20世纪以来“候气法”研究述评

候气法是古人用律管来测定节气与考正律吕的方法,其理论及实践被历代官方正史及各种典籍所记载。20世纪伊始,国内学界开始关注候气法,至20世纪80年代对候气法的研究逐渐升温,并且呈现出“历史梳理”“真伪考辨”“文化阐释”三个层面的研究现状。通过对学界候气法研究成果的总结与反思,我们认为对候气法的研究应该回归历史语境,将其置于中国传统文化和思想史语境中进行考察并思考其文化内涵,在此基础上进一步解释它在中国音乐史及中国思想史中的意义和作用。

候气法疑案之发端

有关候气法的争论,一般认为爆发于明代中后期,而矛盾双方各派所援引的史料,则可上溯至先秦甚至更早。因此,对其中一些重要的史料如何理解,就成了问题的关键。隋文帝杨坚曾组织专人进行候气试验,毛爽的《律谱》(《隋书·律历志》)对候气作了较为详尽的总结概括,其中并没有对候气法明确否定的结论。朱载土育对候气法的态度前矛后盾自相癥牾,其中的原因仍需要进一步研究。候气法在明代开始受到质疑、批判,当与明末的历法改革直接相关,《崇祯历书》修编工程的正式启动,则更是正式宣告了候气法的寿终正寝。

耳周围留针候气法治疗气滞血瘀耳鸣1例

耳鸣严格上来说并不属于一种病症,而属于一种症状。导致耳鸣的因素较多,耳鸣所指的是在没有任何外界声源时所感知到的声音,一般情况下,耳鸣在正常人的生活环境中均可能出现。虽然耳鸣并非一种疾病,但实际上其与多种病因和恶化因素又有着极为密切的关联。在临床上针对耳鸣进行治疗时,整体治疗方案较为复杂,迄今为止还缺乏一种切实有效的治疗方案,能够改善患者的临床病症。近年来的临床研究中,医务人员认为将鼓室内注射地塞米松应用于耳鸣患者的治疗中能够获得较为良好的效果。但值得注意的是,这一治疗方式并不能够有效改善患者的听力状况,严重时还有可能引发患者出现额外的不良反应[3]。

从吹律听风到候气应律

本文考察汉代候气法源流,梳理其与先秦吹律传统的关联。先秦至汉的天文历法合同音律状况,有着从候风转向候气的一个漫长过渡期,即从吹律听风到候气应律。两者的转折在于由四时八节的纪年方法转向十二月历的纪年方法,由听辨风向、风力转向观测地气。通过与天文学、物理学、易学的比照,推断出候气应律并非单纯的定律制历的操作方法,而是联系了天体运行、物候占卜、数算推步、物理实验等因素的复合型定律法问题,并总结了引发候气的原因和影响候气准确率的因素来自于节气、闰法、岁差、地理、操作技术等条件的制约。从思想意识而言,先秦有机宇宙观至两汉元气论思想的演变,也是使测度时间、气候的规则从风律转向律气的原因。

明中后期“候气之争”本末考

在“候气法”由盛转衰的过程中,明中后期乃一关键节点。候气法在明初随《律吕新书》被纳入官方乐学体系,对候气法真伪的讨论即在此背景下展开。据诸家议论,可依时序为经,学派为纬,将论争过程归为成化、弘治时代,正德、嘉靖时代,隆庆、万历之后时代三个阶段。朝廷礼乐制度演变及诸家学派话语消长则是影响论争的重要因素。

康熙与清初历法之争

康熙是我国历史上唯一一位精通天文 历算,并有著作传世的皇帝。他能“亲厘象数,究极精微,前后制新仪测日月星辰,穷极分秒”(《清史稿·天文志一》)。清代大算学家梅文鼎称赞道:“探索四十余年,见透底蕴。” 康熙8岁即位。

Study on the Variation of Ningxia Climate Productive Potential under the Returning Farmland to Forestland and Grassland Background

The key zones of returning farmland to forestland and grassland in Ningxia were studied. By using the ＂stepwise revised method＂,the climate productive potential,light and temperature productive potential in the zone in recent 50 years were counted. The light and temperature productive potential of corn in Ningxia irrigated area,the central arid zone and the southern mountain area presented the linear increase trend. But when considered the climate productive potentials of light,temperature and water,the numerical value was very low because of the scarce rainfall,and no agriculture without the irrigation. The light and temperature productive potential,climate productive potential of winter wheat in the central arid zone had no significant trend,but the variation range of climate productive potential was very big. The light and temperature productive potential of winter wheat in the southern mountain area had no significant variation trend,and the climate productive potential presented the weak decline trend. It illustrated that the productive of winter wheat was greatly restricted by the water content. By using the meteorological factor data which were simulated by RegCM3-WOFOST/LINGRA coupled model,the future climate productive potentials of winter wheat in the central south of Ningxia was counted. They both presented the weak increase trend. It illustrated that the climate in Ningxia was favorable to improve the yield of winter wheat after returning farmland to forestland.

Influence of climate and tectonic movements on granite landforms in China

Present granite landform characteristics and distribution are the integrated result of climate, tectonics and lithology. Various types of granite landforms in China signify climate zonality and differential vertical movement of earth surface, while published research results on Chinese granite landforms are very rare, especially in international journals. Based on the process analysis of chemical weathering and physical disintegration, four granite landform regions in China are classified according to the present climate regime. On the Tibetan Plateau, the cold and freezing climate induced periglacial landscapes; the northeast region is characterized by physical disintegration and low round mounds are widespread; in the northwest region controlled by arid climate, wind-carved minor landscapes are extremely prominent. The most spectacular granite landscapes in China are presented in southeast as a result of Iongtime chemical weathering under humid and warm conditions, as well as the differential uplift after Neogene. Correlating the weathering crust in southern China, Tibetan Plateau and India, a possible unified planation surface in Neogene is proposed. With corestones as indicators of original weathering front, the differential uplift extent of dissected planation surfaces can be estimated. At least three landforms implying uplift can be identified in southeastern China, with elevations of 300-400 m, 2000 m and 3600 m above the sea level respectively.

Implementing Marine XML for Observed CTD Data in a Marine Data Exchange Platform

In order to archive, quality control and disseminate a large variety of marine data in a marine data exchange platfonn, a marine XML has been developed to encapsulate marine data, which provides an efficient means to store, transfer and display marine data. This paper first presents the details of the main marine XML elements and then gives an example showing how to transform CTD-observed data into Marine XML format, which illustrates the XML encapsulation process of marine observed data.

Impacts of Global Warming Perturbation on Water Resources in Arid Zone: Case Study of Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China

The main goal of this study was to assess the long-term impacts of global warming perturbation on water resources of the Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China. Temperature, precipitation and hydrology data during the past 29 years from 1979 to 2007 were collected and analyzed using parametric and non-parametric methods, the connection between temperature and precipitation by the combination of grey correlation analysis method and the hypothesis testing for trend of climate change. The results show a high increase in temperature in the study area as well as an extreme and highly variable hydrological regime in this region, where flash floods can exceed the total runoff from a sequence of years. These variations may be due to the geographical location of the Kaidu River Basin in arid zone. It also reveals that precipitation has a much greater impact on stream flow than that of temperature. The development of new approaches was proposed as responses to climate change in this arid region.

Vulnerability of Water Resources and Its Spatial Heterogeneity in Haihe River Basin, China

To manage water resources effectively, a multiscale assessment of the vulnerability of water resources on the basis of political boundaries and watersheds is necessary. This study addressed issues on the vulnerability of water resources and provided a multiscale comparison of spatial heterogeneity under a climate change background. Using improved quantitative evaluation methods of vulnerabil- ity, the Theil index and the Shannon-Weaver index, we evaluated the vulnerability of water resources and its spatial heterogeneity in the Haihe River Basin in four scales, namely, second-class water resource regions （Class II WRRs）, third-class water resource regions （Class III WRRs）, Province-Class II WRRs, and Province-Class III WRRs. Results show that vulnerability enhances from the north to south in the different scales, and shows obvious spatial heterogeneity instead of moving toward convergence in multiscale assessment results. Among the Class II WRRs, the Tuhai-Majia River is the most vulnerable area, and the vulnerability of the Luanhe River is lower than that of the north of the Haihe River Basin, which in turn is lower than that of the south of the Haihe River Basin. In the scales of Class III WRRs and Province-Class III WRRs, the vulnerability shows obvious spatial heterogeneity and diversity measured by the Theil index and the Shannon-Weaver index. Multiscale vulnerability assessment results based on political boundaries and the watersheds of the Haihe River Basin innovatively provided in this paper are important and useful to characterize the real spatial pattern of the vulnerability of water resources and improve water resource management.

A Method for Improving Simulation of PNA Teleconnection Interannual Variation in a Climate Model

The climate modeling community has been challenged to develop a method for improving the simulation of the Pacific-North America （PNA） teleconnection pattern in climate models. The accuracy of PNA teleconnection simulation is significantly improved by considering mesoscale convection contributions to sea surface fluxes. The variation in the PNA over the past 22 years was simulated by the Grid Atmospheric Model of lAP LASG version 1.0 （GAMIL1.0）, which was guided by observational SST from January 1979 to December 2000. Results show that heating in the tropical central-eastern Pacific is simulated more realistically, and sea surface latent heat flux and precipitation anomalies are more similar to the reanalysis data when mesoscale enhancement is considered during the parameterization scheme of sea surface turbulent fluxes in GAMIL1.0. Realistic heating in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in turn significantly improves the simulation of interannual variation and spatial patterns of PNA.

DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION OF SIMULATION BIAS WITH THE GRAPES-MESO MODEL FOR A TORRENTIAL RAIN CASE

In this paper, the numerical simulation bias of the non-hydrostatic version GRAPES-Meso （Mesoscalc of the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System） at the resolution of 0.18° for a torrential rain case, which happened in May 31st to June 1st 2005 over Hunan province, are diagnosed and investigated by using the radiosondes, intensive surface observation, and the operational global analysis data, and the sensitivity experimental results as well. It is shown in the result that the GRAPES-Meso could reproduce quite well the main features of large-scale circulation and the distribution of the accumulated 24h precipitation and the key locations of tile torrential rainfall arc captured reasonably well by the model. I fowever, bias exist in the simulation of the mesoscale features of the torrential rain and details of the relevant systems. for example, the simulated rainfall that is too earlier in model integration and remsrkable. underpredictien of the peak value of rainfall rates over the heaviest rainfall region, the weakness of the upper jet siimulation and the overpredietion of the south-west wind in the lower troposphere etc. The investigation reveals that the sources of the simulation bias are different. The erroneous model rainfall in the earlier integration stage over the heaviest rainfall region is induced by the model initial condition bias of the wind field at ablaut 925hPa over the torrential rainfall region, where the bias grow rapidly and spread upward to about 600hPa level within the few hours into the integration and result in abnormal convergence of the wind and moisture, and thus the unreal rainfall over that region. The large bias on the simulated rainfall intensity over the heaviest rainfall region might be imputed to the following combined facters of（1） the simulation bias on the strength and detailed structures of the upper-level jet core which bring about significant, underpredictions of the dynamic conditions （including upper-level divergence and the up,yard motion for heavy rainfalt due to unfavorable mesoscale vertical coupting between the strong, upper-level divergence and Iower-level convergence; and （2） the inefficient coupling of the cumulous parameterzation scheme and the explicit moisture in the integration, which causes the failure of the explicit moisture scheme in generating grid-scale rainfall in a certain extent through inadequate convective adjustmenl and feedback to the grid-scale, In addition, the interaction of the combined two factors could form a negative feedback to the rainfall intensity simulation, and eventually lead to the obvious undcrprediction of the rainfall rate.

A High Resolution Forecast Model of Storm Surge Inundation

In order to forecast storm surge inundation, a two-dimensional model is established. In the model, an alternating computation sequence method is used to solve the governing equations, and the dry and wet method is introduced to treat the moving boundary. This model is easy to use. It has a friendly input interface and Arcview GIS is used as the output interface. The model is applied to the Shantou area to simulate the storm surge elevations and inundations caused by Typhoons 6903 ane 0104 using the same relevant parameters. The calculated results agree well with the observations.

The Glacier Area Changes in the Qangtang Plateau Based on the Multi-temporal Grid Method and its Sensitivity to Climate Change

Glacier area changes in the Qangtang Plateau are analyzed during 1970-2000 using air photos,relevant photogrammetric maps and satellite images based on the multi-temporal grid method.The results indicate that the melting of glaciers accelerated,only a few of glaciers in an advancing state during 1970-2000 in the whole Qangtang Plateau.However,the glaciers seemed still more stable in the study area than in most areas of western China.We estimate that glacier retreat was likely due to air temperature warming during 1970-2000 in the Qangtang Plateau.Furthermore,the functional model of glacier system is applied to study climate sensitivity of glacier area changes,which indicates that glacier lifespan mainly depends on the heating rate,secondly the precipitation,and precipitation increasing can slow down glacier retreat and make glacier lifespan prolonged.

A climatic environmental performance assessment method for ecological city construction:Application to Beijing Yanqi Lake

In contrast to the input perspective for evaluating planning metrics, this research takes the climatic environmental output effects as the starting point for assessing ecological city construction. Based on approaches such as observation data analysis, meteorological model simulation, and remote sensing, a set of climatic environmental performance assessment methods is developed and established. These methods mainly focus on surface ventilation assessment and urban thermal environment assessment. With the Yanqi Lake ecological development demonstration area located in Huairou district, Beijing as an example, the assessment of the local climatic environment before and after the construction are conducted, and relevant policy suggestions for urban planning and construction are presented. The results show that after development, the ventilation capacity will decrease overall and the ventilation potential index will decrease from 0.53 to 0.44. While this is not a large reduction, and is still at a favorable level, the ventilation potential in some local areas will markedly decrease. Furthermore, the thermal environment will become poorer to some extent; the urban heat island(UHI) area and intensity will increase compared with the current situation;continuous heat islands may occur in local areas; the UHI potential index of the core area will rise from 0.0878 to 0.1217(still a favorable level).Therefore, urban surfaces should be carefully developed and arranged during planning. It is suggested that the negative impacts of large areas of urban construction on the local climatic environment in the Yanqi Lake could be mitigated by 1) strengthening the airflow by introducing fresh,cold, northwesterly air via constructed ventilation corridors, 2) increasing the number of ecological cold sources, particularly for water bodies and green belts to prevent the UHI in the southern region of Yanqi Lake from becoming linked with each other, and 3) considering a pre-program before sub-domain and building planning to obtain optimum building locations. Different construction standards should be developed for different ventilation potential and UHI intensity levels. For strong heat island areas, land areas should be reserved to serve as cold sources.

AN OPERATIONAL AUTO-MONITORING FOR THE EL NIO EPISODES USING GMS T_(BB)

By making full use of GMS TBB data, diagnosis and analysis of the formation and development of El Ni駉 event in 2002 and 2003 were made. It suggests that the first clue of the El Ni event appeared in December 2001. The event was formed at the end of 2002 after five phases of development, and came into the phase of flourishing in the winter of 2002. From the analysis the dynamics, it is noted that that the position of the ascending branch of Walker cell was moving from the equatorial west Pacific to the equatorial central Pacific in the phase of formation and development of the El Ni駉 event. The process of diagnosis shows that it can provide an important clue for forecasting the genesis and development of the El Ni駉 episodes.

Severe Methodological Deficiencies Associated with Claims of Domestic Livestock Driving Climate Change

Reduction of global livestock numbers and meat consumption have been recommended for climate change mitigation. However, the basic assumptions made to come up with that kind of recommendations reveal severe methodological deficiencies： （1） Carbon footprint, emission intensity, and life-cycle assessments of domestic livestock products reported in scientific literature consistently overlooked the necessity of correcting non CO2 GHG （greenhouse gas） emissions （nitrous oxide and methane） from managed ecosystems for baseline emission scenarios over time and space （pristine ecosystem and/or pre-climate change emissions）; （2） Uncertainties associated with the climate sensitivity of anthropogenic GHG-emissions have been ignored; （3） Inconsistencies in the methodological treatment of land use change （deforestation） in emission intensity calculations （per unit of product） can be detected in the literature; （4） The virtual lack of a discernable livestock signal in global methane distribution and historical methane emission rates has not been acknowledged; theoretical bottom up calculations do not reflect the relative insignificance of livestock-born methane for the global methane budget; （5） Potential substrate induced enhancement of methane breakdown rates have not been taken into consideration. A tremendous over-assessment of potential livestock contribution to climate change is the logical consequence of these important methodological deficiencies which have been inexorably propagated through recent scientific literature.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON WAVE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF WINNIE (NO. 9711)

In this paper, the wind field provided by a meso-scale atmospheric model is employed. When main physical processes, including wave-current interactions, are considered, the latest version of the third generation wave model SWAN is applied to simulate the typhoon wave generated by Typhoon Winnie. The model results are compared with the TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS-2 satellite altimeter data and analyzed in details. Then the distribution of wave fields are analyzed, with the results showing that applying SWAN to simulate large-scale domain can also fairly reproduce the observed features of waves and realistically reflect the distribution of typhoon waves.

A Dynamic Method for Quantifying Natural Warming in Urban Areas

In the study of global warming, one of the main issues is the quantification of the urbanization effect in climate records. Previous studies have contributed much to removing the impact of urbanization from surface air temperature by carefully selecting reference stations. However, due to the insufficient number of stations free from the influence of urbanization and the different criteria used to select reference stations, there are still significant controversies about the intensity of the impact of urbanization on temperature records. This study proposes a dynamic method for quantifying natural warming using information on urbanization from every station acquired from remote sensing (RS) data instead of selecting reference stations. Two different spatial scales were applied to examine the impact of urbanization, but little difference was found, indicating the stability of this method. The results showed a significant difference in original temperature data and the homogenized data-urban warming accounted for approximately 64% in the original temperature warming but only approximately 20% in the homogenized temperature records.