初中作文“先作后评,多改展示”教学范式探析

要切实解决作文难教难写的问题,就必须创新作文教学过程,把作文素养提升权还给学生。“先作后评,多改展示”是把作文素养提升权还给学生的作文教学的有效范式。“先作”,即由学生依据文题及要求自我作文;“后评”,即由教师引导学生评析作文;“多改”,即由教师引导学生多级修改作文;“展示”,即由教师引导学生多渠道展示作文。该作文教学范式充分体现了作文教学实施的主体化、作文教学要素的和谐化、作文教学过程的体系化,促进了学生作文素养的提升。

从“作字先作人”看傅山与卫俊秀

傅山与卫俊秀是山西不同时代的两位极具风格的书法家。在目前书法史上,对傅山的研究已经数不胜数了,对卫俊秀的研究也越来越充分。卫俊秀从一定意义上可以说是"当代的傅山",但是他和傅山还有很大的不同,本文想遵循比较法之同中求异来研究二者,特别是想更深刻地体会卫俊秀先生作为当代书坛大家的风采与魅力。

从“四宁四毋”语出看“先生不止言书”说

"四宁四毋"语出傅山《作字示儿孙·跋语》。笔者从对傅山先生《作字示儿孙》之诗文、《跋语》以及"四宁四毋"之句的综合分析中得出",四宁四毋"的核心宗旨应该正如清人全祖望所说--"先生不止言书"。

Benchmarking ESSQ Management Systems

This study addresses current status of ESSQ management and integration in steel production organisation. The idea is to benchmark maturity levels with the leading Finnish international companies. The examination has been done in compliance with applied maturity model developed by the target corporation. When examining the benchmarked companies through the ESSQ framework, we found that a similar framework cannot be found in any other company as such; instead, operations are distributed under different organisations. Although many sources criticise system-based development, the results of this study indicate that it is nevertheless an efficient way to develop operations.

MyD88-independent activation of a novel actin-Cdc42/Rac pathway is required for Toll-like receptor-stimulated phagocytosis

Phagocytosis and subsequent degradation of pathogens by macrophages play a pivotal role in host innate immune responses to microbial infection. Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptors （TLRs） play an important role in promoting the clearance of bacteria by up-regulating the phagocytic activity of macrophages. However, information regarding the signaling mechanism of TLR-mediated phagocytosis is still limited. Here, we provide evidence that the stimulation of TLR4 with LPS leads to activation of multiple signaling pathways including MAP kinases, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase （PI3K）, and small GTPases in the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7. Specific inhibition of Cdc42/Rac or p38 MAP kinase, but not PI3K, reduced TLR4-induced phagocytosis of bacteria. Moreover, we have found that either inhibition of actin polymerization by cytochalasin D or the knockdown of actin by RNAi markedly reduced the activation of Cdc42 and Rac by LPS. TLR4-induced activation of Cdc42 and Rac appears to be independent of MyD88. Taken together, our results described a novel actin-Cdc42/Rac pathway through which TLRs can specifically provoke phagocytosis.

Stable CuO/La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7) catalysts for soot combustion:Study on the monolayer dispersion behavior of CuO over a La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7) pyrochlore support

To understand the dispersion behavior of metal oxides on composite oxide supports and with the expectation of developing more feasible catalysts for soot oxidation,CuO/La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)samples containing varied CuO loadings were fabricated and characterized by different techniques and density functional theory calculations.In these catalysts,a spontaneous dispersion of CuO on the La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)pyrochlore support formed,having a monolayer dispersion capacity of 1.90 mmol CuO/100 m^(2) La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)surface.When loaded below this capacity,CuO exists in a sub-monolayer or monolayer state.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectroscopy,and Bader charge and density of states analyses indicate that there are strong interactions between the sub-monolayer/monolayer CuO and the La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)support,mainly through the donation of electrons from Cu to Sn at the B-sites of the structure.In contrast,Cu has negligible interactions with La at the A-sites.This suggests that,in composite oxide supports containing multiple metals,the supported metal oxide interacts preferentially with one kind of metal cation in the support.The Raman,in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy,and XPS results confirmed the formation of both O2^(-)and O2^(2-)as the active sites on the surfaces of the CuO/La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)catalysts,and the concentration of these active species determines the soot combustion activity.The number of active oxygen anions increased with increase in CuO loading until the monolayer dispersion capacity was reached.Above the monolayer dispersion capacity,microsized CuO crystallites formed,and these had a negative effect on the generation of active surface oxygen sites.In summary,a highly active catalyst can be prepared by covering the surface of the La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)support with a CuO monolayer.

Collaborative Problem in Multi-agent System

In the MAS, system goal task can be decomposed into many transactions, which will be achieved by special agents distributed in different physical space. Due to complex coupling relations among transactions, transactions may form Waiting-Circle resulting in deadlock. Concerning the problem, this paper proposes two theorems developed for Waiting-Circle detection in transaction set and ensures the implement of goal task decomposition result. Furthermore, Circle-First Search is put forward to search all of the Waiting-Circle, which prnvide the basic guideline for decomposing goal task again and eliminate Waiting-Circle.

A forecasting and forewarning model for methane hazard in working face of coal mine based on LS-SVM

To improve the precision and reliability in predicting methane hazard in working face of coal mine, we have proposed a forecasting and forewarning model for methane hazard based on the least square support vector (LS-SVM) multi-classifier and regression machine. For the forecasting model, the methane concentration can be considered as a nonlinear time series and the time series analysis method is adopted to predict the change in methane concentration using LS-SVM regression. For the forewarning model, which is based on the forecasting results, by the multi-classification method of LS-SVM, the methane hazard was identified to four grades: normal, attention, warning and danger. According to the forewarning results, corresponding measures are taken. The model was used to forecast and forewarn the K9 working face. The results obtained by LS-SVM regression show that the forecast- ing have a high precision and forewarning results based on a LS-SVM multi-classifier are credible. Therefore, it is an effective model building method for continuous prediction of methane concentration and hazard forewarning in working face.

Antiviral innate immunity pathways

Recent studies have uncovered two signaling pathways that activate the host innate immunity against viral infection. One of the pathways utilizes members of the Toll-like receptor （TLR） family to detect viruses that enter the endosome through endocytosis. The TLR pathway induces interferon production through several signaling proteins that ultimately lead to the activation of the transcription factors NF-kB, IRF3 and IRFT. The other antiviral pathway uses the RNA helicase RIG-Ⅰ as the receptor for intracellular viral double-stranded RNA. RIG-Ⅰ activates NF-kB and IRFs through the recently identified adaptor protein MAVS, a CARD domain containing protein that resides in the mitochondrial membrane. MAVS is essential for antiviral innate immunity, but it also serves as a target of Hepatitis C virus （HCV）, which employs a viral protease to cleave MAVS off the mitochondria, thereby allowing HCV to escape the host immune system.

Effects of Tillage Management on Infiltration and Preferential Flow in a Black Soil, Northeast China

The impacts of no-tillage （NT） and moldboard plough （MP） managements on infiltration rate and preferential flow were characterized using a combined technique of double-ring device and dye tracer on a black soil （Mollisols） in Northeast China. The ob- jective of this study is to evaluate how tillage practices enhance soil water infiltration and preferential flow in favor of soil erosion con- trol in the study area. The steady infiltration rates under NT management are 1.6 and 2.1 times as high as those under MP management in the 6th and 8th years of the tillage management in place, while the infiltrated water amounts under NT management are 1.4 and 2.0 times as high as those under MP management, respectively. The depth of methylene blue penetrated into NT soil increases from 43 cm in the 6th year to 57 cm in the 8th year, which are 16 cm and 19 em deeper than those in MP soil, respectively. The results of morphol- ogic image show that more biological macro-pores occur in NT soil than in MP soil. These macro-pores play a key role in enhancing preferential flow in NT soil, which in turn promotes water infiltration through preferential pathways in NT soil. The results are helpful to policy-making in popularizing NT and have the implications for tillage management in regard to soil erosion control in black soil region of China.

Collaborative task planning for an internet based multi-operator multi-robot system

In an Internet based multi-operator and multi-robot system (IMOMR), operators have to work collaboratively to overcome the constraints of space and time. Inherently, the activities among them can be defined as a computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). As a practical application of CSCW, a collaborative task planning system (CTPS) for IMOMR is proposed in this paper on the basis of Petri nets. Its definition, components design, and concrete implementation are given in detail, respectively. As a result, a clear collaboration mechanism of multiple operators in an IMOMR is obtained to guarantee their task planning.

New parameter tuning method of washout filter-aided controller for dynamic behavior adjustment

Stabilizing unstable operating points is an effective way to enhance process benefits and safety, which motivates the development for a variety of advanced control strategies. The washout filter-aided controller(WFC), originally used for electric power system and aircraft, has been introduced to adjust the dynamic behavior of chemical process. However, the parameter tuning method faces two major limitations: the dimension of operating variables must be equal to or greater than that of state variables and only one positive real eigenvalue exists in the open loop system. To overcome the two limitations, this paper proposes a new parameter tuning method, so that the WFC is applicable in most chemical processes. By solving a constrained optimization problem, the controller parameters are determined under the constraint that the reassignment of the eigenvalues of the unstable desired operating point can satisfy the stability condition. Thus parts of the equilibrium manifold including the desired operating point are stabilized without affecting the shape of the equilibrium manifold. Finally, the effectiveness of the WFC improved by the proposed parameter tuning method is illustrated through a case study for propanediol anaerobic fermentation.

Personalizing a Service Robot by Learning Human Habits from Behavioral Footprints

For a domestic personal robot, personalized services are as important as predesigned tasks, because the robot needs to adjust the home state based on the operator's habits. An operator's habits are composed of cues, behaviors, and rewards. This article introduces behavioral footprints to describe the operator's behaviors in a house, and applies the inverse reinforcement learning technique to extract the operator's habits, represented by a reward function. We implemented the proposed approach with a mobile robot on indoor temperature adjustment, and compared this approach with a baseline method that recorded all the cues and behaviors of the operator. The result shows that the proposed approach allows the robot to reveal the operator's habits accurately and adjust the environment state accordingly.

Genetic interactions and modifi er genes in Hirschsprung's disease

Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital disorder that occurs in 1:5000 live births. It is characterised by an absence of enteric neurons along a variable region of the gastrointestinal tract. Hirschsprung's disease is classified as a multigenic disorder, because the same phenotype is associated with mutations in multiple distinct genes. Furthermore, the genetics of Hirschsprung's disease are highly complex and not strictly Mendelian. The phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance observed in Hirschsprung' s disease also suggests the involvement of modifier genes. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of the genetics underlying Hirschsprung's disease based on human and animal studies, focusing on the principal causative genes, their interactions, and the role of modif ier genes.

A Look into Sino-African Joint Studies on Biodiversity

With richest biodiversity in the world, Africa is the center of most conservation priorities. The difference in the composition of biodiversity is phenomenal between Africa and China, where the resources are almost complementary. This essay reviews the characteristics of African biodiversity, as well as the current status and international cooperation on biodiversity conservation. It also evaluates the significance and impendence of developing Sino-African research projects in this regard, and blueprints detailed plans for such an initiative in possible regions.

When Prior Knowledge Helps： Self-Report of First-Year University Undergraduates on Academic Writing

This qualitative-dominant mixed study used content analysis, interviews, and survey to examine if first-year university undergraduates taking English language academic writing courses consider prior knowledge from high school English language five-paragraph essay writing style helpful. Sample included 67 first year university undergraduates. All the 67 students considered prior knowledge of the high school five-paragraph essay writing style helpful. They believed that it facilitated a transfer of learning in the first-year university undergraduate academic writing course. However, only 15 out of the respondents, who reported that prior knowledge of the high school English language five-paragraph essay writing style was helpful, also reported that they are level-appropriate competent in the first-year university undergraduate English language academic writing courses after one academic year. As such, essay-writing in high school offers students some foundation-knowledge to succeed in academic writing in universities. Further findings showed that students often delve into essay or academic writing without proper planning. Thus, it is recommended that universities introduce a bridge course specifically to address academic deficiency in reading and writing for all first year undergraduates upon admission into the university.

Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis for the HELIOS Loop within the LACANES Benchmark

Within the OECD/NEA Benchmarking of Thermal-Hydraulic Loop Models for Lead-Alloy Cooled Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems （LACANES）, the Institute for Neutron Physics and Reactor Technology takes part in the validation process of system codes and the characterization of the thermal-hydraulic behavior of an experimental loop operated with liquid lead-bismuth-eutectics. To confirm the calculations, the results were compared to experimental data obtained from the HELIOS facility at the Seoul National University and to the results of other benchmark participants. The comparison showed that the calculations are within measurement tolerance but nevertheless discrepancies among the participants exist. The pressure drop estimation is determined by a variety of empirical correlations for the friction and the form loss coefficients. Hence, uncertainty and sensitivity measures were applied to find out which parameter is more relevant for the overall pressure drop. In the frame of this investigation, the system code TRACE and the software system for uncertainty and sensitivity, SUSA, were used. The results show that the total pressure drop varies between -30 and ＋15% related to the reference case.

钳工锉配加工工艺的探讨

钳工讲究技巧,也讲究工艺的正确性。本篇文章引出锉配加工工艺的探讨,旨在希望广大钳工对此有个正确的认识和参考依据。锉配属复合作业,是钳工学生练习的主要课题,也是中、高级钳工职业技能鉴定考量的手段之一。它涵盖了钳工基本功的錾锯锉钻铰攻刮划量测几个知识点。因此,锉配就显得格外重要。

傅山的时代及其风格

当我们谈论艺术的时候,无论如何总是离不开人。字如其人,风格即其人,作字先作人,等等。可见归根结底是人。有了某一种人,才有了某一种风格。在很远的古代,由于材料的缺乏,我们看不见富有个性的普通人。自中世纪以后,人的个性渐渐明显起来。

傅山书学思想的一般概括

一是以“作字先作人”为其书学思想之灵魂。傅山一首《作字示儿孙》诗,一句“作字先作人”的诗句,已为人们传诵了几百年。如果此诗此句亦如同西汉扬雄的“书如心画”说、唐柳诚悬“心正则笔正”的笔谏说一样价值同等的话,那么,它将流传千古而不朽。