Phylogenetic Relationships of Caragana(Fabaceae) by the Use of nrITS Sequences

[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships of Cara- gana （Fabaceae） by the use of nrlTS sequences. [Method] Internal transcribed spac- er （ITS） sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA （nrDNA） from 29 taxa of Caragana species and seven close relatives （all belong to Astralinae （Adens） Benth） were used for phylogenetic analysis. [Result] Length of the entire ITS region ranges from 611 to 614 bp in Caragana species. The aligned sequences nrlTS of Caragana are 655 bp, and 170 sites are variable, with 107 phylogenetically informative sites. The phylogenetically informative sites are 16.3% of the total aligned sequences. The ITS sequences data are useful to resolve some relationships at lower taxonomic levels within Caragana. The Caragana Fabr. is not a monophyletic group with very close connection with Calophaca tianschanica. The ITS data revealed that the species of Sect. tragacanthoides were dispersed in MP tree or ME tree. Although the morphol- ogy of C. ordosica is similar to C. tibetica, the ITS results revealed an unexpectedly close relativeship to C. roborovskyi. The ITS data also indicate C. davazamcii, C. korshinskii, C. intermedia, and C. microphylla are different species. [Conclusion] ITS sequences have an important reference value in exploring the relationships of Cara- gana.

Pediatric lupus nephritis: Management update

Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus （cSLE） is a severe multisystem autoimmune disease. Renal involvement occurs in the majority of cSLE patients and is often fatal. Renal biopsy is an important investigation in the management of lupus nephritis. Treatment of renal lupus consists of an induction phase and main-tenance phase. Treatment of childhood lupus nephritis using steroids is associated with poor outcome and excess side-effects. The addition of cyclophosphamide to the treatment schedule has improved disease control. In view of treatment failure using these drugs and a tendency for non-adherence, many newer agents such as immune-modulators and monoclonal antibodies are being tried in patients with cSLE. Trials of these novel agents in the pediatric population are still lacking making a consensus in the management protocol of pediatric lupus nephritis diffcult.

Usefulness of a scoring system in the interpretation of histology in neonatal cholestasis

AIM:To ascertain the usefulness of a histological scoring system devised to assist in the interpretation of liver histology in neonatal cholestasis(NC) .METHODS:Liver biopsy specimens obtained from infants with NC referred to a tertiary pediatric unit in Malaysia were prospectively studied.The first author,blinded to the final diagnosis,devised the histological diagnosis based on a 7-feature(portal ductal proliferation,bile plugs in portal ductules,portoportal bridging,lymphocytic infiltration in portal region,multinucleated hepatocytes,neutrophilic infiltration,hepatocellular swelling) ,15-point(0 to 15) scoring system.The author classified the histological diagnosis as either biliary atresia(BA) or neonatal hepatitis(NH,all other diagnoses) ,and subsequently compared the author's diagnosis with the final diagnosis.RESULTS:Eighty-four biopsy specimens obtained from 78 patients were reviewed.Without the scoring system,BA was correctly diagnosed by the author histologically in 30 cases,labelled as NH in 3.For other diagnoses,BA was excluded correctly in 33 cases and mislabeled as BA in 2 cases.The overall sensitivity for BA was 91%,specificity 86% and accuracy 88%.With the scoring system,a score of ≥ 7 had the best diagnostic utility to differentiate BA from other intrahepatic cholestasis histologically(sensitivity 88%,specificity 94%,accuracy 92%) .Four patients with a score < 7 had BA,and 3 patients with a score ≥ 7 had NH.CONCLUSION:A 7-feature,15-point histological scoring system had good diagnostic accuracy in the interpretation of liver histology in neonatal cholestasis.

Modeling of Ship Maneuvering Motion Using Neural Networks

In this paper, Neural Networks （NNs） are used in the modeling of ship maneuvering motion. A nonlinear response model and a linear hydrodynamic model of ship maneuvering motion are also investigated. The maneuverability indices and linear non-dimensional hydrodynamic derivatives in the models are identified by using two-layer feed forward NNs. The stability of parametric estimation is confirmed. Then, the ship maneuvering motion is predicted based on the obtained models. A comparison between the predicted results and the model test results demonstrates the validity of the proposed modeling method.

Modeling and Simulation of aCounter-Rotating Turbine System for Underwater Vehicles

The structure of a counter-rotating turbine of an underwater vehicle is designed by adding the counter-rotating second-stage turbine disk to the conventional single-stage turbine. The available kinetic energy and the absorption power of the auxiliary system are calculated at different working conditions, and the results show that the power of the main engine and auxiliary system at the counter-rotating turbine system matches well with each other. The technology scheme of the counter-rotating turbine system is proposed, then the experimental simulation of the lubricating oil loop, fuel loop, and seawater loop is completed. The simulation results indicate that the hydraulic transmission system can satisfy the requirements for an underwater vehicle running at a steady sailing or variable working conditions.

A Multi-Agent Expert System for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

When a child abuse situation arises, the responsible agencies and entities in charge of response should be capable of providing a fast and personalized solution for the good of the child. This need leads the authors to consider the formation of dynamic virtual organizations tailored to each particular abuse case. In the authors＇ approach the partner selection of these collaborative networks is done through a software tool that combines two technologies from the field of artificial intelligence, specifically multi-agent systems and expert systems. In addition, these partners come from the breeding environment constituted by all the agencies or individuals, either in a region or locality, which have the potential of response.

Effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy on pain in children:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aims:Animal-assisted therapy(AAT)relieves pain by creating a relaxed and comfortable environment to reduce anxiety in children.Yet little is known about its effects on pain in children.This study aims to systematically evaluate the effects of AAT on pain in children.Methods:Eight databases including PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CINAHL Complete,Chinese Biomedical Database(CBM),Weipu Database(VIP),China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database(CNKI)and Wanfang Database were retrieved,and all randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trial using AAT on children’s pain were recruited from inception to October 2019.Two reviewers independently screened literature,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies.RevMan 5.3 software was employed for meta-analysis.Results:Seven published studies containing 4 RCTs and 3 CCTs were included for the systematic review.The results of meta-analysis showed that AAT could reduce children’s pain when compared with the control group[MD=-0.53,95%CI(-0.77,-0.30),P<0.00001].Conclusion:Current evidence shows that AAT can relieve pain in children to some extent.Considering the limited quality and quantity of the available studies,more high quality studies should be performed to verify the above conclusion.

Simultaneous integrated boost IMRT in pediatric:evaluation for two commercial treatment planning systems

Objective： The aim of the work was to compare the dosimetric results that were obtained by using two treatment planning systems （TPS） Siemens KonRad version 2.2.23, Elekta XiO version 4.4 to perform a simultaneous integrated boost （SIB） for head and neck and central nervous system （CNS） cases in paediatric patients. Methods： The CT scan data for five paediatric patients, with head and neck and CNS tumors, were transferred into both of the TPSs. Clinical step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT） treatment plans were designed using 6 MV photon beam for delivery on a Siemens Oncor Accelerator with multileaf collimator MLC （82 leaf）. Plans were optimized to achieve the same clinical objectives using the same beam energy, number and direction of beams. The analysis was based on isodose distributions, the dose volume histogram （DVH） for planning target volume （PTV） and the relevant organs at risk （OARs） as well as volume receiving 2 Gy and 5 Gy, also total number of segments, MU/segment, and the number of MU/cGy had been investigated. Treatment delivery time and conformation number were two other parameters in this study. Results： The segmentation using KonRad was more efficient, resulting in fewer segments （reduction between 13.2% and 48.3%）, fewer M Us （reduction between 10.7% and 33%） and that reflected on treatment delivery times to be shorter by up to 8 rain or 46%. In most of the cases KonRad had the highest volume receiving in excess of 2 and 5 Gy, and XiO showed the lowest. Also KonRad achieved slightly better conformality （0.76 ± 0.054） than XiO （0.73 ± 0.05） while XiO presented a higher modulation factor value （3.3 MU/cGy） than KonRad （2.4 MU/cGy）. Conclusion： The KonRad treatment planning system was found to be superior to the XiO treatment planning system. This is true for the possible increase of radiation-induced secondary malignancies as well as for the local control.

Analysis on Factors Related to Rabies Epidemic in China from 2007-2011

To analyze features of the rabies epidemic in China between 2007 and 2011, identify factors influencing the epidemic and to provide a scientific basis for further control and prevention of rabies, Descriptive epidemiological methods and statistical analysis was used on data collected from the National Disease Reporting Information System between 2007 to 2011 and the National Active Surveillance System between 2007 and 2010. Our analysis shows that while the number of human rabies cases decreased year by year, the number of districts reporting cases did not show significant change. The situations in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Hunan provinces clearly improved over the period but they remain provinces with high-incidence, and consequently influence the epidemic situation of surrounding provinces and possibly the whole country. Summer and autumn were high-incidence seasons. Farmers, students and pre-school children represent the high-risk populations, and rates of cases in farmers increased, those for students decreased, and pre-school children remained unchanged. Provinces with active surveillance programs reported a total of 2346 individual cases, of which 88.53% were associated with canines. Postexposure prophylaxis （PEP） of rabies cases was not significantly improved, whereas PEP in post-exposure population was good. In rural regions of China, canine density was reduced somewhat, and the immunization rate increased slightly. Finally we show that while the epidemic decreased 2007 to 2011 in China, cases continued to be diffused in certain regions. Lack of standardization of PEP on rabies eases was the main reason of morbidity. The high density and low immunization of dog in rural areas and the defective situation of PEP are still continuous occurrences in China and remain a cause for concern.

Interactive Multimodal Narrative as an Approach to Developing Emergent Literacy in Early Childhood Education

At present, the Portuguese education system promotes the development of new literacies in all education levels in response to new requirements of the digital world which imply changes in children＇s education. In fact, reading and writing are no longer limited exclusively to books, rather they are associated with diversified digital media integrating text, sound, image, and video. In this context, we developed an exploratory study in a kindergarten with the children and their family members. Data were collected through participant observation, children conversational interviews, and digital narratives produced by children. Data analysis is based on content analysis with NVivo software support. The emergence of literacy is evident in verbal interactions in peer-group work, in contact with the written text, in ＂writing＂ in various media, and in sharing knowledge, discoveries, and digital narratives produced in an online community （http：//janelajardim.ning.com）. This paper presents： （1） a systematic literature review in the field of digital narrative and emergent literacy; （2） the description of children＇s activities concerning interactive multimodal narrative; （3） the results of this work; and （4） the conclusion about contribution of multimodal narratives to the emergence of reading, writing, and digital skills

Pre-treatment verification of intensity-modulated radiation therapy in paediatric patients: adequate estimation for tolerance limits

Objective: The objective of this work was to establish adequate tolerance limits based on a certain defined institutional indices and generate published data presenting our results to the radiotherapy community. Methods: One hundred paediatric patients were treated using 6-MV X-ray beams produced by Siemens ONCOR Expression linear accelerator. The clinical step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans were designed using KonRad release 2.2.23. For two treatment sites (abdomen, head and neck), the fluence maps generated by the treatment planning system were all delivered for the quality assurance (QA) which included absolute dose verification for all treatment fields, relative dose verification for each treatment field. Results: The 724 fluence maps were analyzed at three different criteria using the gamma index tool. The 3% dose difference of local prescribed dose /3 mm was considered adequate. The passing rate for all fields of all plans always exceeded 70%. The dose differences between the measured and calculated doses ranged from -2.2% to +4% [mean and standard deviation (s): 1.4 ± 1.5] for the abdominal case, and from -3.3% to +5.6% (1.3 ± 1.6) for head and neck case with total confidence limit 0.046 (4.6%). The 14/100 (14%) of the absolute point dose measurements were out of ±3% from the dose predicted by the treatment planning system. Only two cases were below -3%, while 12 cases over +3%. Conclusion: At 3% dose difference of local prescribed dose /3 mm criteria, a 75% passing a gamma criterion and 3% for absolute point dose can be achieved for abdomen and head and neck treatments site. We considered the tolerance limits based on these indices for IMRT QA adequate.

Children witness --a systematic research

In China, children witness has not been articled in three procedural laws, some scholar do not think that either children nor other person with no legal capacity should have witness qualification.In fact, although some other countries do not admit the qualification of children witnesses under certain age, they do not take it as the factor to measure whether a witness has qualification or not. It is the judge who can decide whether a witness has qualification or not. Based on the these foreign countries＇s experience, we should not limit the qualification of children witnesses in the legislation. However, for the particularity of children＇s cognitive ability, we should embody this particularity when we judge children＇s testimony and protect children witnesses.

A review of the treatment of cerebral palsy in children

Childhood cerebral palsy （CP） is one of the most serious and common diseases of the central nervous system. It results in high morbidity and treatment cost, and cannot be cured. It has a detrimental effect on families of children with CP, seriously affects the quality of life, causes significant mental stress, and places a great economic burden on society. At present, physical training and drug therapy are mainly used to treat CP in children at home and abroad. However, plentiful evidence has shown that the efficacy of drugs, surgery, and therapies used over the previous decades is limited. The use of more appropriate comprehensive treatment that involves improving the quality of life to social participation is helpful and meaningful for children with CP and their carers. Based on the literature and guidelines from home and abroad, this article analyzes the main treatments used, including rehabilitation treatment, drug therapy, stem cell therapy, surgical treatment, and the treatment of complications, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of various treatments. It provides a reference for patients with CP to help choose treatment methods and a new idea for research on the treatment of CP .

Preschoolers＇ Learning Disabilities Assessment： New Perspectives in Computerized Clinical Tools

This study looks into new perspectives in preschoolers＇ assessment of being at risk for learning disabilities. Precisely, two innovative assessment approaches are examined in order to reveal new research perspectives. The first tool, a traditional approach, is the ＂Early Dyslexia Identification Test＂ and the second tool, a computerized approach, is an lnternet based Speech Pathology Diagnostic Expert System named ＂APLo＂. Both evaluate the sectors of phonological awareness, memory, psychomotor development, pre-writing and pre-reading skills in Greek. The findings o f the current study formulate three directions： （1） the complementary of speech language and learning disorders as a systemic approach, （2） the diagnosis of suspicious factors and compatibilities of learning disabilities even at the preschool age, and （3） the application of alternative methods of assessment aiming for a multidimentional approach with the combined prospect and potential of web tools in the early diagnosis and intervention in learning disabilities.

Inclusion or Exclusion of Roma Children From the Serbian Educational System？

The Roma represents one of the major ethnolinguistic minorities in Serbia. According to the last census, 108,193 Roma citizens live in the Republic of Serbia, and they represent 1.44% of the total population. Because of the frequent migrations and unreported places of residence, it may be considered that this data do not demonstrate the real situation. According to the unofficial data of the Ministry for Human and Minority Rights, it is considered that there are between 400 to 500 thousand Roma citizens in Serbia. Due to a number of economic and social reasons less than 40% of Roma children become part of the overall formal education system. Even though many Non-Governmental Organization （NGO） programs try to include Roma children into educational system, segregation and discrimination are still present. The causes tbr exclusion of the Roma children from the Serbian educational system are numerous： poor economic situation of Roma families, complicated bureaucracy, and low level of competence in language of education, etc.. This paper examines the main reasons for exclusion of the Roma children from the Serbian educational system, and offers some ideas for programs that could change the present situation and help Roma children integrate in educational system and society.

Children witness a systematic research

in China, children witness has not been articled in three procedural laws, some scholar do not think that either children nor other person with no legal capacity should have witness qualification.in fact, although some other countries do not admit the qualification of children witnesses under certain age,they do not take it as the factor to measure whether a witness has qualification or not.It is the judge who can decide whether a witness has qualification or not.Based on the these foreign counlries＇ s experience,we should not limit the qualification of children witnesses in the legislation. However, for the particularity of children＇s cognitive ability,we should embody this particularity when we judge children＇s testimony and protect children witnesses.

The Impact of the Gender on Children＇s Attitudes Toward Their Disabled Peers： The Albania＇s Case

Children＇s attitudes toward their disabled peers impact the process of scholastic integration of children with special needs. The study aimed to measure the impact of students＇ gender on their attitudes toward disability. It used the CATCH test （Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes Toward Children With Handicaps） for measuring children＇s attitudes. In the study participated 1,050 students. Also interviews and focus groups with the teachers were made in order to get their opinions about pupils＇ attitudes toward their disabled peers. Based on the analysis of the data, it resulted that the attitude of pupils toward their peers with disabilities was positive. Affective components and behavioral ones were favorable, while the cognitive component was not favorable. The gender of the pupils affects the general attitude and the results of affective and behavioral components of attitude of pupils toward their peers with disabilities. There is no statistically based relationship between gender and the results of cognitive component of attitude of pupils toward their peers with disabilities. There are given some recommendations in order to promote positive attitudes toward pupils with disabilities and to improve the process and structure of learning.

A Comparison of the Main Features of Suzuki and Traditional Violin Education

In early childhood education it is important to determine a child＇s ability or attitude towards different subjects Training and/or education geared towards these tendencies will not only ensure a more healthy future choice in education for the child but furthermore will enable the child to have a happier educational atmosphere in early childhood. Music education/training in early childhood is considered to be very important in early years. Music education/training, in the correct and proper context using tangible and feasible teaching techniques not only improves and develops a child＇s musical skills but also helps develop his/her personality. Two people who shared this view were Zolt^n Kod^ly and Shinichi Suzuki. Suzuki positively affected the educational systems worldwide with his approach to violin teaching and his ideas on early childhood pedagogy. Choosing between the Suzuki violin teaching methodology and the traditional violin teaching methodology is a personal decision. This article tries to objectively elaborate on different aspects of Suzuki and traditional violin teaching methodologies. Each methodology has its pros and cons and knowing what these are will help individuals to make a more educated choice.

Place, Architecture Design and Thermal Comfort： A Municipal Day Care Childhood Center in Col6nia Z3, Pelotas/RS, Brazil

This article reports the discussion about the multiple relations between architectural design and ＂place＂ using two different approaches in order to characterize the interfaces of design challenges. The first is qualitative, highlighting the lack of dialogue between the standard-project architecture, the guidelines recommended by the COEDI （Coordenagao Geral de Educao Infantil （General Coordination of Early Childhood Education）） of the Ministry of Education, socio-technical and cultural-environmental context and pedagogy. The second, more quantitative, addresses the problems generated by dissociation between the constructive solutions and the bioclimatic demands of different insertion contexts of architectural design in the Brazilian Bioclimatic Zone 2. Initially planned to use a conventional building system, it was transposed to the Wall System, developed by MVC Componentes Pl^tsticos Ltda. The simulation evaluates and compares the level of thermal comfort of the building with two envelope systems. The study reports the analysis of the thermal comfort of a Type C unit, based on thermodynamic simulation, through the software Design Builder （version 4.2.0.054）. The analysis of the building simulation results was based on the adaptive comfort model ASHRAE 55/2010. Later, three optimization measures of the thermal comfort level of the building were tested, based on thermal insulation and absorptance coverage, in addition to sun protection system design for the window frames. Preliminary results for the level of comfort of long permanence environments indicate a tow level of thermal comfort, the 50% in MVC system and around 60% in the conventional system, and also that the greater discomfort comes from the heat. Based on performance optimization measures of building, the MVC system reached 66.4% of thermal comfort compared to 62% in the conventional system. The results show the importance of adapting the standard project to the local climatic context.

Process Capability Analysis of Delivering Neonatal Care with Normal Weight （Case Study of Neonatal Weight Data at a Maternity Clinic in Banjarmasin）

Statistical Quality Control （SQC） is used to analyze and monitor quality characteristic measurements of normal neonatal weight in a maternity clinic in Banjarmasin in this paper. The objective of this study is to assist medical practitioners in observing pregnant women to deliver their babies with normal weight. It is also assumed that pregnant women who delivered their babies in the clinic have been monitored during their nine-month pregnancy. Thus, they can manage their own pregnancy to deliver normal weight babies. The use of Statistical Process Control （SPC） tools, such as frequency histogram, probability plot, and the implementation of Shewhart, R, and S control charts as primary techniques, are presented to display the monitoring aspects of the process. In addition, Process Capability Analysis （PCA） is performed to ensure that the process outcomes are capable of meeting certain requirements or specifications. The Process Capability Ratio （PCR） for the process is also presented. This analysis is an essential part of an overall quality improvement program.