微量元素蛋氨酸螯合物（Zn、Cu、Mn）对产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋壳质量的影响

试验选用500只96周龄强制换羽的伊莎褐色产蛋鸡进行了为期8周的观察，研究在其日粮中添加蛋氨酸铜、锌、锰及其复合螯合物后时其产蛋性能、蛋壳质量、胃糜烂和血清IgG水平的影响。试验基础日粮按NRC(1994)配制。试验共分5个组，一个对照组，四个试验组，分别添加Zn-Met、Cu-Met、Zn-Mn-Met和Zn-Mn-Cu-Met螯合物，各矿物元素添加量均为100mg／kg，并以蛋氨酸螯合物的形式添加到各试验组中。试验结果表明：添加Cu-Met螯合物提高了产蛋量，但添加Zn-Met螯合物降低了产蛋量。Cu-Met组蛋重显著低于对照组和Zn-Met组(P<0．05)，但其蛋比重及蛋壳强度最高、软壳蛋产量最低。日粮中添加Cu-Met、Zn-Mn-Met和Zn-Mn-Cu-Met螯合物后，试鸡胃糜烂指数明显增加。Zn-Met组试鸡肝中Zn浓度显著增加，但Zn-Mn-Cu-Met组无此变化。总之，Cu-Met螯合物(含Cu 100mg／kg)改善了产蛋性能和蛋壳质量，但其胃糜烂指数增加，其它螯合物对产蛋性能和蛋壳质量无益。

元素蛋促进儿童少年生长发育的观察

本文以自行研制的富含微量元素锌、铁、钙、铜的元素蛋及普通蛋,按1:1配对的原则对148例低锌少年儿童进行了对照治疗观察。结果:元素蛋组在治疗前后的身高、体重、血色素、发锌、发铁、发钙、发铜的测定均显示显著或非常显著差异,元素蛋组与普通蛋组经治疗后上述各项指标的增加值比较以及食欲改善率、毛发外观改善率、呼吸道感染率,亦呈显著或非常显著差异。提示元素蛋确能改善锌、铁、钙、铜的缺乏,对少年儿童生长发育及提高免疫力均有良好的影响,值得大力推广。

蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物在大口黑鲈饲料中的应用效果

以蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物作为饲料添加剂饲喂大口黑鲈(Micropterussalmoids),对其生长、免疫力和鱼体组成进行分析。实验分为蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物添加剂组和无机微量元素添加剂组,在每千克饲料中添加Cu2+2mg、Fe2+150mg、Zn2+30mg、Mn2+12mg、Co2+2mg;每种饲料设4个重复,采用室内循环水养殖系统,在25℃下喂养,通过60d的饲养实验表明,有机微量元素使鱼对微量元素的消化率有所提高,而对鱼体的增重、免疫力没有明显的提高;蛋氨酸螯合物组鱼血液中血清碱性磷酸酶活性明显低于无机盐组,鱼体肝脏、肌肉、血液中微量元素的含量比无机盐组有所提高。

羟基蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物在水产动物中的应用研究进展

羟基蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物作为安全、稳定、成分明确的有机微量元素饲料添加剂,既能提供水产动物所必需的微量元素,又可提供蛋氨酸营养源,具有广阔的发展前景。文章从微量元素在水产动物中的主要作用功效、羟基蛋氨酸螯合微量元素的介绍和特点以及在水产动物中的应用进行综述,为进一步在水产动物饲料中应用提供参考依据。

药疗鸡蛋本领大

目前国内市场普通鸡蛋已供过于求,养蛋鸡收益低微,而药疗鸡蛋市场需求旺、用量大,前景诱人。生产药蛋投入不多,其效益是普通鸡蛋的2-3倍。据市场调查,目前国内市场急需开发以下6种保健药疗蛋: 1.硒蛋:在鸡饲料中添加1％的天机硒盐,鸡可产下含硒量较膏的硒蛋。硒蛋对老年心血管疾病和克山病有一定疗效。 2.高锌蛋:在饲料中加入1％锌盐。饲喂20天后。

药用蛋的生产技术

药用蛋作为一种新兴的食疗保健品,以其对一些慢性病的独特疗效,愈来愈受到广大消费者的喜爱。生产药用蛋投入少,而效益却是普通鸡蛋的4～6倍,养殖效益可观。

Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis: Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins

The molecular mechanism of how hepatocytes maintain cholesterol homeostasis has become much more transparent with the discovery of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) in recent years. These membrane proteins aremembers of the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLHZip) family of transcription factors. They activate the expression of at least 30 genes involved in the synthesis of cholesterol and lipids. SREBPs are synthesized as precursor proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they form a complex with another protein, SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP). The SCAP molecule contains a sterol sensory domain. In the presence of high cellular sterol concentrations SCAP confines SREBP to the ER. With low cellular concentrations, SCAP escorts SREBP to activation in the Golgi. There, SREBP undergoes two proteolytic cleavage steps to release the mature, biologically active transcription factor, nuclear SREBP (nSREBP). nSREBP translocates to the nucleus and binds to sterol response elements (SRE) in the promoter/enhancer regions of target genes. Additional transcription factors are required to activate transcription of these genes. Three different SREBPs are known, SREBPs-1a, -1c and -2. SREBP-1a and -1c are isoforms produced from a single gene by alternate splicing. SREBP-2 is encoded by a different gene and does not display any isoforms. It appears that SREBPs alone, in the sequence described above, can exert complete control over cholesterol synthesis, whereas many additional factors (hormones, cytokines, etc.) are required for complete control of lipid metabolism. Medicinal manipulation of the SREBP/SCAP system is expected to prove highly beneficial in the management of cholesterol-related disease.

Moxibustion eases chronic inflammatory visceral pain through regulating MEK, ERK and CREB in rats

AIM To investigate the effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion(HPM) on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MEK)1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)1/2 and c AMP response element binding protein(CREB) in spinal cord of rats with chronic inflammatory visceral pain(CIVP), and to explore the central mechanism of HPM in treating CIVP.METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal, model, HPM, sham-HPM, MEK-inhibitor and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) groups. The CIVP model was established using an enema mixture of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and ethanol. HPM was applied at bilateral Tianshu(ST25) and Qihai(CV6) acupoints in the HPM group, while in the sham-HPM group, moxa cones and herb cakes were only placed on the same points but not ignited. The MEK-inhibitor and DMSO groups received L5-L6 intrathecal injection of U0126 and 30% DMSO, respectively. Abdominal withdrawal reflex(AWR), mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency(TWL) were applied for the assessment of pain behavior. The colonic tissue was observed under an optical microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of phosphor(p)MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB in rat spinal cord was detected using Western blotting. The levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with the normal group, the AWR scores were increased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.05) in the model, sham-HPM and DMSO groups. Compared with the model group, the AWR scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were increased significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.05). Compared with the sham-HPM and DMSO groups, the AWR scores were decreased significantly(P < 0.01) and the MWT and TWL scores were increased significantly(P < 0.05) in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups. Compared with the normal group, the expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were increased significantly in the model, sham-HPM and DMSO groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were reduced significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). Compared with the sham-HPM and DMSO groups, expression of p MEK1, p ERK1/2 and p CREB proteins and the levels of MEK, ERK and CREB m RNA in rat spinal cord were reduced significantly in the HPM and MEK-inhibitor groups(P < 0.01 or < 0.05). CONCLUSION HPM down-regulates protein phosphorylation of MEK1, ERK1/2 and CREB, and m RNA expression of MEK, ERK and CREB, inhibiting activation of the MEK/ERK/CREB signaling pathway in the spinal cord of CIVP rats, which is possibly a critical central mechanism of the analgesic effect of HPM.

Occurrence of cGMP/nitric oxide-sensitive store-operated calcium entry in fibroblasts and its effect on matrix metalloproteinase secretion

AIM： To examine the existence of Nitric oxide/ cGMP sensitive store-operated Ca^2＋ entry in mouse fibroblast NIH/3T3 cells and its influence on matrix metalloproteinase （MMP） production and adhesion ability of fibroblasts. METHODS： NIH/3T3 cells were cultured. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to examine the existence of thapsigargin-induced store-operated Ca^2＋ entry in fibroblasts. Gelatin zymography and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RTPCR） were employed to detect the involvement of [Ca^2＋]i and NO/cGMP in MMP secretion. The involvement of NO/ cGMP-sensitive Ca^2＋ entry in adhesion was determined using matrigel-coated culture plates. RESULTS： 8-bromo-cGMP inhibited the thapsigargin-induced Ca^2＋ entry in 3T3 cells. The cGMP-induced inhibition was abolished by an inhibitor of protein kinase G, KT5823 （1μmol/L）. A similar effect on the Ca^2＋ entry was observed in 3T3 cells in response to a NO donor, （±）-S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine （SNAP）. The inhibitory effect of SNAP on the thapsigargin-induced Ca^2＋ entry was also observed, indicating NO/cGMP-regulated Ca^2＋ entry in 3T3 cells. Results of gelatin zymography assay showed that addition of extracellular Ca^2＋ concentration induced MMP release and activation in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR also showed that cGMP and SNAP reduced the production of MMP mRNA in 3T3 cells. Experiments investigating adhesion potentials demonstrated that cGMP and SNAP could upgrade 3T3 cell attachment rate to the matrigel-coated culture plates.CONCLUSION： NO/cGMP sensitive store-operated Ca^2＋ entry occurs in fibroblasts, and attenuates their adhesion potentials through its influence on MMP secretion.

Hydrolysis Activities of the Particle of Agarose-Ce^(4+) Complex for Compounds Containing Phosphodiester or Peptide Bonds

Hydrolysis activities of PACC (particle of agarose-Ce4+ complex, newly made through double emulsification) forcompounds containing phosphodiester or peptide bonds were studied. The results showed that PACC could hydrolyzeorganophosphorous pesticides not only in water but also in vegetable juice or tea extract. Hydrolysis rates of methamidophos,omethoate and chlorpyrifos in water are 32.39%, 27.12% and 46.62% respectively, those of chlorpyrifos and methami-dophos in mung sprout juice 38.28% and 35.45% respectively, and that of chlorpyrifos in tea extract 59.76%. Hydrolysisrates of BSA (bovine serum albumin) in water and protein in tea extract by PACC increase by 54.30% and 86.46% respec-tively as compared with the control.

Effect of Copper, Zinc and Boron on Green Leaf Retention and Grain Yield of Winter and Spring Cereals

Crop nutrition has a significant effect on disease incidence, resistance or tolerance of various crops. There is currently a lack of reliable recent UK-based research about the effect of copper, zinc and boron on disease incidence, green leaf area （GLA）, green leaf retention （GLR） and grain yield of winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley. Data analysis showed that these trace elements had positive effects on GLR. These positive effects may have been due to the role of copper, zinc and boron in the production of defence related compounds （phenolics and lignin）, which may have reduced the disease incidence resulting in prolonged GLR. Grain yield was significantly enhanced by the application of these trace elements on the crop grown on high pH calcareous soil, which can be partly attributed to enhanced GLR. Also trace elements have a positive role in reproductive growth, flowering and male fertility. On average, zinc was found to be the most consistent trace element in terms of enhancing GLR and grain yield. Across all trials, it was noted that for every 10% increase in GLA from trace elements, grain yields increased by 4.2% in 2012-2013, by 4.4% in 2013-2014 in winter wheat and by 3.9% in spring wheat in 2014. These are remarkably consistent and indicate that increasing GLA by 10% by early dough stage was associated with a yield improvement of about 4%. These trace elements also had a positive effect on grain protein content （GPC）. This research concluded that the trace elements had positive effects in enhancing GLA and yield. It can be speculated that with the use of these trace elements, there may be more scope for using less robust or reduced rates of fungicides to control foliar diseases, which may help to maximize farm profits.

Relations between the Elemental Composition Hens＇ Eggs and Feeds

Hens＇ eggs and corresponding feeds were sampled at commercial farms. The eggs were separated into egg yolk and egg white and freeze dried. After pressure digestion, total element contents of Ca, P, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Sr, Cu and Ba were detected by ICP-OES in the eggs, whereas, Pb, Ni, Sb, Sn, AI, Cd, Cr, Mo and V were all or largely below the detection limits. In addition, iodine was done by ICP-MS and Se after ashing with Mg-nitrate by hydride-generation-AAS. There were significant accumulations of P, S, Se and I in the egg yolk versus feed levels, as well as S and Na in the egg white. Just a few correlations between concentrations in feed and egg white resp. egg yolk were detected, indicating regulation mechanisms by homeostasis. Strontium showed the strongest trends between feeds and egg white and egg yolk, whereas, there was none for calcium. Among the main elements in the feeds, sulfur had the strongest effects on the egg compositions, e.g., on iodine and iron in the yolk and on sodium in the white, some of them might be non-linear.

保健蛋的生产方法

药疗蛋,又称保健蛋,是一种把营养与保健融为一体,能防治某种疾病的食品。它的需求量大、价格高,实为一条快速致富的好门路。生产保健蛋投入小,效益高。现将几种保健蛋的生产方法介绍如下:

Mitochondrial selfish elements and the evolution of biological novelties

We report the present knowledge about RPHM21, a novel male-specific mitochondrial protein with a putative role in the paternal inheritance of sperm mitochondria in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, a species with doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondria （DUI）. We review all the available data on rphm21 transcription and translation, analyze in detail its female counterpart, RPHF22, discuss the homology with RPHM21, the putative function and origin, and analyze their polymorphism. The available evidence is compatible with a viral origin of RPHM21 and supports its activity during spermatogenesis. RPHM21 is progressively accumulated in mitochondria and nuclei of spermatogenic cells, and we hypothesize it can influence mitochondrial inheritance and sex- ual differentiation. We propose a testable model that describes how the acquisition of selfish fea- tures by a mitochondrial lineage might have been responsible for the emergence of DUI, and for the evolution of separate sexes （gonochorism） from hermaphroditism. The appearance of DUI most likely entailed the invasion of at least 1 selfish element, and the extant DUI systems can be seen as resolved conflicts. It was proposed that hermaphroditism was the ancestral condition of bivalves, and a correlation between DUI and gonochorism was documented. We hypothesize that DUI might have driven the shift from hermaphroditism to gonochorism, with androdioecy as transi- tion state. The invasion of sex-ratio distorters and the evolution of suppressors can prompt rapid changes among sex-determination mechanisms, and DUI might have been responsible for one of such changes in some bivalve species. If true, DUI would represent the first animal sex-determination system involving mtDNA-encoded proteins.