上海市郊春节期间大气颗粒物及其组分的粒径分布

利用电称低压冲击仪(ELPI)在线监测上海市嘉定区2009年春节前后不同粒径(50%切割粒径分别为:0.03、0.06、0.11、0.17、0.26、0.40、0.65、1.00、1.60、2.50、4.40、6.80μm)大气颗粒物的粒子数浓度变化.对比春节与非节日期间该地区大气颗粒物(<0.49、0.49—0.95、0.95—1.50、1.50—3.00、3.00—7.20、>7.20μm)中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Pb 17种元素,F-、Cl-、NO 2-、SO24-、NO 3-、Na+、NH 4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+10种离子与有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)质量浓度的粒径分布.结果表明,春节对于大气颗粒物粒子数浓度的影响主要集中在0.11—1.60μm.如果以3.00μm为界将大气颗粒物划分成细(≤3.00μm)和粗(>3.00μm)颗粒物时,春节影响体现在细颗粒的元素为:Na、As、Pb,且主要集中于<0.49μm颗粒中;春节影响集中于大颗粒(>7.20μm)的元素为:Ni、Co;没有受到显著影响的为:Ca、V、Mn、Fe、Zn、Se;春节期间细颗粒与粗颗粒中的浓度同时受到影响的离子为:F-、SO24-、NH 4+、K+、Mg2+,其中Mg2+、K+在细颗粒中的浓度远高于平时;春节的影响限于细颗粒中的离子为:Cl-、NO 3-、Na+、NO 2-、Ca2+,影响最为严重的是NO2-.总悬浮颗粒中,OC与EC的质量浓度远高于平时,主要集中于细颗粒中,粗颗粒中无明显变化.

Effects of Different Lead Compounds on Growth and Heavy Metal Uptake of Wetland Rice

Effects of different lead compounds, PbCl2, Pb(NO3)2 and Pb(OAc)2, on the rice growth and uptake of lead and some microelements by wetland rice were studied. The results showed that the seed germination, rice seedling growth, chlorophyl content, grain yield and uptake of Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn by rice plant were affected by the chemical forms of Pb compounds added in soil to a certain degree. The germination rate and the amount of chlorophyl decreased remarkably with increasing Pb concentration, the root extension was restrained obviously by the presence of Pb, and the effect of PbCl2 was more evident than that of Pb(NO3)2 or Pb(OAc)2. The pot incubation test with yellow brown soil and red soil showed that there was no significant regularity in effect of Pb on grain yield, but the difference in the influence of various Pb compounds on yield was clearer. The effect on the amount of Pb in straw and brown rice was in the sequence of Pb(NO3)2> Pb(OAc)2> PbCl2. In case the content of Pb in brown rice was 0.5 mg/ kg, the relative loading capacities of yellow brown soil for Pb added as PbCl2, Pb(OAc)2 and Pb(NO3)2 were 100, 90 and 60 respectively. Pb uptake by wetland rice was closely related to the chemical species of Pb in soil, but there was no comparability among chemical forms of different Pb compounds in the same soil. The uptake of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn by wetland rice was markedly affected by the addition of Pb, and different Pb compounds varied in their impacts on the uptake of other metals by different organs of wetland rice, e.g. the concentration of Fe in root increased significantly (r = 0.92), while opposite was true for Fe in brown rice (r =-0.92) due to the application of Pb(OAc), in soil. These results demonstrate that the effect of accompanying anions of Pb on the physiological and biochemical processes of wetland rice was rather complex.

Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Metallomesogens Containing Lanthanide Ions

Metallomesogens Ln（bta）3L2 （Ln^3＋： La^3＋, Eu^3＋, and Ho^3＋; bta： benzoyltrifluoroacetonate; L： Schiff base） were prepared. Photoacoustic （PA） spectroscopy was used to study physicochemical properties of the liquid crystalline metal complexes. In the region of ligand absorption, PA intensity increases for Eu（bta）3L2, La（bta）3L2, and Ho（bta）3L2, in that order. It is found that the PA intensity of the ligand bears a relation to the intramolecular energy transfer process. For the first time, phase transitions of Eu（bta）3L2 from glass state to smectic A （SmA） phase and SmA phase to isotropic liquid are monitored by PA and fluorescence （FL） spectroscopy from two aspects： nonradiative and radiative transitions. The results show that PA technique may serve as a new tool for investigating the spectral properties and phase transitions of liquid crystals containing metal ions.

Involvement of mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchange in intestinal pacemaking activity

AIM： Interstitial cells of Cajal （ICCs） are the pacemaker cells that generate slow waves in the gastrointestinal （GI） tract. We have aimed to investigate the involvement of mitochondrial Na^＋-Ca^2＋ exchange in intestinal pacemaking activity in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal. METHODS： Enzymatic digestions were used to dissociate ICCs from the small intestine of a mouse. The whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record membrane currents （voltage clamp） and potentials （current clamp） from cultured ICCs. RESULTS： Clonazepam and CGP37157 inhibited the pacemaking activity of ICCs in a dose-dependent manner. Clonazepam from 20 to 60 μmol/L and CGP37157 from 10 to 30 μmol/L effectively inhibited Ca^2＋ efflux from mitochondria in pacemaking activity of ICCs. The ICsos of clonazepam and CGP37157 were 37.1 and 18.2 μmol/ L, respectively. The addition of 20 μmol/L NiCl2 to the internal solution caused a ＂wax and wane＂ phenomenon of pacemaking activity of ICCs. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that mitochondria Na^＋-Ca^2＋ exchange has an important role in intestina pacemaking activity.

Role of Nitrogen and Nutrients in Crop Nutrition

Nutrition is an important factor for the growth and development of plants. Among the main nutritional elements, there are nitrogen （N） and calcium （Ca）. The N comes from two forms of inorganic ions, ammonium （NH4＋） and nitrate （NO3） whose functions in the plant are the increase in leaf area and improving the succulence of many crops, among other essential physiological processes. Both the deficit and excess NO3- have a negative impact on plants increasing susceptibility to insect pests and pathogens, while Ca as divalent ion absorbed Ca2＋ plays an important role in control of physiological disorders and the resistance of plants to diseases to increase the mechanical strength. The N and Ca have a close relationship in the nutritional role of the plant, because the Ca absorption acting nitrates, so that a proper balance affects plants better growth and higher strength.

Otolith chemical signatures of spottedtail goby Synechogobius ommaturus in coastal waters of China

This study explores the potential existence of local stocks of Synechogobius ommaturus using otolith chemical signatures. The concentrations of 10 elements （K, Ca, Na, Mg, St, Pb, Ba, Mn, Co, Zn） in the otoliths from eight stocks （Dandong, Dalian, Tianjin, Dongying, Weihai, Qingdao, Ganyu and Xiamen） ofS. ommaturus were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and regressed against otolith weight. No significant correlation between otolith weight and concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Co, Ba, Zn and Pb were observed. Concentrations of K and Mn were correlated with otolith weight. Consequently, the residuals of the regressions were used instead of the original concentrations in subsequent analyses. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） showed no significant difference between males and females in otolith chemical signatures. Differences were found among the locations for K, Sr, Mn, Co, Ba, Pb, but not for Ca, Na, Mg and Zn. Residuals of the regressions of elemental concentrations against otolith weight that fitted the normal distribution and homogeneity were studied by discriminant analysis. The success of the discriminant function to predict the location of S. ommaturus capture ranged from 100% for Weihai and Xiamen stocks, to only 44.4% and 62.5% for Qingdao and Dandong stocks, respectively. The average prediction success was 80.3%.

Direct Osmosis

Method of direct osmosis （also known as nonequivalent ion transfer through semipermeable membrane） was developed in 1971 and patented in 1974 by one of authors. There were no publications because the patent was secreted. Moreover, necessary quality of membranes--high negative selectivity and apparatus for this process was provided only in 2000s （patented in 2008）. Technology of direct osmosis is able to solve a number of problems of industry, such as extracting of rare elements （Re, Ge, U, etc.） from natural and manufacturing water. The authors need to mention that direct osmosis makes possible to create rentable technology of greenhouse gases trapping and burying. It will be shown in the next article. And this article is about the basic idea--nonequivalent ion transfer through semipermeable membrane or direct osmosis.

Water-Soluble Rare Earth Elements in Some Soils of China

Water-soluble rare earth elements (WSREEs) of four typical soil profiles in China were determined by using a high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Results showed that the contents of WSREEs decreased from upper layer to lower layer of soils in the southern part of China with a high rainfall and low pH but increased for soils in the northern part of China with a low rainfall and relatively higher pH. Contents of WSREEs in soils were lower than 100 μg kg-1 in most casest and varied greatly with both different soils and different layers of the same profile. The highest content was 2816.3 μg kg-1 but the lowest was 17.6 μg kg-1 only. The content of individual rare earth iement (REE) in the soil solution also varied greatly with the highest one ranging from 8.4 to 1373 μg kg-1 for Ce and the lowest one from 0.05to 4.48 μg kg-1 for Lu. The sum of WSREEs in the first soil layers ranged from 121.5 to 345.6 μg kg-1.Great variations existed among ratios of REEs extracted with water to the total REEs of soils, ranging from 0.02×10-3 to 13.2×10-3. But as the upper layer was considered, the ratio showed only a small difference,ranging from 0.79×10-3 to 1.69×10-3.

Impacting Factors of Elemental Mercury Re-emission across a Lab-scale Simulated Scrubber

Elemental mercury（Hg^0）re-emissions from slurries and solutions were evaluated in a lab-scale simulated scrubber.Oxidized mercury（Hg^2 ＋）standard solution was injected into the simulated scrubber at a desired rate to simulate absorbing and dissolving of Hg^2 ＋in the flue gas across wet flue gas desulfurization（WFGD）systems. PS analytical mercury analyzer was used to continuously determine Hg0re-emission concentrations in the carrier gas from the scrubber.Sulfite ion in the slurry of CaSO3 was validated to reduce Hg ^2＋to Hg^ 0,while no Hg ^0 re-emission occurred from slurries of CaSO4 and CaO.Transitional metal ions with low chemical valence such as Fe^2 ＋,Pb ^2＋,Ni ^2＋, AsO2^-and Cu ^＋were used to prepare solutions with concentration levels of mmol·L^-1.Reduction reaction of Hg^2 ＋to Hg 0was observed from these solutions.Reduction capabilities for the different transitional metal ions in the solutions were：Pb^2 ＋〉Cu ^＋〉Fe^ 2＋〉 AsO2^-〉Ni ^2＋.

Structure of Macro- and Trace Elements Status Observed in Residents of Magadan Town

The authors aimed the study at examining macro- and trace elements content in elderly people of the 1 period of middle age （21-35） residing in Magadan town to assess the content of 25 trace elements in hair samples on individual and population levels by atom-emission spectrometry with inductively-bonded argon plasma. It turned out that the majority of surveyed subjects were characterized by deformation of element status demonstrated by excess and deficit of the basic essential elements of different degrees of manifestation. Deficit of Co （68% of surveyed people）, Mg （67%）, Ca （64%）, Cu （47%）, K （46%）, Zn （44%）, I （41%）, Na （33%）, P （27%） and Se （24%） was typical for female subjects as well as excess of Si （28%）, Zn （22%） and P （20%）. Male residents were characterized by deficit of Co （81%）, Ca （66%）, Mg （65%）, I （50%）, Cu （37%）, K and Na （27%） and excess of Zn （41%）. In individual cases it was noted excess concentration of nominally essential and toxic elements in both examined groups. They were： A1, As, Cd, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, V and B. While analyzing of medians of chemical concentration it was stated reliable sex-related differences （P 〈 0.05）： content of Ca, Mg and Mn was higher in hair samples of women, and content of As, B, Cd, Cr, K, Li, Na, P, Pb and V, on the contrary, was higher in male samples.

Distribution and Relationships of Seven Trace Elements （Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu and Zn） in Freshwater Fish from Five French Fishing Areas

The concentrations of seven essential trace elements in 149 freshwater fish from eight fish species （European eel, bream, common carp, European catfish, roach, perch, pike and pikeperch） from five different French fishing areas from contaminated and control sites were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion under pressure. Differences in the concentration of elements in the muscles of these species were examined and the mean levels were compared for each species with previous French and European studies. The condition factor and the differences between the control and contaminated sites and between predatory and non-predatory groups, with respect to the concentration of these elements, were also studied.

Applications of ionic liquids in electrodeposition of rare earths

The electrodeposition and electrochemical behaviors of rare earths in different ionic liquids are summarized. It is demonstrated that most of the rare earths can be electrodeposited in ionic liquids except cerium. Anion of ionic liquids appears to play a significant role in determining the electrochemical windows, and then deciding whether the corresponding ionic liquids can be used for rare earths electrodeposition. The electrochemical behaviors of the reduction process in ionic liquids are similar to those in high-temperature molten salts. The reduction of RE(III) to RE(II) has different reversibility, but the reaction of rare earths to their zerovalent state is irreversible.

Inorganic Elemental Determinations of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine Meretricis concha from Jiaozhou Bay:The construction of Inorganic Elemental Fingerprint Based on Chemometric Analysis

The goal of this paper is to explore the relationship between the inorganic elemental fingerprint and the geographical origin identification ofMeretricis concha, which is a commonly used marine traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） for the treatment of asthma and scald bums. For that, the inorganic elemental contents ofMeretricis concha from five sampling points in Jiaozhou Bay have been determined by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and the comparative investigations based on the contents of 14 inorganic elements （A1, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn） of the samples from Jiaozhou Bay and the previous reported Rushan Bay were performed. It has been found that the samples from the two bays are ap- proximately classified into two kinds using hierarchical cluster analysis, and a four-factor model based on principle component analysis could explain approximately 75% of the detection data, also linear discriminant analysis can be used to develop a prediction model to distinguish the samples from Jiaozhou Bay and Rushan Bay with accuracy of about 93%. The results of the present investi- gation suggested that the inorganic elemental fingerprint based on the combination of the measured elemental content and chemom- etric analysis is a promising approach for verifying the geographical origin ofMeretricis concha, and this strategy should be valuable for the authenticity discrimination of some marine TCM.

Interference-Free Determination of REEs in Electronic Waste Using ICP Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Recently, the demand for REEs （rare earth elements） has been heavily increasing, as they are used in many high-tech products （e.g., because of their specific magnetic behavior）. As a result, the supply situation for REEs is worsening and the world market is depending on Chinese exports, so that it may be worthwhile to recycle e-waste （electronic waste） in European countries. This article describes an analytical method to analyze REEs in different kinds of e-waste with the help of a simultaneous ICP-OES （ICP optical emission spectrometer）. The task is challenging because samples show significant differences in terms of major, minor and trace element concentrations. Depending on the field of application, the level of matrix elements and target elements differs completely, resulting in a wide variety of spectral interferences. The method presented in this article allows an accurate quantification of REEs as well as a high sample throughput. In addition to REEs, other elements of economic interest can be determined in the same way. The development of a sample preparation process is another important issue and considered as well.

Comparative Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of M^ILn^IIITiO4 Ion-exchanged Phases,with M^I： Na, H, K

In this paper, a comparative study of the XRD characterization and FTIR spectroscopic behavior of some M^ILn^IIITiO4 phases with M^I： Na, H, K and Ln^III, the trivalent lanthanides elements： Sm, Eu, Er and Yb is reported. The H and K- oxides were obtained by ion-exchange from NaLnTiO4. These ternary oxides belong to the K2NiF4 structural type, with the M^I and Ln^III cations distributed in an ordered way on the K-sub lattice. The FTIR spectra of the materials were analyzed by comparison with structurally related materials. A close relationship with the parent NaLnTiO4 was found.

The Trace Element Content Observed in the Elderly People of Russia＇s North Regions

To investigate the status of mineral metabolism in people residing in huge regional centers of north-western and north-eastern parts of Russia by AES-IBP （atom-emission spectrometry with inductively bonded argon plasma）, the content of 25 elements in hair samples of surveyed people was examined. The results of the study carried out in Russia＇s north could testify to significant deformation found in the elderly people bodies＇ element profiles. The pronounced deficit in such essential elements as Ca, Cr, Mg can be considered the common north-related profile typical for the elderly people from European and Asian north. In addition, age-related formation of all the elements＇ deficit due to their risen spending at pathologies as well as the increased need in such elements as Zn, Se, Cr, Cu, Mn. The age-related excess of arsenic proved to be typical for Magadan residents. In Anadyr, the age-related excess of lead was found, in Petrozavodsk mercury, and in Arkhangelsk--boron and aluminium.

On the oxidation states of metal elements in MO-3(M=V,Nb,Ta,Db,Pr,Gd,Pa)anions

Relativistic quantum chemistry investigations are carried out to tackle the puzzling oxidation state problem in a series of MO3 trioxide anions of all d- and f-block elements with five valence electrons. We have shown here that while the oxidation states of V, Nb, Ta, Db, Pa are, as usual, all ＋V with divalent oxygen O（-II） in MO3- anions, the lanthanide elements Pr and Gd cannot adopt such high ＋V oxidation state in similar trioxide anions. Instead, lanthanide element Gd retains its usual ＋III oxi- dation state, while Pr retains a ＋IV oxidation state, thus forcing oxygen into a non-innocent ligand with an uncommon mono- valent radical （O＇） of oxidation state -I. A unique Pr＂- ＂（0）3 biradical with highly delocalized unpairing electron density on Pr（IV） and three O atoms is found to be responsible for stabilizing the monovalent-oxygen species in PRO3- ion, while GdO3 ion is in fact an OGd＋（O22-） complex with Gd（III）. These results show that a naive assignment of oxidation state of a chemical element without electronic structure analysis can lead to erroneous conclusions.

Experimental Interactions Between Clay Minerals and Bacteria: A Review

Interactions between microbes and minerals have the potential to contribute significantly to global cycles of various processes and serve as a link between the geosphere and life. Clays and clay minerals occur commonly in agriculturally utilized soils, are naturally grown underground （soil and rock） and are used in construction material. Clay minerals serve as natural, geological and technical barriers in geotechnics and environmental geotechnics. Bacteria in turn are ubiquitous in natural soils, subsoils and rocks and are in permanent contact with clay minerals. There are numerous ways in which bacteria can interact with clay minerals and alter them： dissolution, refinement and transformation, reduction of trace elements incorporated in the clay minerals and uptake of trace elements from these minerals, e.g., by the production of siderophores and chelators and enhancement or reduction of azisorbance of trace elements on clay minerals. In addition, bacteria can influence layer charge, cation exchange capacity （CEC）, exchangeable cations, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface, swelling and the rheological properties of clay minerals. The field of clay mineral-microorganism interaction is still wide open because of the large potential that the interactions of bacteria with clay minerals in soils and sediments may result in changes in clay mineral properties and behaviors. Fhrther detailed studies on all these tentative changes and underlying mechanisms as well as broad surveys of quantifications of extents and rates of clay mineral-microorganism interactions, especially in mimicking natural systems, are highly required. This review summarizes the influences of various bacteria on the properties of different clay minerals as determined experimentally using viable bacteria.

Analysis of magnetic elements in otoliths of the macula lagena in homing pigeons with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Objective The macula lagena in birds is located at the apical end of the cochlea and contains many tiny otoliths. The macula lagena is innervated and has neural projections to the brainstem, but its physiological function is still unclear. It remains disputable that it is because otoliths in the lagena are rich in elements Fe and Zn that birds can obtain geomagnetic information for homing. To clarify this issue, we carried out a study to determine whether or not otoliths in the lagena of homing pigeons are richer in magnetic elements than those in the saccule and the utricle. Methods The contents of ferromagnetic elements （Fe, Co, Ni） and other metal elements in lagenal otoliths of adult homing pigeons were precisely analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） of high sensitivity, and then they were compared with those in saccular and utricular otoliths （all the contents were normalized to Ca）. Results In adult homing pigeons, the contents of ferromagnetic elements （Fe, Co, Ni） in lagenal otoliths were less than 0.7% （normalized to Ca element） and were the same order in magnitude as those in saccular and utricular otoliths. The content of Fe in lagenal otoliths was not significantly different from that in utricular otoliths and was even lower than that in saccular otoliths. The content of Co in lagenal otoliths was lower than that in saccular otoliths and higher than that in utricular otoliths. The content of Ni in lagenal otoliths was not significantly different from that in saccular otoliths and was higher than that in utricular otoliths. The contents of other metal elements Na, Mg, K, Al, Mn and Pb in lagenal otoliths were not significantly different from those in utricular and saccular otoliths. The contents of metal elements Zn, Ba and Cu in lagenal otoliths were lower than those in saccular otoliths. Conclusion The contents of magnetic elements in lagenal otoliths of homing pigeons are not much higher than those in utricular and saccular otoliths, which does not support the hypothesis that birds depend on high contents of Fe and Zn in lagenal otoliths for sensation of geomagnetic information. Similarities in morphology, element ingredient and element content between lagenal otoliths and utricular otoliths suggest that the two types of otolithic organs may play similar roles in sensing gravitational and acceleration signals.

A polyazamacrocycle extractant for the extraction of americium and europium

In recent years, a great deal of interest has been focused on nitrogen-containing extractants for the separation of actinides from lanthanides. In this study, we synthesized a polyazamacrocycle-type C8-cyclen ligand comprising four tertiary alkyl amino groups, for the extraction of Am3+ and Eu3+. The C8-cyclen demonstrated a weak ability to extract and separate Am3+ and Eu3+ that increased with the increasing "softness" of the aqueous anions. The extraction behavior of Am3+ and Eu3+ indicated coordination interactions between the C8-cyclen and the Am3+ and Eu3+ ions. The suppression of Am3+ or Eu3+ extraction by acid depended on the media anions involved.