《牛津现代中国文学手册》与元—方法论的建构

新世纪以来,英语世界的现代中国文学研究取得了重要进展,其中以罗鹏(Carlos Rojas)、白安卓(Andrea Bachner)主编的《牛津现代中国文学手册》为代表,展现了海外现代中国文学研究新的角度、思路与方法。《手册》深受西方学术传统和文化语境的影响,在跨语际、跨文化的背景下重点考察多元化的现代中国文学,试图打破传统研究方式的僵硬化、模式化、均质化,旨在探索文学文本解读的多种可能性,体现了文学研究自觉的方法论探索与反思。《手册》构建的元—方法论理论模式,深入中国现代文学的内在机杼,揭示复杂的文学现象的多样性和流变性,为全球范围的现代中国文学研究带来了新的方法论启示。

Stability analysis of a concrete gravity dam and its foundation

The stability of dams and their foundations is an important problem to which dam engineers have paid close attention over the years. This paper presented two methods to analyze the stability of a gravity dam and its foundation. The direct analysis method was based on a rigid limit equilibrium method which regarded both dam and the rock foundation as undeformable rigid bodies. In this method, the safety factor of potential sliding surfaces was computed directly. The second method, the indirect analysis method, was based on elasto-plastic theory and employs nonlinear finite element method (FEM) in the analysis of stresses and deformation in the dam and its foundation. The determination of the safety degree of the structure was based on the convergence and abrupt the change criterion. The results obtained showed that structures' constituent material behavior played an active role in the failure of engineered structures in addition to the imposed load.

THE PROBLEM OF LARGE DEFORMATION IN SOFTROCK ENGINEERING AND PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR-HEAVING

At present, the mechanics theories studying softrock engineering generally depend onlinear small-deformation hypothesis of chosital mechanics. Although these theorics can be considered with the physical non-linear features of softrock, it is still an approximate theory of geometricsmall-deformation. Because of the specific characteristics of medium environment, the problem ofsoftrock engineering should be thought as large deformation. This article wili prove the advantagesof large deformation theory in solving softrock problem with an example of the No. 2 pit of NalongCoal Mine. This will provide a beneficai method for the studying of large deformation mechanics ofsoftrock engineering.

Development of a Methodology for Determination and Analysis of Thermal Displacements of Machine Tools Using Finite Elements Method and Artificial Neural Network

In the processes of manufacturing, MT （machine tools） plays an important role in the manufacture of work pieces with complex and high dimensional and geometric accuracy. Much of the errors of a machine tool are those which are thermally induced which are from internal and external heat sources acting on the machine. In this paper, a methodology for determining and analyzing the thermal deformation of machine tools using FEM （finite element method） and ANN （artificial neural networks） is presented. After modeling the machine using FEM is defined the location of the heat sources, it is possible to obtain the temperature gradient and the corresponding thermal deformation at predetermined periods. Results obtained with simulations using the software NX.7.5 showed that this methodology is an effective tool in determining the thermal deformation of the machine, correlating the temperature reading at strategic points with volumetric deformation at the tool tip. Therefore, the thermal analysis of the errors in the pair tool part can be established. After training and validation process, the network will be able to make the prediction of thermal errors just stating the temperature values of specific points of each heat source, providing a way for compensation of thermally induced errors.

A Methodology for Bridge Condition Evaluation

Due to the substantial role of bridges in transportation networks and in accordance with the limited funding for bridge management, remediation strategies have to be prioritised. A conservative bridge assessment will result in unnecessary actions, such as costly bridge strengthening or repairs. On the other hand, any bridge maintenance negligence and delayed actions may lead to heavy future costs or degraded assets. The accuracy of decisions developed by any manager or bridge engineer relies on the accuracy of the bridge condition assessment which emanates from visual inspection. Many bridge rating systems are based on a very subjective procedure and are associated with uncertainty and personal bias. The developing condition rating method described herein is an important step in adding more holism and objectivity to the current approaches. Structural importance and material vulnerability are the two main factors that should be considered in the evaluation of element structural index and the causal factor as the representative of age, environment, road class and inspection is implemented as a coefficient to the OSCI （overall structural condition index）. The AHP （analytical hierarchy process） has been applied to evaluate the priority vector of the causal parameters.

Analysis of the Adjacent Terrain Effect on the Properties of Ground Motion

The explicit finite element analysis method combined with the artificial transmitting boundary theory is performed to evaluate the adjacent terrain effects on ground motion,and the influence of the distance between adjacent terrains on the topographical amplification effects on ground motion is studied. The results show that:( 1) Compared to the case of a single hill,the presence of adjacent hills has little effect on the shape of the spectral ratio curve,but has a significant effect on the value of spectral ratio,which is dependent on the locations of observation points.( 2) The presence of adjacent hills has a greater effect on high-frequency ground motion,and with the increase of the distance between adjacent hills,such an effect weakens gradually,and the effect of the composite topography combined with multiple hills on ground motion gradually approaches that of a single hill.

A New Approach Based on“Sign-Phenomenology”and its Contributions to Western Aesthetic Study

In the traditional study of western aesthetics.dualism plays an important role.On the one hand,when we take a critical attitude to the study,we can see that it distinguishes“the beauty itself”from the beautiful thing,placing the idea(eidos)of beauty and the experiential thing which will be judged beautiful or not into two worlds(Plato).Its advantage is that it helps the latecomers to explore the nature of beauty thoroughly(Aristotle).lets the scholars understand beauty deeply.Its disadvantage,however,is very obvious;it puts the profound activity of sensing beauty into a dull and dry cognitive process,obscuring the richness and vividness of beauty.Especially,when some scholars who are influenced by cognition strongly take sensing beauty as judgment of beauty(Kant),they put aside the real situation of beauty.On the other hand,we need to explore the new approach to aesthetic study;a new theory based on Peirce and Husserl,which we call“sign-phenomenology”,can fulfill the task.It offers five principles and overcomes the disadvantages of the tradition,giving new insight and creation.Under its first principle“To the things themselves(zu den Sachen selbst)”,sensing beauty is taken as a generative activity,which deploys the skill of sensuous organs,reasoning,emotion,etc.Especially,the meaning of beauty is not added to or judged passively;instead,it emerges or originates actively.One of the most important contributions of the theory comes from the triadic relationship applied to substitute the old dualistic one.Generally speaking,the theory of“sign-phenomenology”,as a new approach,ought to broaden our horizons of western aesthetics study.

Multiculturalism or Cosmopolitanism： How Can We Describe and Understand the Diversity of the World？

Over the last decades the cultural, social and political landscapes of diversity are changing radically, but we do not even have the language through which contemporary superdiversity in the world can be described, conceptualized, understood, explained and researched. Many of the social thoughts and political actions on issues of diversity are now dominated by methodological nationalism and multiculturalism which, however, have to be called into question. As opposed to methodological nationalism, methodological cosmopolitanism is a promising lens through which to look at questions of diversity. And it is essential to draw an essential distinction between ＂cosmopolitanism＂ in a normative philosophical sense and ＂cosmopolitanization＂ as a structural phenomenon and as a social scientific research programme. Philosophical and normative cosmopolitanism can be combined with cosmopolitan social science to create a cosmopolitan realism.

A POSTERIORI ERROR ANALYSIS OF NONCONFORMING METHODS FOR THE EIGENVALUE PROBLEM

This paper extends the unifying theory for a posteriori error analysis of the nonconformingfinite element methods to the second order elliptic eigenvalue problem.In particular,the authorproposes the a posteriori error estimator for nonconforming methods of the eigenvalue problems andprove its reliability and efficiency based on two assumptions concerning both the weak continuity andthe weak orthogonality of the nonconforming finite element spaces,respectively.In addition,the authorexamines these two assumptions for those nonconforming methods checked in literature for the Laplace,Stokes,and the linear elasticity problems.

Binary Decision Diagram Quantitative Analysis Method Based on Fuzzy Set Theory

A binary decision diagram(BDD) is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function.Converting fault tree into BDD can effectively simplify counting processes and improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the results. However, due to various types of uncertainties in reliability data, we cannot obtain precise failure probabilities. In order to accurately quantify the certainties and obtain much more reliable results, we use BDD method based on fuzzy set theory for reliability quantitative analysis. In this regard, we take W-axis feeding system of heavy-duty computer numerical control(CNC) machine as a project example and adopt fuzzy BDD quantitative analysis method to analyze its reliability. The analysis results(aided by computer calculation)illustrate the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.