催裂化模式识别调优初探

本文介绍如何将模式识别应用于生产调优,着重讨论了多指标(优化目标)因素的分级,提出了一种模糊综合评价度量方法;并结合提高催裂化汽、柴油收率和装置处理为目标,开展计算机模式识别优化操作调优工作。

催裂化装置试用LHO-1催化剂的技术分析

根据股份公司炼油与化工分公司推广使用行业内催裂化催化剂的工作要求,对催裂化装置进行了LHO-1催化剂试用工作,通过对LHO-1的试用,既认识了该催化剂的性能,也对LHO-1催化剂状况下的催化裂化装置运行有了一定的掌握,为今后改进和使用LHO-1催化剂,提供了依据,同时也为优化装置操作打下了基础,达到了试用的目的。

天津炼油厂催裂化装置计算机控制系统

前言由于催裂化装置有些参数不具备在线检测的条件,即使所有重要参数都能在线检测,没有一个最优控制的数学模型也是不行的,所以,很难在短期内实现全装置的最优闭环控制,因此,可以采用不同层次逐步实现最终目标,第一步实现数据采集和过程管理;第二步实现监测预报;第三步实现开环指导,之后实现某些回路的在线控制,最终实现优化闭环控制。最大程度的获得催化裂化装置的利润,必须要迅速准确地测出操作参数,原料量等值。

催裂化装置计算机模拟优化控制应用系统设计

根据原油精炼的实际情况,本论文给出了一个在催裂化装置中使用微机的具体方法.通过把一台微机同一个协处理器相联结.这个方法可以提高优化计算的速度,将这种方法推广到其它工厂是很有益的.

低浓度乙烯气或催化裂化干气制取乙苯

研制了低浓度乙烯或催化裂化干气制乙苯用的高硅沸石催化剂。所用倦化于气未经分离和纯化,研究了杂质气体 H_2S、CO_2和 H_2O 对乙基化的影响。考察了反应条件的影响,并得到最佳操作参数。乙烯转化率可大于90%,催化剂的单程操作时间大于50天,失活催化剂经烧炭再生可恢复原始活性和选择性。

劣质催化裂化柴油加氢改质技术的开发及工业应用

在中型试验装置上对劣质催化裂化柴油 ,在氢分压 6.4MPa条件下进行加氢改质 ,通过应用加氢精制催化剂RN 1和加氢裂化催化剂RT 5的加氢改质工艺可以生产质量收率在 90 %～95%的优质柴油馏分 ,其十六烷值较原料可提高 1 0～ 1 5.7个单位 ,副产品石脑油馏分油的芳烃潜含量在 70 %左右。该技术于 1 998年初在武汉石油化工厂 30 0kt/a加氢改质装置上实现了首次工业应用 ,工业结果与中型结果一致。

催裂化生产工艺过程的微机管理系统

本文介绍了黑龙江省计算机应用开发研究中心将微机管理应用在微裂化生产工艺过程中,分三个阶段开发研制成功催裂化装置微机监测预报系统、微机操作优化及生产管理系统、汽油干点软仪表监测与优化闭环控制系统,从而为催裂化生产工艺过程的现代化科学管理提供了一种行之有效的方法。随着国民经济的深入发展,伴随计算机,特别是微型计算机的广泛使用,工矿企业的现代化科学管理已经提高到一个新水平。时至今日,使用微机进行资源调配,库存贮运,工资档案管理、实现办公室自动化。对人们来说已不是新鲜话题了。但是将微机管理应用在复杂生产工艺中却并非容易的事情。催裂化装置是石油炼制工艺中的核心,也是最复杂的石油化工工艺之一。从八十年代开始,黑龙江省计算机应用开发研究中心应用数学部广大科技人员将计算机科学与石油化工工艺相结合,逐步研制成功催裂化装置微机监测预报系统、操作优化及生产管理系统、汽油干点软仪表监测与优化闭环控制系统。为催裂化生产工艺过程提供了新的科学管理方法。

Electronic Communication Between Co and Ru Sites Decorated on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Boosting the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Designing highly efficient Pt-free electrocatalysts with low overpotential for an alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)remains a significant challenge.Here,a novel and efficient cobalt(Co),ruthenium(Ru)bimetallic electrocatalyst composed of CoRu nanoalloy decorated on the N-doped carbon nanotubes(CoRu@N-CNTs),was prepared by reacting fullerenol with melamine via hydrothermal treatment and followed by pyrolysis.Benefiting from the electronic communication between Co and Ru sites,the as-obtained CoRu@N-CNTs catalyst exhibited superior electrocatalytic HER activity.To deliver a current density of 10 mA·cm^(-2),it required an overpotential of merely 19 mV along with a Tafel slope of 26.19 mV·dec^(-1)in 1 mol·L^(-1)potassium hydroxide(KOH)solution,outperforming the benchmark Pt/C catalyst.The present work would pave a new way towards the design and construction of an efficient electrocatalyst for energy storage and conversion.

加氢裂化过程催化活性强化剂的研究

为了提高加氢催裂化工艺的生产效率，使原料油、氢气和催化剂更好的接触，强化加氢反应，并且能够长期保持催化剂活性。笔者设计、研制了HCK强化剂，通过在原料油VG0中添加HCK强化剂，经过250小时加氢裂化动态评价，轻质油收率增加2．64％，轻石脑油（〈65℃）、重石脑油（〈177℃）、喷气燃料（177℃～240℃）全面增加，〉320℃的尾油下降2m％。

Catalytic cracking of light diesel over Au/ZSM-5 catalyst for increasing propylene production

The catalytic cracking of light diesel oil （235–337 ＆#176;C） over gold‐modified ZSM‐5 was investigated in a small confined fluidized bed at 460 ＆#176;C and ambient pressure. Different Au/ZSM‐5 catalysts were prepared by a modified deposition‐precipitation method by changing the preparation procedure and the amount of gold loading and were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorp‐tion‐desorption, temperature‐programmed desorption of NH3, transmission electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. It was found that a small amount of gold had a posi‐tive effect on the catalytic cracking of light diesel oil and increased propylene production at a rela‐tively low temperature. The maintenance of the ZSM‐5 MFI structure, pore size distribution and the density of weak and strong acid sites of the Au/ZSM‐5 catalysts depended on the preparation pa‐rameters and the Au loading. Simultaneous enhancement of the micro‐activity and propylene pro‐duction relies on a synergy between the pore size distribution and the relative intensity of the weak and strong acid sites. A significant improvement in the micro‐activity index with an increase of 4.5 units and in the propylene selectivity with an increase of 23.2 units was obtained over the Au/ZSM‐5 catalyst with an actual Au loading of 0.17 wt%.

Effect of Catalyst Properties on Hydrocracking of Pyrolytic Lignin to Liquid Fuel in Supercritical Ethanol

The metal-acid bifunctional catalysts have been used for bio-oil upgrading and pyrolytic lignin hydrocracking. In this work, the effects of the metal-acid bifunctional catalyst prop- erties, including acidity, pore size and supported metal on hydrocracking of pyrolytic lignin in supercritical ethanol and hydrogen were investigated at 260 ℃. A series of catalysts were prepared and characterized by BET, XRD, and NHa-TPD techniques. The results showed that enhancing the acidity of the catalyst without metal can promote pyrolytic lignin poly- merization to form more solid and condensation to produce more water. The pore size of microporous catalyst was smaller than mesoporous catalyst. Together with strong acid- ity, it caused pyrolytic lignin further hydrocrack to numerous gas. Introducing Ru into acidic catalysts promoted pyrolytic lignin hydrocracking and inhibited the polymerization and condensation, which caused the yield of pyrolytic lignin liquefaction product to increase significantly. Therefore, bifunctional catalyst with high hydrocracking activity metal Ru supported on materials with acidic sites and mesopores was imperative to get satisfactory results for the conversion of pyrolytic lignin to liquid products under supercritical conditions and hydrogen atmosphere.

Production of Low-carbon Light Olefins from Catalytic Cracking of Crude Bio-oil

Low-carbon light olefins are the basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic cracking of crude bio-oil and its model compounds （including methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, and phenol） to light olefins were performed by using the La/HZSM-5 catalyst. The highest olefins yield from crude bio-oil reached 0.19 kg/（kg crude bio-oil）. The reaction conditions including temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and addition of La into the HZSM-5 zeolite can be used to control both olefins yield and selectivity. Moderate adjusting the acidity with a suitable ratio between the strong acid and weak acid sites through adding La to the zeolite effectively enhanced the olefins selectivity and improved the catalyst stability. The production of light olefins from crude bio-oil is closely associated with the chemical composition and hydrogen to carbon effective ratios of feedstock. The comparison between the catalytic cracking and pyrolysis of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the bio-oil conversion to light olefins was also discussed.

Catalytic Transformation of Bio-oil to Olefins with Molecular Sieve Catalysts

Catalytic conversion of bio-oil into light olefins was performed by a series of molecular sieve catalysts, including HZSM-5, MCM-41, SAPO-34 and Y-zeolite. Based on the light olefins yield and its carbon selectivity, the production of light olefins decreased in the following order： HZSM-5〉SAPO-34〉MCM-41〉Y-zeolite. The highest olefins yield from bio-oil using HZSM- 5 catalyst reached 0.22 kg/kgbio-oil with carbon selectivity of 50.7% and a nearly complete bio-oil conversion. The reaction conditions and catalyst characterization were investigated in detail to reveal the relationship between the catalyst structure and the production of olefins. The comparison between the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of bio-oil was also performed.

A Survey of Novel Processes to Produce Ultra Low Sulfur Gasoline

The restriction on sulfur level in gasoline has been increasingly tightened. The U.S.Tier 22222 regulation requires a reduction from average 340ppm to 30ppm from 2004 to 2008. Recently significant progress has been made in effective high sulfur removal, such as post treatment of FCC gasoline by selective hydrotreating, S Zorb sulfur removal technology, OATS process etc. The sulfur content of FCC gasoline can be deceased to less than 10ppm. With regard to gasoline pool composition in China, it is very important to look for effective desulfurization processes that are simple, straightforward, with less hydrogen consumption. Post-treatment of FCC gasoline is a preferred option. From the point of view of comprehensive utilization, alkylation, polymerization, isomerisation etc. can be added to desulfurization process to meet the requirement of ultra low sulfur, premium.

Study on Reaction Mechanism for Cracking FCC Gasoline on Acid Catalyst

This article is based on the experimental data on reaction of FCC naphtha in the presence of acid catalysts. The data published in the literature were reprocessed and compared with experimental data and the relationship of hydrogen and methane contained in the dry gas with the conversion rate was identified.The similarity between the route for cracking of olefin enriched FCC gasoline and the route for reaction of individual hydrocarbons was deduced, while the route for formation of ethylene in dry gas was also proposed to identify the relationship between the reaction path for formation of ethylene and the conversion rate.

Synthesis of mesoporous high‐silica zeolite Y and their catalytic cracking performance

Mesoporous high‐silica zeolite Y with advantages of improved accessibility of acid sites and mass transport properties is highly desired catalytic materials for oil refinery,fine chemistry and emerg‐ing biorefinery.Here,we report the direct synthesis of mesoporous high‐silica zeolite Y(named MSY,SiO_(2)/Al2O_(3)≥9.8)and their excellent catalytic cracking performance.The obtained MSY mate‐rials are mesoporous single crystals with octahedral morphology,abundant mesoporosity and ex‐cellent(hydro)thermal stability.Both the acid concentration and acid strength of H‐form MSY are obviously higher than those of commercial ultra‐stable Y(USY),which should be attributed to the uniform Al distribution of MSY zeolite.The H‐MSY displays an obviously reduced deactivation rate and improved catalytic activity in the cracking reaction of bulky 1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene(TIPB),as compared with its mesoporogen‐free counterpart and USY.In addition,H‐MSY was investigated as catalyst for the cracking of industrial heavy oil.The MSY‐based catalyst(after aging at 800 oC in 100%steam for 17 h)exhibits superior conversion(7.64%increase)and gasoline yield(16.37%increase)than industrial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)catalyst under the investigated conditions.

The correlation between nitrogen species in coke and NO_x formation during regeneration

Nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission during the regeneration ofcoked fluid catalytic cracking （FCC） catalysts is an en- vironmental issue. In order to identify the correlations between nitrogen species in coke and different nitrogen- containing products in tail gas, three coked catalysts with multilayer structural coke molecules were prepared in a fixed bed with model compounds （o-xylene and quinoline） at first. A series of characterization methods were used to analyze coke, including elemental analysis, FT-IR, XPS, and TG-MS. XPS characterization indicates all coked catalysts present two types of nitrogen species and the type with a higher binding energy is related with the inner part nitrogen atoms interacting with acid sites. Due to the stronger adsorption ability on acid sites for basic nitrogen compounds, the multilayer structural coke has unbalanced distribution of carbon and ni- trogen atoms between the inner part and the outer edge, which strongly affects gas product formation. At the early stage of regeneration, oxidation starts from the outer edge and the product NO can be reduced to N2 in high CO concentration. At the later stage, the inner part rich in nitrogen begins to be exposed to 02. At this period, the formation of CO decreases due to lack of carbon atoms, which is not beneficial to the reduction of NO. There- fore, nitrogen species in the inner part of multilayer structural coke contributes more to NOx formation. Based on the multilayer structure model of coke molecule and its oxidation behavior, a possible strategy to control NOx emission was discussed merely from concept.

Transformation of Bio-oil into BTX by Bio-oil Catalytic Cracking

Production of benzene, toluene and xylenes （BTX） from bio-oil can provide basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic conversion of bio-oil into BTX was performed by using different pore characteristics zeolites （HZSM-5, HY-zeolite, and MCM-41）. Based on the yield and selectivity of BTX, the production of aromatics decreases in the following order： HZSM-5〉MCM-41〉HY-zeolite. The highest BTX yield from bio-oil using HZSM-5 reached 33.1% with aromatics selectivity of 86.4%. The reaction conditions and catalyst characterization were investigated in detail to make clear the optimal operating parameters and the relation between the catalyst structure and the production of BTX.