美国的发动机修复业

本文介绍了美国底特律发动机修复公司的经营万式和修复工艺等情况。

《文物修复与复制》一书出版

中国农业博物馆馆员贾文忠编著的《文物修复与复制》一书已由中国农业科技出版社出版。 我国的文物修复、复制历史悠久,但自古至今大多是师徒口手相传,很少加以系统总结,致使这一行业至今还是传统的手工作坊式生产。 《文物修复与复制》是国内第一部比较全面地论述各类文物修复与复制技术的工具书。全书共分五章,第一章《文物修复概述》。

Advances in Microbial Remediation on the Application of Heavy Metal Pollution in Agricultural Water Resources

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural water resources is very serious in re- cent years, resulting in large losses of the agricultural economy and endangering human life and health. Due to the advantages of low cost, high efficiency and less secondary pollution, microbial ramediation technology is widely used in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in agricultural water resources. At present, with the progress of modern biotechnology, microbial remediation of heavy metals in agricul- tural water resources has grown rapidly. The sources and status quo of heavy met- al pollution in agricultural water resources at home and aboard, and the principles of microbial remediation of heavy metals pollution in agricultural water resources were reviewed in this paper, as well as the several common microbial remediation technology of heavy metals in agricultural water resources. Additionally, the further research work of heavy metal contaminated agricultural water resources by microbial ramediation were prospected.

Infeasibility test algorithm and fast repair algorithm of job shop scheduling problem

To diagnose the feasibility of the solution of a job-shop scheduling problem（JSSP）,a test algorithm based on diagraph and heuristic search is developed and verified through a case study.Meanwhile,a new repair algorithm for modifying an infeasible solution of the JSSP to become a feasible solution is proposed for the general JSSP.The computational complexity of the test algorithm and the repair algorithm is both O（n） under the worst-case scenario,and O（2J＋M） for the repair algorithm under the best-case scenario.The repair algorithm is not limited to specific optimization methods,such as local tabu search,genetic algorithms and shifting bottleneck procedures for job shop scheduling,but applicable to generic infeasible solutions for the JSSP to achieve feasibility.

Application Research of Restoration Materials on Degraded Land

[Objective] The paper aimed at researching on the ecological remediation materials and related technologies in degraded land.[Method] Pointing at the specific reasons for degradation of soil moisture and fertility conditions,the ecological remediation materials and related technologies for soil moisture had been studied using layered silicates as substrate materials and using straw turnover as the method.The application research had been carried out in degraded cultivated land,compacted land,saline-alkali soil and laboratory of nine provinces and regions on 26 species and 48 varieties.[Result] The materials and related technologies are environment-friendly in formula,processing,application with no hidden trouble as secondary pollution,which can be used for the restoration of positive balance of soil moisture conditions（water,fertilizer,gas,and heat）,establishment of the core of a stable circle and improving food production steadily.The materials are more suitable for plant growth than chemical fertilizers,applying of which helps plants obtain better adversity resistance.[Conclusion] The ecological remediation materials for soil moisture can reduce the application of chemical fertilizers effectively and improve the production and quality of crops remarkably.

De-farming and Ecological Restoration in the Loess Hilly-gully Region in Northern China

De-farming has been a powerful measure taken by the central and local governments of China for ecological restoration in the loess hilly-gully region since 2000. In years past, aid-based de-farming pattern was far and wide popularized in the region and terrace-based de-farming pattern demonstrated in a few small watersheds was also rather effective for ecological restoration. After summing up the features of three patterns (aid-based de-farming slope farmland more than 25°(AD25), aid-based de-farming slope farmland more than 15° (AD15) and terrace-based de-farming (TD)), this paper analyzed the regional difference of these patterns in de-farming area, ecological restoration, investment demand and so on. The results show that there are two crucial areas in the loess hilly-gully region for ecological restoration at the moment, the policies adaptation to the different areas should be constituted as soon as possible and the limited fund should be devoted to the two crucial areas.

C4-Napier Grass Cultivation for Cadmium Phytoremediation Activity and Organic Livestock Farming in Kyushu, Japan

Napier grass （Pennisetum purpureum Schumach）, a C4 tropical plant, has high dry matter productivity and sustainability without the need for renovating every year due to good overwintering ability and the absence of serious pathogens or insects injury. This grass is suitable for multipurpose use, providing forage, bioethanol feedstock and phytoremediation of cadmium （Cd） contaminated soil in Kyushu, Japan. When two cultivars of Napier grass （Wruk wona, WK and Merkeron, ME） were grown in Cd-contaminated soils, dry matter yield and the concentration and uptake of herbage Cd were higher in WK than in ME, and soil Cd concentration was reduced by 14% in a single season of cultivation. A dwarf variety of late-heading type （DL）, Napier grass had superior sustainability for more than 5 years in Miyazaki, Japan, and has gradually increased in cultivation areas for both cut-and-carry and grazing herbage production in cooperation with regional communities. Through the extension in several Kyushu areas, DL Napier grass required temperatures above -6.2 ~C for sustainability in winter, based on its threshold response to the lethal minimum temperature. DL Napier grass pasture can be utilized by grazing beef cattle even in early spring with temperate Italian ryegrass inter-sown into its inter-row spaces. Organic digested animal manure or sun-dried leguminous leaves as green manure can replace chemical fertilizers to reduce energy consumption and allow comparable productivity.

Study on Bioremediation of Kelp in AquacultureSea Area and Eutrophy Treatment

At present, the marine environment is faced with extremely serious eutrophication. The kelp＇s ability of taking in nitrogen and phosphorus can be fully performed so that the eutrophication problem can be effectively treated and solved. Based on the analysis of kelp＇s absorption of nutritive salt from aquaculture sewage, this paper further explores the bioremediation of kelp in aquaculture sea area with eutrophication in the hope of providing valuable reference for the aquaculture industry of BohaiSea.

Use of High-Yielding Bioenergy Plant Castor Bean(Ricinus communis L.) as a Potential Phytoremediator for Copper-Contaminated Soils

Copper （Cu） contamination in the environment has been increased during the years with agricultural and industrial activities. Biotechnological approaches are needed for bioremediation in these areas. The aims of this study were i） to evaluate the phytoreme- diation capacity of the high-yielding bioenergy plant castor bean （Ricinus communis L.） in vineyard soils （Inceptisol and Mollisol） contaminated with Cu and a Cu mining waste; ii） to characterize the castor bean as a Cu phytoremediation plant; and iii） to evaluate the nutrient uptake by castor bean. Castor bean plants cultivated in soil with toxic levels of Cu for 57 d exhibited high phytomass production, a high tolerance index of roots＇ fresh mass and shoots＇ dry mass, a high level of Cu phytoaccumulation in the roots and also, a robust capacity for Cu phytostabilization. Furthermore, castor bean plants did not significantly deplete soil nutrients （such as N, P, and Mg） during cultivation. Plants cultivated in Inceptisol, Mollisol and Cu mining waste exhibited a strong potential for Cu phytoaccumulation, with values of 5900, 3 052 and 2805 g ha-1, respectively. In addition, the castor bean＇s elevated phytomass production and strong growth in Cu-contaminated soils indicated a high level of Cu phytoaccumulation and a potential application in biofuels. These findings indicate that the castor bean is a efficient hyperaccumulator of Cu and a potential candidate plant for the phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soil.

Remediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Agricultural Soils Using Clay Minerals： A Review

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils poses risks and hazards to humans. The remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils has become a hot topic in environmental science and engineering. In this review, the application of clay minerals for the remediation of heavy metal-polluted agricultural soils is summarized, in terms of their remediation effects and mechanisms, influencing factors, and future focus. Typical clay minerals, natural sepiolite, palygorskite, and bentonite, have been widely utilized for the in-situ immobilization of heavy metals in soils, especially Cd-polluted paddy soils and wastewater-irrigated farmland soils. Clay minerals are able to increase soil pH, decrease the chemical-extractable fractions and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils, and reduce the heavy metal contents in edible parts of plants. The immobilization effects have been confirmed in field-scale demonstrations and pot trials. Clay minerals can improve the environmental quality of soils and alleviate the hazards of heavy metals to plants. As main factors affecting the immobilization effects, the pH and water condition of soils have drawn academic attention. The remediation mechanisms mainly include liming, precipitation, and sorption effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of microscopic immobilization are unclear. F^ture studies should focus on the long-term stability and improvement of clay minerals in order to obtain a better remediation effect.