hybrid offspring with low fitness, has been widely explored and is generally accepted by scholars. However, the significance of sex pheromones in shaping mate choice （sexual selection） and in competition over breeding resources （social se- lection） has been largely ignored. The effect of sexual selection on sex pheromones as a sexually dimorphic signaling trait has been discounted because the amount of pheromone released by females is typically minute, while the role of sex pheromones in competition over breeding resources （other than mates） has not yet been considered. As a result of natural selection, variation in sex pheromones among females is expected to be low, and males are not expected to choose their mates among phero- mone-releasing conspecific females. Sexual selection, on the other hand, should drive the increase in pheromone variance among females, and males are expected to choose females based on this variation. Moreover, social selection resulting from more general social interactions, for example competition among females for breeding sites and food, should also promote variance among female sex pheromones. Here, we review the cttrrent evidence for each of the three selection processes acting on sex pheromones of female moths as an advertising trait. We suggest that the three selection types are not mutually exclusive but rather act together to promote different fimess components in diverse ecological situations展开更多
Conspicuous visual ornaments are frequently incorporated into complex courtship displays that integrate signal com- ponents from multiple sensory modalities. Mature male Schizocosa crassipes （Walckenaer, 1837） wolf ...Conspicuous visual ornaments are frequently incorporated into complex courtship displays that integrate signal com- ponents from multiple sensory modalities. Mature male Schizocosa crassipes （Walckenaer, 1837） wolf spiders wave, arch, and tap their ornamented forelegs in a visual courtship display that simultaneously incorporates seismic components. To determine the importance of modality-specific signal components in female mate choice, we used a signal ablation design and compared the mating frequency of female-male pairs across signaling environments with manipulated modality-specific transmission properties. We found that the successful transmission of isolated visual or seismic signaling was sufficient for mating success; neither sig- naling modality was necessary. Additionally, the environment enabling the successful transmission of composite, multimodal dis- plays yielded the highest mating frequencies. Our results indicate the presence of selection from S. crassipes females for multi- modal courtship and suggest that multimodal signaling may facilitate mating across variable signaling environments. We next ex- plored the influence of ornamentation per se on female choice by phenotypically manipulating males into two groups： （i） intact （brushes present） and （ii） shaved （brushes absent）. We compared the mating frequencies of intact versus shaved males in the presence versus absence of seismic signaling. Males with brushes intact had higher mating frequencies than shaved males, but only under specific signaling conditions - in the presence of seismic signaling. Female choice for male brushes then appears de- pendent on the signaling background, making brushes themselves an unlikely target of direct selection. Our results emphasize the complex nature of female choice, highlighting the potential for both trait interactions and environment-dependent selection [Cur- rent Zoology 59 （2）： 200-209, 2013].展开更多
基金Supported by A grant from the National Science Council,Executive Yuan,Taiwan,No.NSC-94-2314-B-037-056
文摘AIM:To examine the association between parity and gastric cancer (the cases are almost all premenopausal women) risk in a cohort of young parous women.METHODS:The study cohort consisted of all women with a record of a first and singleton childbirth in the Birth Register between 1978 and 1987.We tracked each woman from the time of her first childbirth to December 31,2008.Their vital status was ascertained by linking records to the computerized mortality database.Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios of death from gastric cancer associated with parity.RESULTS:There were 1090 gastric cancer deaths (85.87% of them were premenopausal) during 33686828 person-years of follow-up.The mortality rate of gastric cancer was 3.24 cases per 100000 person-years.A trend of increasing risk of gastric cancer was seen with increasing parity.The adjusted hazard ratio was 1.24 [confidence interval (95% CI):1.02-1.50] for women who had borne two to three children,and 1.32 (95% CI:1.01-1.72) for women with four or more births,when compared with women who had given birth to only one child.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that higher parity may increase the risk of death from gastric cancer among premenopausal women.
文摘As a result of 30 years of an internal armed conflict, women and children not only lost male relatives in struggle, but comprised of the displaced. Most of the households in Sri Lanka are now headed exclusively by women. The micro finance institutions help the poor people in effective ways in order to generate income to enhance their standard of living in the rural areas. This study focuses on women entrepreneurship development through micro credit programme under post war development in Jaffna District selecting four rural areas which are Kopay, Chavakachcheri, Varani and Kodikamam. The main objective of this study is to identify the linkage with micro credit programmes and entrepreneurship development. Further it has an objective to identify the impact of micro credit on entrepreneurship development. The information has been gathered by primary data which has been distributed through the close ended questionnaire to the rural women in the above selected areas and seventy seven （77） responded out of 100. The relation between the micro credit programmes and women entrepreneurship development is examined using Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS）. It is concluded that the Entrepreneurship development has a significant relationship （p〈0.05） with the microcredit programme and its impact on entrepreneurship development is crucial. It is suggested that the microcredit facilities are essential in women entrepreneurship development under post war development.
文摘This paper was carried out by the group of professors--Maia Creus, Tamara Diaz, and Ines Martins from the Design Analysis and Prospective Department, with the collaboration of the Catalan Institute for Women, Generalitat de Catalunya. Maia Creus and Ines Martins are parts of the research group TADD （Theory, Analysis, Design, and Development） recognized by Ramon Llull University. The research, based on feminist and performance studies, focuses on artistic groups currently working in Catalonia and whose practices produce tools and technology sharing, highlight the social and educational potential of ICTs （information and communication technologies） free access when used, consciously and critically, from feminist perspectives assumed. The research project was developed as a dual methodological process. This research group has developed a critical review of the three conceptual axes--women, art, and technology--around which revolves the present study and, in parallel, has conducted field work directly with groups of selected artists, in order to meet them within their areas of production and to know more about their working methods, theoretical discourse, goals, frustrations, and desires. This deployment in parallel was used to develop a group of key concepts that revolve around ＂free culture＂ and ＂culture of access＂ that in contrast with the practices and theories of the investigated groups are necessary to intercept and reinterpret. Through various forms of visibility, this paper intends to investigate, promote, and share these tools, technologies, and pedagogies developed by these groups which, by its own dynamics of collective work, as well as the processes of public participation, emphasize forms of interculturality and interdisciplinary.
文摘In this paper, I critically challenge the ability of legal reforms to recognize and integrate the way in which a rape victim sees rape. Current limitations to the law are mainly due to the accepted patriarchal view on law as a form of objective and rational knowledge, outside which there are only impracticable and irrational views. I investigate the case of marriage jurisprudence in the UK, as a prominent example, because it has long accepted marital rape as objectively and rationally part of a wife＇s duty. Even though changes have occurred which improve the marital rape jurisdiction and prejudicial disbelief concerning a woman＇s private life is still used in the courts to question the credibility of the victim. Over the past year, extensive efforts have been made to reform the management of rape cases. Whilst there is a need to acknowledge the seriousness of the accusation with rigorous legal principles which provide appropriate safeguards for the accused person as well as the complainant, especially bearing in mind the often ＂private＂ circumstances, with a concomitant lack of witnesses, it remains the case that the rate of attribution in attempts to secure successful prosecutions in rape case remains overwhelming. I show how a Wittgensteinian approach to law would take into consideration the shape ofgendered lives as they are experienced, and hence would not accept just one legal interpretation of marital law. The phenomenon of＂seeing-as＂ in Wittgenstein＇s philosophy can support the experience of being jolted into appreciating the feminist aspect of consent in marital sexual relationships.
文摘The role of female sex pheromones in natural selection, particularly as a means for species recognition to avoid the generation of hybrid offspring with low fitness, has been widely explored and is generally accepted by scholars. However, the significance of sex pheromones in shaping mate choice （sexual selection） and in competition over breeding resources （social se- lection） has been largely ignored. The effect of sexual selection on sex pheromones as a sexually dimorphic signaling trait has been discounted because the amount of pheromone released by females is typically minute, while the role of sex pheromones in competition over breeding resources （other than mates） has not yet been considered. As a result of natural selection, variation in sex pheromones among females is expected to be low, and males are not expected to choose their mates among phero- mone-releasing conspecific females. Sexual selection, on the other hand, should drive the increase in pheromone variance among females, and males are expected to choose females based on this variation. Moreover, social selection resulting from more general social interactions, for example competition among females for breeding sites and food, should also promote variance among female sex pheromones. Here, we review the cttrrent evidence for each of the three selection processes acting on sex pheromones of female moths as an advertising trait. We suggest that the three selection types are not mutually exclusive but rather act together to promote different fimess components in diverse ecological situations
文摘Conspicuous visual ornaments are frequently incorporated into complex courtship displays that integrate signal com- ponents from multiple sensory modalities. Mature male Schizocosa crassipes （Walckenaer, 1837） wolf spiders wave, arch, and tap their ornamented forelegs in a visual courtship display that simultaneously incorporates seismic components. To determine the importance of modality-specific signal components in female mate choice, we used a signal ablation design and compared the mating frequency of female-male pairs across signaling environments with manipulated modality-specific transmission properties. We found that the successful transmission of isolated visual or seismic signaling was sufficient for mating success; neither sig- naling modality was necessary. Additionally, the environment enabling the successful transmission of composite, multimodal dis- plays yielded the highest mating frequencies. Our results indicate the presence of selection from S. crassipes females for multi- modal courtship and suggest that multimodal signaling may facilitate mating across variable signaling environments. We next ex- plored the influence of ornamentation per se on female choice by phenotypically manipulating males into two groups： （i） intact （brushes present） and （ii） shaved （brushes absent）. We compared the mating frequencies of intact versus shaved males in the presence versus absence of seismic signaling. Males with brushes intact had higher mating frequencies than shaved males, but only under specific signaling conditions - in the presence of seismic signaling. Female choice for male brushes then appears de- pendent on the signaling background, making brushes themselves an unlikely target of direct selection. Our results emphasize the complex nature of female choice, highlighting the potential for both trait interactions and environment-dependent selection [Cur- rent Zoology 59 （2）： 200-209, 2013].
