Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay （dFA） which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user f...Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay （dFA） which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test （dRIT） for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein （N） antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under fight microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.展开更多
This paper examines the livelihood challenges experienced in Rwanjaba Lakeshore Community during the period of low water level in Lake Victoria between 2004 and 2007 and identifies the livelihood coping strategies tha...This paper examines the livelihood challenges experienced in Rwanjaba Lakeshore Community during the period of low water level in Lake Victoria between 2004 and 2007 and identifies the livelihood coping strategies that were adopted to address them.A total of 55 households were randomly sampled and the data collection methods included household questionnaires and participant observations.The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS) and the results presented with the help of descriptive statistics.The livelihood challenges experienced during the low lake water level included fish shortage(34.5%),household food scarcity(23.6%),sex for fish(18.2%),family breakdown(12.7%),increased theft(7.2%) and accidents due to the exposed rocks in the lake(3.6%).The livelihood coping strategies adopted to redress the challenges included causal labour(32.7%),maize roasting(23.6%),sand mining(18.2%),selling of snacks(12.7%),selling household property(9.1%) and resorting shop and market credits(3.6%).The paper proposes a number of recommendations for improving the livelihood of the community ranging from policy reforms to the diversification of activities.展开更多
Organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs） have been extensively studied since the first efficient device based on small molecular luminescent materials was reported by Tang. Organic electroluminescent material, one of t...Organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs） have been extensively studied since the first efficient device based on small molecular luminescent materials was reported by Tang. Organic electroluminescent material, one of the centerpieces of OLEDs, has been the focus of studies by many material scientists. To obtain high luminosity and to keep material costs low, a few remarkable design concepts have been developed. Aggregation-induced emission （AIE） materials were invented to overcome the common fluorescence-quenching problem, and cross-dipole stacking of fluorescent molecules was shown to be an effective method to get high solid-state luminescence. To exceed the limit of internal quantum efficiency of conventional fluorescent materials, phosphorescent materials were successfully applied in highly efficient electroluminescent devices. Most recently, delayed flu- orescent materials via reverse-intersystem crossing （RISC） from triplet to singlet and the ＂hot exciton＂ materials based on hy- bridized local and charge-transfer （HLCT） states were developed to he a new generation of low-cost luminescent materials as efficient as phosphorescent materials. In terms of the device-fabrication process, solution-processible small molecular lumi- nescent materials possess the advantages of high purity （vs. polymers） and low procession cost （vs. vacuum deposition）, which are garnering them increasing attention. Herein, we review the progress of the development of small-molecule luminescent materials with different design concepts and features, and also briefly examine future development tendencies of luminescent materials.展开更多
THE UNITED STATES U.S.scientists announce on February 11 that they have detected the existence of gravitational waves through the Laser Interferometer GravitationalWave Observatory in Livingston,Louisiana（pictured ab...THE UNITED STATES U.S.scientists announce on February 11 that they have detected the existence of gravitational waves through the Laser Interferometer GravitationalWave Observatory in Livingston,Louisiana（pictured above）.展开更多
Editor＇s comments Formaldehyde （HCHO） emitted from chemical manufacturing plants including methanol-gasoline/diesel fuel vehicles and the construction and decoration materials is one of the major air pollutions, wh...Editor＇s comments Formaldehyde （HCHO） emitted from chemical manufacturing plants including methanol-gasoline/diesel fuel vehicles and the construction and decoration materials is one of the major air pollutions, which induces photochemical pollution and hazards human health. Great efforts have been made for the reduction or control of the emission of HCHO to satisfy the stringent environmental regulations. Now, a new study supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China reports mesoporous manganese oxide with novel nanostructures for the decomposition of HCHO. The obtained manganese oxide nanomaterials showed high catalytic activities for oxidative decomposition of HCHO at low temperatures. Complete conversion of HCHO to CO2 and H2O were achieved, and no harmful by- products were detected in effluent gases. The catalytic activities of these nanomaterials are significantly higher than those of previously reported manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve （OMS-2） nanorods , MnO x powders, and alumnina-supported mangnaese-palladium oxide catalysts. These results provide a new route for the removal of HCHO and other air pollutions.展开更多
文摘Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay （dFA） which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test （dRIT） for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein （N） antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under fight microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.
文摘This paper examines the livelihood challenges experienced in Rwanjaba Lakeshore Community during the period of low water level in Lake Victoria between 2004 and 2007 and identifies the livelihood coping strategies that were adopted to address them.A total of 55 households were randomly sampled and the data collection methods included household questionnaires and participant observations.The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS) and the results presented with the help of descriptive statistics.The livelihood challenges experienced during the low lake water level included fish shortage(34.5%),household food scarcity(23.6%),sex for fish(18.2%),family breakdown(12.7%),increased theft(7.2%) and accidents due to the exposed rocks in the lake(3.6%).The livelihood coping strategies adopted to redress the challenges included causal labour(32.7%),maize roasting(23.6%),sand mining(18.2%),selling of snacks(12.7%),selling household property(9.1%) and resorting shop and market credits(3.6%).The paper proposes a number of recommendations for improving the livelihood of the community ranging from policy reforms to the diversification of activities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21334002,51303057,51373054,91233113)the National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB834705,2014CB643504,2015CB655003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2013ZZ0001)the Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Guangdong(201101C0105067115)
文摘Organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs） have been extensively studied since the first efficient device based on small molecular luminescent materials was reported by Tang. Organic electroluminescent material, one of the centerpieces of OLEDs, has been the focus of studies by many material scientists. To obtain high luminosity and to keep material costs low, a few remarkable design concepts have been developed. Aggregation-induced emission （AIE） materials were invented to overcome the common fluorescence-quenching problem, and cross-dipole stacking of fluorescent molecules was shown to be an effective method to get high solid-state luminescence. To exceed the limit of internal quantum efficiency of conventional fluorescent materials, phosphorescent materials were successfully applied in highly efficient electroluminescent devices. Most recently, delayed flu- orescent materials via reverse-intersystem crossing （RISC） from triplet to singlet and the ＂hot exciton＂ materials based on hy- bridized local and charge-transfer （HLCT） states were developed to he a new generation of low-cost luminescent materials as efficient as phosphorescent materials. In terms of the device-fabrication process, solution-processible small molecular lumi- nescent materials possess the advantages of high purity （vs. polymers） and low procession cost （vs. vacuum deposition）, which are garnering them increasing attention. Herein, we review the progress of the development of small-molecule luminescent materials with different design concepts and features, and also briefly examine future development tendencies of luminescent materials.
文摘THE UNITED STATES U.S.scientists announce on February 11 that they have detected the existence of gravitational waves through the Laser Interferometer GravitationalWave Observatory in Livingston,Louisiana（pictured above）.
文摘Editor＇s comments Formaldehyde （HCHO） emitted from chemical manufacturing plants including methanol-gasoline/diesel fuel vehicles and the construction and decoration materials is one of the major air pollutions, which induces photochemical pollution and hazards human health. Great efforts have been made for the reduction or control of the emission of HCHO to satisfy the stringent environmental regulations. Now, a new study supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China reports mesoporous manganese oxide with novel nanostructures for the decomposition of HCHO. The obtained manganese oxide nanomaterials showed high catalytic activities for oxidative decomposition of HCHO at low temperatures. Complete conversion of HCHO to CO2 and H2O were achieved, and no harmful by- products were detected in effluent gases. The catalytic activities of these nanomaterials are significantly higher than those of previously reported manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve （OMS-2） nanorods , MnO x powders, and alumnina-supported mangnaese-palladium oxide catalysts. These results provide a new route for the removal of HCHO and other air pollutions.
