云南松不同部位氮、磷、钾储量分配及异速生长研究

为更好进行云南松苗木培育,提升云南松苗木质量,通过对2年生云南松苗木生长性状及不同部位氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)储量进行统计以及相关性、异速生长分析,研究云南松氮、磷、钾储量。结果表明,云南松幼苗生长2年后,其地下部位氮、磷、钾分配大小依次为钾储量>氮储量>磷储量;氮、磷、钾在土壤中的分配比例为氮储量>磷储量>钾储量;地上部位氮、磷、钾储量占单株氮、磷、钾储量的比例为钾储量>磷储量>氮储量;磷和钾在地下部位的累积速率大于地上部位的累积速率。以期为云南松苗木培育提供理论参考,为实际生产提供一定理论依据。

高寒区施肥和混播对燕麦人工草地植物器官碳氮储量分配的影响

为了解青藏高原高寒地区燕麦品种、施肥和箭筈豌豆混播比例对燕麦人工草地植物各器官生物C、N储量分配的影响,采用4个燕麦品种、4个施肥水平(B1:不施任何肥料,CK 0;B2:尿素75 kg·hm^-2 +磷酸二铵150 kg·hm^-2 ,IM;B3:有机肥1 500 kg·hm^-2 ,OM;B4:尿素37.5 kg·hm^-2 +磷酸二铵75 kg·hm^-2 +有机肥750 kg·hm^-2 ,IM+OM)和4个箭筈豌豆混播水平(C1:0 kg·hm^-2;C2:45 kg·hm^-2;C3:60 kg·hm^-2;C4:75 kg·hm^-2 )的三因素四水平正交试验设计[L 16 (4 5 )],研究施肥和混播对不同品种燕麦乳熟期器官C、N储量的影响,C、N储量分配模式和地上、地下器官C、N储量相关关系。结果表明,品种、施肥和混播均对燕麦草地各器官和组分生物C、N储量分配具有显著影响。品种主要影响箭筈豌豆茎、根生物C储量分配,混播主要影响燕麦茎、叶、穗、根和箭筈豌豆叶生物C储量分配;品种主要影响燕麦茎、叶、穗、根生物N储量分配,而混播主要影响箭筈豌豆茎、叶、根生物N储量分配。燕麦人工草地建植时,燕麦各器官C、N储量分配在选用青燕1号、施尿素37.5 kg·hm^-2 +磷酸二铵75 kg·hm^-2 +有机肥750 kg·hm^-2 ,单播燕麦时,其燕麦茎、叶、穗和根生物C、N储量分配最高,其C储量分配分别达40.21%、15.48%、 23.02%和9.89%,,N储量分配分别达20.70%、20.79%、32.09%和5.19%;箭筈豌豆各器官C、N储量分配在选用青海444、不施肥情况下混播箭筈豌豆75 kg·hm^-2 时,箭筈豌豆茎、叶和根生物C、N储量分配最高,其C储量分配分别达11.27%、13.57%和2.27%,N储量分配分别达13.03%、32.18%和0.95%。燕麦人工草地总生物C、N储量分配分别为茎(44.39%)>叶(23.99%)>穗(20.38%)>根( 11.24%)和叶(42.14)>茎(26.77%)>穗(25.96%)>根(5.13%)。燕麦和箭筈豌豆混播栽培草地中,燕麦茎和穗,箭筈豌豆叶是主要的C、N储藏器官。

高寒区栽培措施对燕麦人工草地系统碳氮储量及分配机制的影响

为系统评价不同栽培措施下燕麦人工草地系统固碳、固氮潜力,在青藏高原高寒地区采用燕麦品种、施肥水平和箭筈豌豆混播水平的三因素四水平正交试验设计[L_(16)(4~5)],开展不同措施对乳熟期燕麦人工草地土壤层次碳氮储量的影响研究,并讨论不同措施下的燕麦人工草地系统碳、氮储量分配机制。结果表明,品种、施肥和混播均显著影响了土壤C、N储量分配,施肥和混播对C、N储量分配影响较大。尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥处理下,系统总C、N储量最大,分别达184.45 t·hm^(-2)和12.51 kg·hm^(-2);箭筈豌豆混播75 kg·hm^(-2)处理下,系统总C、N储量最大,分别达182.76 t·hm^(-2)和11.90 kg·hm^(-2)。燕麦乳熟期各土层C、N储量分配模式均依次表现为0~10 cm>10~20 cm>20~30 cm>30~40 cm>40~50 cm;其中,各土层C储量分配为27.35%、24.50%、21.39%、14.38%和11.08%,土壤N储量分配为28.62%、24.43%、17.95%、15.47%和12.49%。0~50 cm土层C、N储量分别占整个系统的98.69%和98.96%,而植物仅占1.31%和1.04%;植物茎、叶、穗和根生物C储量仅占系统的0.58%、0.30%、0.28%和0.15%,N储量仅占系统的0.28%、0.42%、0.29%和0.06%。本研究结果为高寒地区燕麦人工草地系统固碳、固氮方面的研究提供了理论基础。

Aboveground Biomass and Water Storage Allocation in Alpine Willow Shrubs in the Qilian Mountains in China

The aboveground biomass allocation and water relations in alpine shrubs can provide useful information on analyzing their ecological and hydrological functions in alpine regions. The objectives of this study were to compare the aboveground biomass allocation, water storage ratio and distribution between foliage/woody components,and to investigate factors affecting aboveground biomass allocation and water storage ratio in alpine willow shrubs in the Qilian Mountains, China. Three experimental sites were selected along distance gradients from the riverside in the Hulu watershed in the Qilian Mountains. The foliage, woody component biomass, and water allocation of Salix cupularis Rehd.and Salix oritrepha Schneid. shrubs were measured using the selective destructive method. The results indicated that the foliage component had higher relative water and biomass storage than the woody component in the upper part of the crown in individual shrubs. However, the woody component was the major biomass and water storage component in the whole shrub level for S. cupularis and S.oritrepha. Moreover, the foliage/woody component biomass ratio decreased from the top to the basal level of shrubs. The relative water storage allocation was significantly affected by species types, but was not affected by sites and interaction between species and sites. Meanwhile, relative water storage was affectedby sites as well as by interaction between sites and species type.

SPECIAL ISSUE： DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL INCOME IN A TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY Exploring high saving rates in China： an analysis based on the 1992-2003 China flow of funds accounts

On the basis of the 1992-2003 flow of funds accounts for China released by the National Statistics Bureau, this article conducts a comparative analysis of the saving rates of the household, corporate and government sectors from the perspective of income distribution and saving propensity. We found that although the household sector had the highest saving rate, it had actually trended downwards since 1992, as a result of falling labor compensation, property income and income from redistribution. Over this period, the corporate saving rate rose slowly, mainly because of a prolonged period of relatively low wage and interest costs rather than increased profitability. The government saving rate, which remained low in the last century, rose dramatically after 2000. The main reasons for this were the ever- increasing share of government disposable revenue in national income distribution via primary distribution and redistribution and the sector＇s increased saving propensity. Our policy recommendations suggest that in order to implement an economic development strategy centered on boosting domestic consumption, China should shift its economic focus to improving the income distribution structure and increasing household income. For this purpose, fiscal policies should be oriented toward increased public financing, public expenditure and social security expenditure and toward higher labor compensation based on increased productivity in the corporate sector. These aims should be taken as the objectives of national c regulation.

Ecosystem Carbon Allocation of a Temperate Mixed Forest and a Subtropical Evergreen Forest in China

Ecosystem carbon allocation can indicate ecosystem carbon cycling visually through its quantification within different carbon pools and carbon exchange.Using the ecological inventory and eddy covariance measurement applied to both a mature temperate mixed forest in Changbai Mountain (CBM)and a mature subtropical evergreen forest in Dinghu Mountain (DHM),we partitioned the ecosystem carbon pool and carbon exchange into different components,determined the allocation and analyzed relationships within those components.Generally, the total carbon stock of CBM was slightly higher than that of DHM due to a higher carbon stock in the arbor layer at CBM.It was interesting that the proportions of carbon stock in vegetation,soil and litter were similar for the two mature forests.The ratio of vegetation carbon pool to soil carbon stock was 1.5 at CBM and 1.3 at DHM.However, more carbon was allocated to the trunk and root from the vegetation carbon pool at CBM,while more carbon was allocated to foliage and branches at DHM.Moreover,77% of soil carbon storage was limited to the surface soil layer (0-20cm),while there was still plentiful carbon stored in the deeper soil layers at DHM.The root/shoot ratios were 0.30 and 0.25 for CBM and DHM,respectively.The rates of net ecosystem productivity (NPP)to gross ecosystem productivity (GPP)were 0.76 and 0.58,and the ratios of ecosystem respiration (Re)to GPP were 0.98and 0.87for CBM and DHM,respectively.The net ecosystem carbon exchange/productivity (NEP)was 0.24t C ha^-1 yr^-1 for CBM and 3.38t C ha^-1 yr^-1 for DHM.Due to the common seasonal and inter-annual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange resulting from the influence of environmental factors,it was necessary to use the long record dataset to evaluate the ecosystem sink capacity.