To investigate the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of South China Sea, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey conducted four-component (4C) ocean-bottom seismometer...To investigate the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of South China Sea, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey conducted four-component (4C) ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) surveys. A case study is presented to show the results of acquiring and processing OBS data for detecting gas hydrates. Key processing steps such as repositioning, reorientation, PZ summation, and mirror imaging are discussed. Repositioning and reorientation find the correct location and direction of nodes. PZ summation matches P- and Z-components and sums them to separate upgoing and downgoing waves. Upgoing waves are used in conventional imaging, whereas downgoing waves are used in mirror imaging. Mirror imaging uses the energy of the receiver ghost reflection to improve the illumination of shallow structures, where gas hydrates and the associated bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) are located. We developed a new method of velocity analysis using mirror imaging. The proposed method is based on velocity scanning and iterative prestack time migration. The final imaging results are promising. When combined with the derived velocity field, we can characterize the BSR and shallow structures; hence, we conclude that using 4C OBS can reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates.展开更多
Borehole acoustic reflection logging can provide high resolution images of nearborehole geological structure. However, the conventional seismic migration and imaging methods are not effective because the reflected wav...Borehole acoustic reflection logging can provide high resolution images of nearborehole geological structure. However, the conventional seismic migration and imaging methods are not effective because the reflected waves are interfered with the dominant borehole-guided modes and there are only eight receiving channels per shot available for stacking. In this paper, we apply an equivalent offset migration method based on wave scattering theory to process the acoustic reflection imaging log data from both numerical modeling and recorded field data. The result shows that, compared with the routine post-stack depth migration method, the equivalent offset migration method results in higher stack fold and is more effective for near-borehole structural imaging with low SNR acoustic reflection log data.展开更多
Angle-domain common-image gathers(ADCIGs) are the basic data in migration velocity analysis(MVA) and amplitude variation with angle(AVA) analysis. We propose a common-angle gather-generating scheme using Kirchho...Angle-domain common-image gathers(ADCIGs) are the basic data in migration velocity analysis(MVA) and amplitude variation with angle(AVA) analysis. We propose a common-angle gather-generating scheme using Kirchhoff PSDM based on the traveltime gradient field. The scheme includes three major operations:(1) to calculate the traveltime field of the source and the receiver based on the dynamic programming approach;(2) to obtain the refl ection angle according to the traveltime gradient field in the image space; and(3) to generate the ADCIGs during the migration process. Because of the computation approach, the method for generating ADCIGs is superior to conventional ray-based methods. We use the proposed ADCIGs generation method in 3D large-scale seismic data. The key points of the method are the following.(1) We use common-shot datasets for migration,(2) we load traveltimes based on the shot aperture, and(3) we use the MPI and Open Mp memory sharing to decrease the amount of input and output(I/O). Numerical examples using synthetic data suggest that the ADCIGs improve the quality of the velocity and the effectiveness of the 3D angle-gather generation scheme.展开更多
Various migration methods have been proposed to image high-angle geological structures and media with strong lateral velocity variations; however, the problems of low precision and high computational cost remain unres...Various migration methods have been proposed to image high-angle geological structures and media with strong lateral velocity variations; however, the problems of low precision and high computational cost remain unresolved. To describe the seismic wave propagation in media with lateral velocity variations and to image high-angle structures, we propose the generalized screen propagator based on particle swarm optimization (PSO-GSP), for the precise fitting of the single-square-root operator. We use the 2D SEG/EAGE salt model to test the proposed PSO-GSP migration method to image the faults beneath the salt dome and compare the results to those of the conventional high-order generalized screen propagator (GSP) migration and split-step Fourier (SSF) migration. Moreover, we use 2D marine data from the South China Sea to show that the PSO-GSP migration can better image strong reflectors than conventional imaging methods.展开更多
An improved method of generating angle-domain common-image gathers(ADCIGs) by VSP reverse time migration(RTM) is introduced in this paper.The formula which is used to compute the receiver wavefield for VSP RTM is ...An improved method of generating angle-domain common-image gathers(ADCIGs) by VSP reverse time migration(RTM) is introduced in this paper.The formula which is used to compute the receiver wavefield for VSP RTM is modified by adding an amplitude correction term in order to conveniently output amplitude-preserved ADCIGs.Compared with the surface seismic data,VSP data contains much richer wavefields.However,the direct and downgoing waves can bring about serious imaging artifacts in ADCIGs,especially the direct wave.The feasibility and validity of this method is demonstrated by both numerical and real VSP data from western China.Thus,the ADCIGs from this method can provide reliable basic data for VSP migration velocity analysis,VSP AVO/AVA analysis,and inversion.展开更多
The imaging of offset VSP data in local phase space can improve the image of the subsurface structure near the well.In this paper,we present a migration scheme for imaging VSP data in a local phase space,which uses th...The imaging of offset VSP data in local phase space can improve the image of the subsurface structure near the well.In this paper,we present a migration scheme for imaging VSP data in a local phase space,which uses the Gabor-Daubechies tight framebased extrapolator(G-D extrapolator) and its high-frequency asymptotic expansion to extrapolate wavefields and also delineates an improved correlation imaging condition in the local angle domain.The results for migrating synthetic and real VSP data demonstrate that the application of the high-frequency G-D extrapolator asymptotic expansion can effectively decrease computational complexity.The local angle domain correlation imaging condition can be used to weaken migration artifacts without increasing computation.展开更多
Knowledge of the locations of seismic sources is critical for microseismic monitoring. Time-window-based elastic wave interferometric imaging and weighted- elastic-wave (WEW) interferometric imaging are proposed and...Knowledge of the locations of seismic sources is critical for microseismic monitoring. Time-window-based elastic wave interferometric imaging and weighted- elastic-wave (WEW) interferometric imaging are proposed and used to locate modeled microseismic sources. The proposed method improves the precision and eliminates artifacts in location profiles. Numerical experiments based on a horizontally layered isotropic medium have shown that the method offers the following advantages: It can deal with Iow-SNR microseismic data with velocity perturbations as well as relatively sparse receivers and still maintain relatively high precision despite the errors in the velocity model. Furthermore, it is more efficient than conventional traveltime inversion methods because interferometric imaging does not require traveltime picking. Numerical results using a 2D fault model have also suggested that the weighted-elastic-wave interferometric imaging can locate multiple sources with higher location precision than the time-reverse imaging method.展开更多
Stacking velocity V_(C2),vertical velocity ratio γ_0,effective velocity ratio γ_(eff),and anisotropic parameter x_(eff) are correlated in the PS-converted-wave(PS-wave) anisotropic prestack Kirchhoff time mi...Stacking velocity V_(C2),vertical velocity ratio γ_0,effective velocity ratio γ_(eff),and anisotropic parameter x_(eff) are correlated in the PS-converted-wave(PS-wave) anisotropic prestack Kirchhoff time migration(PKTM) velocity model and are thus difficult to independently determine.We extended the simplified two-parameter(stacking velocity V_(C2) and anisotropic parameter k_(eff)) moveout equation from stacking velocity analysis to PKTM velocity model updating and formed a new four-parameter(stacking velocity V_(C2),vertical velocity ratio γ_0,effective velocity ratio γ_(eff),and anisotropic parameter k_(eff)) PS-wave anisotropic PKTM velocity model updating and process flow based on the simplified twoparameter moveout equation.In the proposed method,first,the PS-wave two-parameter stacking velocity is analyzed to obtain the anisotropic PKTM initial velocity and anisotropic parameters;then,the velocity and anisotropic parameters are corrected by analyzing the residual moveout on common imaging point gathers after prestack time migration.The vertical velocity ratio γ_0 of the prestack time migration velocity model is obtained with an appropriate method utilizing the P- and PS-wave stacked sections after level calibration.The initial effective velocity ratio γ_(eff) is calculated using the Thomsen(1999) equation in combination with the P-wave velocity analysis;ultimately,the final velocity model of the effective velocity ratio γ_(eff) is obtained by percentage scanning migration.This method simplifies the PS-wave parameter estimation in high-quality imaging,reduces the uncertainty of multiparameter estimations,and obtains good imaging results in practice.展开更多
We present an effective denoising strategy for two-way wave equation migration. Three dominant artifact types are analyzed and eliminated by an optimized imaging condition. We discuss a previously unsolved beam-like a...We present an effective denoising strategy for two-way wave equation migration. Three dominant artifact types are analyzed and eliminated by an optimized imaging condition. We discuss a previously unsolved beam-like artifact, which is probably caused by the cross-correlation of downward transmitting and upward scattering waves from both the source and receiver side of a single seismic shot. This artifact has relatively strong cross- correlation but carries no useful information from reflectors. The beam-like artifact widely exists in pre-stack imaging and has approximately the same amplitude as useful seismic signals. In most cases, coherent artifacts in the image are caused by directionally propagating energy. Based on propagation angles obtained by wavefield gradients, we identify the artifact energy and subtract its contribution in the imaging condition. By this process most artifacts can be accurately eliminated, including direct wave artifacts, scattering artifacts, and beam- like artifacts. This method is independent of the wavefield propagator and is easy to adapt to almost all current wave equation migration methods if needed. As this method deals with the physical artifact origins, little damage is caused to the seismic signal. Extra k-domain filtering can additionally enhance the stacking result image quality. This method succeeds in the super-wide-angle one-way migration and we can expect its success in other two-way wave equation migrations and especially in reverse time migration.展开更多
With the development of seismic exploration,passive-source seismic data has attracted increasing attention.Ambient noise passive seismic sources exists widely in nature and industrial production.Passive seismic data i...With the development of seismic exploration,passive-source seismic data has attracted increasing attention.Ambient noise passive seismic sources exists widely in nature and industrial production.Passive seismic data is important in logging while drilling(LWD),large-scale structural exploration,etc.In this paper,we proposed a passive multiple reverse time migration imaging(PMRTMI)method based on wavefield decomposition and normalized imaging conditions method.This method differs from seismic interferometry in that it can use raw passive seismic data directly in RTM imaging without reconstruction of virtual active gather,and we use the wavefield decomposition method to eliminate the low frequency noise in RTM.Further,the energy normalized imaging condition is used in full wavefield decomposition,which can not only enhance the image quality of both edge and deep information but also overcome the wrong energy problem caused by uneven distribution of passive sources;furthermore,this method exhibits high efficiency.Finally,numerical examples with the Marmousi model show the effectiveness of the method.展开更多
Typical existing methods of tunnel geological prediction include negative apparent velocity, horizontal seismic profile, and the Tunnel Seismic Prediction (TSP) method as this technology is under development at home...Typical existing methods of tunnel geological prediction include negative apparent velocity, horizontal seismic profile, and the Tunnel Seismic Prediction (TSP) method as this technology is under development at home and abroad. Considering simpler observational methods and data processing, it is hard to accurately determine the seismic velocity of the wall rock in the front of the tunnel face. Therefore, applying these defective methods may result in inaccurate geological inferences which will not provide sufficient evidence for classifying the wall rock characteristics. This paper proposes the Tunnel Seismic Tomography (TST) method using a spatial observation arrangement and migration and travel time inversion image processing to solve the problem of analyzing the velocity structure of wall rock in the front of the tunnel face and realize accurate imaging of the geological framework of the tunnel wall rock. This method is very appropriate for geological prediction under complex geological conditions.展开更多
In view of the seismic exploration problem of thin sand reservoirs in the Songliao Basin, this paper puts forward a migration imaging method using CGP (common geophone point) stacked cylindrical waves. By this means...In view of the seismic exploration problem of thin sand reservoirs in the Songliao Basin, this paper puts forward a migration imaging method using CGP (common geophone point) stacked cylindrical waves. By this means, seismic data should be acquired from a midpoint shooting layout system with small shot-point spacing and small geophone interval. Using such seismic data, CGP gathers are first stacked to compose a cylindrical wave section. The cylindrical wave section is migrated and imaged by means of the ray path downward continuation of the down-going wave and the wave equation downward continuation of the upgoing wave. The results from the modeling analysis and the data processing of the TK8157 seismic line in the Songliao Basin shows that the proposed migration imaging method has higher seismic resolution and fidelity. Furthermore, the proposed method is proven to be more effective for discovering small sand bodies, small faults, stratigraphic pinch-outs, and so on.展开更多
Improving the focusing capability of pre-stack time migration allows the imaged section to reflect structural characteristics, depth, and interface shape and it is a key step for the preparation of the initial depth m...Improving the focusing capability of pre-stack time migration allows the imaged section to reflect structural characteristics, depth, and interface shape and it is a key step for the preparation of the initial depth migration velocity model. The traditional symmetrical travel time equation is derived based on the assumption of a layered model. It is difficult to achieve the desired effect of focusing in media with strong lateral variation. The nonsymmetrical travel time equation based on Lie algebra and a pseudo-differential operator contains a lateral velocity derivative which can improve the focusing capability even in strongly lateral variable media and also the computation precision of the weight coefficients for relative amplitude preservation. Compared with the symmetrical methods, the nonsymmetrical method is more effective. In this paper, we describe several key steps of nonsymmetric pre-stack travel time calculation and present some test results using synthetic and real data.展开更多
Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted wh...Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted when divergence and curl operators are used to separate the P- and S-waves. We present a P- and S-wave amplitude-preserving separation algorithm for the elastic wavefield extrapolation. First, we add the P-wave pressure and P-wave vibration velocity equation to the conventional elastic wave equation to decompose the P- and S-wave vectors. Then, we synthesize the scalar P- and S-wave from the vector P- and S-wave to obtain the scalar P- and S-wave. The amplitude-preserved separated P- and S-waves are imaged based on the vector wave reverse-time migration (RTM). This method ensures that the amplitude and phase of the separated P- and S-wave remain unchanged compared with the divergence and curl operators. In addition, after decomposition, the P-wave pressure and vibration velocity can be used to suppress the interlayer reflection noise and to correct the S-wave polarity. This improves the image quality of P- and S-wave in multicomponent seismic data and the true-amplitude elastic reverse time migration used in prestack inversion.展开更多
Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the imaging accuracy of subsurface complex geological structures. An accurate velocity field is critical to accurate imaging. Gaussian beam migration wa...Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the imaging accuracy of subsurface complex geological structures. An accurate velocity field is critical to accurate imaging. Gaussian beam migration was used to perform multicomponent migration velocity analysis of PP- and PS-waves. First, PP- and PS-wave Gaussian beam prestack depth migration algorithms that operate on common-offset gathers are presented to extract offsetdomain common-image gathers of PP- and PS-waves. Second, based on the residual moveout equation, the migration velocity fields of P- and S-waves are updated. Depth matching is used to ensure that the depth of the target layers in the PP- and PS-wave migration profiles are consistent, and high-precision P- and S-wave velocities are obtained. Finally, synthetic and field seismic data suggest that the method can be used effectively in multiwave migration velocity analysis.展开更多
The Pre-Stack Depth Migration (PSDM) method based on wavefield continuation is the most reliable method for imaging complex structure in the subsurface, although there are large computational costs and poorly adapti...The Pre-Stack Depth Migration (PSDM) method based on wavefield continuation is the most reliable method for imaging complex structure in the subsurface, although there are large computational costs and poorly adaptive geometry. Plane wave shot migration is another method to perform exact wave equation prestack imaging with high computational efficiency and without the migration aperture problem. Moreover, wavefield energy can be compensated at the target zone by controlled illumination. In this paper, plane wave shot PSDM was implemented by the control of the plane down-going wavefield and selection of number and range of the raypaths in order to optimize the imaging effect. In addition, controlled illumination techniques are applied to enhance the imaging precision of interesting areas at different depths. Numerical calculation indicates that plane wave shot imaging is a rapid and efficient method with less computational cost and easy parallel computation compared to the single-square-root operator imaging for common shot gathers and double- square-root operator imaging for common midpoint gathers.展开更多
Demigration refers to directly applying a specific imaging technique to a migrated section. It is applied primarily to seismic data mapping. In a previous research study, a time-efficient implementation technology of ...Demigration refers to directly applying a specific imaging technique to a migrated section. It is applied primarily to seismic data mapping. In a previous research study, a time-efficient implementation technology of demigration was expounded. In the present study, the Fast Marching Method (FMM) used for traveltime computation in the isochrone-staek demigration, is developed. Furthermore, other key techniques ( such as selection of aperture and antialiasing filtering factor) are analyzed in detail. Besides, the detail implementation method and program flow are given, which is shown their good computational efficiency and high-quality demi- gration effect. This implementation technique is illustrated with both the V(z) model and Marmousi model. It provides a basic method for implementing demigration in the application of seismic data mapping.展开更多
基金supported by the National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(Grant No.2013AA092501)the China Geological Survey Projects(Grant Nos.GZH201100303 and GZH201100305)
文摘To investigate the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of South China Sea, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey conducted four-component (4C) ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) surveys. A case study is presented to show the results of acquiring and processing OBS data for detecting gas hydrates. Key processing steps such as repositioning, reorientation, PZ summation, and mirror imaging are discussed. Repositioning and reorientation find the correct location and direction of nodes. PZ summation matches P- and Z-components and sums them to separate upgoing and downgoing waves. Upgoing waves are used in conventional imaging, whereas downgoing waves are used in mirror imaging. Mirror imaging uses the energy of the receiver ghost reflection to improve the illumination of shallow structures, where gas hydrates and the associated bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) are located. We developed a new method of velocity analysis using mirror imaging. The proposed method is based on velocity scanning and iterative prestack time migration. The final imaging results are promising. When combined with the derived velocity field, we can characterize the BSR and shallow structures; hence, we conclude that using 4C OBS can reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50674098)the 863 Program (Grant No.2006AA06Z207 & 2006AA06Z213)the 973 Program (Grant No.2007CB209601)
文摘Borehole acoustic reflection logging can provide high resolution images of nearborehole geological structure. However, the conventional seismic migration and imaging methods are not effective because the reflected waves are interfered with the dominant borehole-guided modes and there are only eight receiving channels per shot available for stacking. In this paper, we apply an equivalent offset migration method based on wave scattering theory to process the acoustic reflection imaging log data from both numerical modeling and recorded field data. The result shows that, compared with the routine post-stack depth migration method, the equivalent offset migration method results in higher stack fold and is more effective for near-borehole structural imaging with low SNR acoustic reflection log data.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2011 CB201002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41374117)the great and special projects(No.2011ZX05003-003,2011ZX05005-005-008 HZ,and 2011ZX05006-002)
文摘Angle-domain common-image gathers(ADCIGs) are the basic data in migration velocity analysis(MVA) and amplitude variation with angle(AVA) analysis. We propose a common-angle gather-generating scheme using Kirchhoff PSDM based on the traveltime gradient field. The scheme includes three major operations:(1) to calculate the traveltime field of the source and the receiver based on the dynamic programming approach;(2) to obtain the refl ection angle according to the traveltime gradient field in the image space; and(3) to generate the ADCIGs during the migration process. Because of the computation approach, the method for generating ADCIGs is superior to conventional ray-based methods. We use the proposed ADCIGs generation method in 3D large-scale seismic data. The key points of the method are the following.(1) We use common-shot datasets for migration,(2) we load traveltimes based on the shot aperture, and(3) we use the MPI and Open Mp memory sharing to decrease the amount of input and output(I/O). Numerical examples using synthetic data suggest that the ADCIGs improve the quality of the velocity and the effectiveness of the 3D angle-gather generation scheme.
基金supported by the 863 Program of China(No.2013AA064201)National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2016ZX05003-003)
文摘Various migration methods have been proposed to image high-angle geological structures and media with strong lateral velocity variations; however, the problems of low precision and high computational cost remain unresolved. To describe the seismic wave propagation in media with lateral velocity variations and to image high-angle structures, we propose the generalized screen propagator based on particle swarm optimization (PSO-GSP), for the precise fitting of the single-square-root operator. We use the 2D SEG/EAGE salt model to test the proposed PSO-GSP migration method to image the faults beneath the salt dome and compare the results to those of the conventional high-order generalized screen propagator (GSP) migration and split-step Fourier (SSF) migration. Moreover, we use 2D marine data from the South China Sea to show that the PSO-GSP migration can better image strong reflectors than conventional imaging methods.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2011CB201100)National Department of Science and Technology (No. 2008ZX05004-006)
文摘An improved method of generating angle-domain common-image gathers(ADCIGs) by VSP reverse time migration(RTM) is introduced in this paper.The formula which is used to compute the receiver wavefield for VSP RTM is modified by adding an amplitude correction term in order to conveniently output amplitude-preserved ADCIGs.Compared with the surface seismic data,VSP data contains much richer wavefields.However,the direct and downgoing waves can bring about serious imaging artifacts in ADCIGs,especially the direct wave.The feasibility and validity of this method is demonstrated by both numerical and real VSP data from western China.Thus,the ADCIGs from this method can provide reliable basic data for VSP migration velocity analysis,VSP AVO/AVA analysis,and inversion.
基金supported by the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2006AA09A102-11)the National Natural Science Fund of China (Grant No.40730424 and 40674064)
文摘The imaging of offset VSP data in local phase space can improve the image of the subsurface structure near the well.In this paper,we present a migration scheme for imaging VSP data in a local phase space,which uses the Gabor-Daubechies tight framebased extrapolator(G-D extrapolator) and its high-frequency asymptotic expansion to extrapolate wavefields and also delineates an improved correlation imaging condition in the local angle domain.The results for migrating synthetic and real VSP data demonstrate that the application of the high-frequency G-D extrapolator asymptotic expansion can effectively decrease computational complexity.The local angle domain correlation imaging condition can be used to weaken migration artifacts without increasing computation.
基金supported by the R&D of Key Instruments and Technologies for Deep Resources Prospecting(No.ZDYZ2012-1)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11374322)
文摘Knowledge of the locations of seismic sources is critical for microseismic monitoring. Time-window-based elastic wave interferometric imaging and weighted- elastic-wave (WEW) interferometric imaging are proposed and used to locate modeled microseismic sources. The proposed method improves the precision and eliminates artifacts in location profiles. Numerical experiments based on a horizontally layered isotropic medium have shown that the method offers the following advantages: It can deal with Iow-SNR microseismic data with velocity perturbations as well as relatively sparse receivers and still maintain relatively high precision despite the errors in the velocity model. Furthermore, it is more efficient than conventional traveltime inversion methods because interferometric imaging does not require traveltime picking. Numerical results using a 2D fault model have also suggested that the weighted-elastic-wave interferometric imaging can locate multiple sources with higher location precision than the time-reverse imaging method.
基金supported by the Important National Science&Technology Specific Projects(No.2011ZX05019-003)the New Method and Technology Research Project of Geophysical Exploration of CNPC(No.2014A-3612)
文摘Stacking velocity V_(C2),vertical velocity ratio γ_0,effective velocity ratio γ_(eff),and anisotropic parameter x_(eff) are correlated in the PS-converted-wave(PS-wave) anisotropic prestack Kirchhoff time migration(PKTM) velocity model and are thus difficult to independently determine.We extended the simplified two-parameter(stacking velocity V_(C2) and anisotropic parameter k_(eff)) moveout equation from stacking velocity analysis to PKTM velocity model updating and formed a new four-parameter(stacking velocity V_(C2),vertical velocity ratio γ_0,effective velocity ratio γ_(eff),and anisotropic parameter k_(eff)) PS-wave anisotropic PKTM velocity model updating and process flow based on the simplified twoparameter moveout equation.In the proposed method,first,the PS-wave two-parameter stacking velocity is analyzed to obtain the anisotropic PKTM initial velocity and anisotropic parameters;then,the velocity and anisotropic parameters are corrected by analyzing the residual moveout on common imaging point gathers after prestack time migration.The vertical velocity ratio γ_0 of the prestack time migration velocity model is obtained with an appropriate method utilizing the P- and PS-wave stacked sections after level calibration.The initial effective velocity ratio γ_(eff) is calculated using the Thomsen(1999) equation in combination with the P-wave velocity analysis;ultimately,the final velocity model of the effective velocity ratio γ_(eff) is obtained by percentage scanning migration.This method simplifies the PS-wave parameter estimation in high-quality imaging,reduces the uncertainty of multiparameter estimations,and obtains good imaging results in practice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41004045)Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-EW-QN503)
文摘We present an effective denoising strategy for two-way wave equation migration. Three dominant artifact types are analyzed and eliminated by an optimized imaging condition. We discuss a previously unsolved beam-like artifact, which is probably caused by the cross-correlation of downward transmitting and upward scattering waves from both the source and receiver side of a single seismic shot. This artifact has relatively strong cross- correlation but carries no useful information from reflectors. The beam-like artifact widely exists in pre-stack imaging and has approximately the same amplitude as useful seismic signals. In most cases, coherent artifacts in the image are caused by directionally propagating energy. Based on propagation angles obtained by wavefield gradients, we identify the artifact energy and subtract its contribution in the imaging condition. By this process most artifacts can be accurately eliminated, including direct wave artifacts, scattering artifacts, and beam- like artifacts. This method is independent of the wavefield propagator and is easy to adapt to almost all current wave equation migration methods if needed. As this method deals with the physical artifact origins, little damage is caused to the seismic signal. Extra k-domain filtering can additionally enhance the stacking result image quality. This method succeeds in the super-wide-angle one-way migration and we can expect its success in other two-way wave equation migrations and especially in reverse time migration.
基金sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41874139)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41674124)Jilin Province Foundation for Excellent Youths(No.20190103139JH)
文摘With the development of seismic exploration,passive-source seismic data has attracted increasing attention.Ambient noise passive seismic sources exists widely in nature and industrial production.Passive seismic data is important in logging while drilling(LWD),large-scale structural exploration,etc.In this paper,we proposed a passive multiple reverse time migration imaging(PMRTMI)method based on wavefield decomposition and normalized imaging conditions method.This method differs from seismic interferometry in that it can use raw passive seismic data directly in RTM imaging without reconstruction of virtual active gather,and we use the wavefield decomposition method to eliminate the low frequency noise in RTM.Further,the energy normalized imaging condition is used in full wavefield decomposition,which can not only enhance the image quality of both edge and deep information but also overcome the wrong energy problem caused by uneven distribution of passive sources;furthermore,this method exhibits high efficiency.Finally,numerical examples with the Marmousi model show the effectiveness of the method.
文摘Typical existing methods of tunnel geological prediction include negative apparent velocity, horizontal seismic profile, and the Tunnel Seismic Prediction (TSP) method as this technology is under development at home and abroad. Considering simpler observational methods and data processing, it is hard to accurately determine the seismic velocity of the wall rock in the front of the tunnel face. Therefore, applying these defective methods may result in inaccurate geological inferences which will not provide sufficient evidence for classifying the wall rock characteristics. This paper proposes the Tunnel Seismic Tomography (TST) method using a spatial observation arrangement and migration and travel time inversion image processing to solve the problem of analyzing the velocity structure of wall rock in the front of the tunnel face and realize accurate imaging of the geological framework of the tunnel wall rock. This method is very appropriate for geological prediction under complex geological conditions.
文摘In view of the seismic exploration problem of thin sand reservoirs in the Songliao Basin, this paper puts forward a migration imaging method using CGP (common geophone point) stacked cylindrical waves. By this means, seismic data should be acquired from a midpoint shooting layout system with small shot-point spacing and small geophone interval. Using such seismic data, CGP gathers are first stacked to compose a cylindrical wave section. The cylindrical wave section is migrated and imaged by means of the ray path downward continuation of the down-going wave and the wave equation downward continuation of the upgoing wave. The results from the modeling analysis and the data processing of the TK8157 seismic line in the Songliao Basin shows that the proposed migration imaging method has higher seismic resolution and fidelity. Furthermore, the proposed method is proven to be more effective for discovering small sand bodies, small faults, stratigraphic pinch-outs, and so on.
基金This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB209603), Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 40830424), State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Geo-detection Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for their sponsorship (GPMR 200633, GDL0801).
文摘Improving the focusing capability of pre-stack time migration allows the imaged section to reflect structural characteristics, depth, and interface shape and it is a key step for the preparation of the initial depth migration velocity model. The traditional symmetrical travel time equation is derived based on the assumption of a layered model. It is difficult to achieve the desired effect of focusing in media with strong lateral variation. The nonsymmetrical travel time equation based on Lie algebra and a pseudo-differential operator contains a lateral velocity derivative which can improve the focusing capability even in strongly lateral variable media and also the computation precision of the weight coefficients for relative amplitude preservation. Compared with the symmetrical methods, the nonsymmetrical method is more effective. In this paper, we describe several key steps of nonsymmetric pre-stack travel time calculation and present some test results using synthetic and real data.
基金supported by Special Research Grant for Non-profit Public Service(No.201511037)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41504109,41506084,and 41406071)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015M582060)Qingdao Municipal Applied Research Projects(No.2015308)
文摘Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted when divergence and curl operators are used to separate the P- and S-waves. We present a P- and S-wave amplitude-preserving separation algorithm for the elastic wavefield extrapolation. First, we add the P-wave pressure and P-wave vibration velocity equation to the conventional elastic wave equation to decompose the P- and S-wave vectors. Then, we synthesize the scalar P- and S-wave from the vector P- and S-wave to obtain the scalar P- and S-wave. The amplitude-preserved separated P- and S-waves are imaged based on the vector wave reverse-time migration (RTM). This method ensures that the amplitude and phase of the separated P- and S-wave remain unchanged compared with the divergence and curl operators. In addition, after decomposition, the P-wave pressure and vibration velocity can be used to suppress the interlayer reflection noise and to correct the S-wave polarity. This improves the image quality of P- and S-wave in multicomponent seismic data and the true-amplitude elastic reverse time migration used in prestack inversion.
基金supported by the National Special Fund of China(No.2011ZX05035-001-006HZ,2011ZX05008-006-22,2011ZX05049-01-02,and 2011ZX05019-003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41104084)the PetroChina Innovation Foundation(No.2011D-5006-0303)
文摘Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the imaging accuracy of subsurface complex geological structures. An accurate velocity field is critical to accurate imaging. Gaussian beam migration was used to perform multicomponent migration velocity analysis of PP- and PS-waves. First, PP- and PS-wave Gaussian beam prestack depth migration algorithms that operate on common-offset gathers are presented to extract offsetdomain common-image gathers of PP- and PS-waves. Second, based on the residual moveout equation, the migration velocity fields of P- and S-waves are updated. Depth matching is used to ensure that the depth of the target layers in the PP- and PS-wave migration profiles are consistent, and high-precision P- and S-wave velocities are obtained. Finally, synthetic and field seismic data suggest that the method can be used effectively in multiwave migration velocity analysis.
基金This project is sporspored by Fund item:the National Development and Innovation Committee Program (2005) 2372the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) 2006AA06Z241 of ChinaYouth Innovation Fund of CNPC (Program:Prestack Imaging Integral Study for Complex near Surface)
文摘The Pre-Stack Depth Migration (PSDM) method based on wavefield continuation is the most reliable method for imaging complex structure in the subsurface, although there are large computational costs and poorly adaptive geometry. Plane wave shot migration is another method to perform exact wave equation prestack imaging with high computational efficiency and without the migration aperture problem. Moreover, wavefield energy can be compensated at the target zone by controlled illumination. In this paper, plane wave shot PSDM was implemented by the control of the plane down-going wavefield and selection of number and range of the raypaths in order to optimize the imaging effect. In addition, controlled illumination techniques are applied to enhance the imaging precision of interesting areas at different depths. Numerical calculation indicates that plane wave shot imaging is a rapid and efficient method with less computational cost and easy parallel computation compared to the single-square-root operator imaging for common shot gathers and double- square-root operator imaging for common midpoint gathers.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41274120)
文摘Demigration refers to directly applying a specific imaging technique to a migrated section. It is applied primarily to seismic data mapping. In a previous research study, a time-efficient implementation technology of demigration was expounded. In the present study, the Fast Marching Method (FMM) used for traveltime computation in the isochrone-staek demigration, is developed. Furthermore, other key techniques ( such as selection of aperture and antialiasing filtering factor) are analyzed in detail. Besides, the detail implementation method and program flow are given, which is shown their good computational efficiency and high-quality demi- gration effect. This implementation technique is illustrated with both the V(z) model and Marmousi model. It provides a basic method for implementing demigration in the application of seismic data mapping.