平视显示仪光害问题原理分析及优化方案研究

本文重点剖析某款车型的平视显示仪(HUD)光害问题,基于HUD构成以及其光路形成,对HUD光害形成的原理进行理论分析。针对HUD扩散板以及其他部件,提出了提高部件吸光能力、增加HUD扩散板旋转角、扩散板表面增加微结构等改善措施,并通过能量聚集验证、高温仿真验证和HUD效果验证等对改善方法进行了验证。最终结果表明,通过如上改善措施能有效解决HUD光害问题,提高行车安全及驾驶体验。

防治光污染须补足立法短板

背景:夜幕降临,摩天大楼灯火璀璨,街边店铺霓虹广告流光溢彩。'不夜'的明亮城市诉说着繁荣的同时,也暗藏隐忧:灯光之下,无法再看见璀璨的星空,超亮的户外广告牌带来的光辐射,对生态环境造成不小的危害。值得注意的是,国内光污染问题仍未得到足够的重视与治理。(8月15日《经济参考报》)光污染是继大气、水、噪音等污染之后的又一新环境污染,其危害性绝不亚于其他环境污染。有研究表明,

光污染——室外夜间照明中一个值得注意的问题

室外场所的夜间照明主要包括道路照明,广场（堆场,停机坪等）照明,室外装饰照明（商业街景,建筑立面,雕塑和纪念碑等）,居住街区照明,保安照明和体育场照明等等,在我国,随着市场的繁荣和交通事业渐趋发达,特别是沿海一带这类照明方式已越来越普遍地使用在各种场所,道路表面亮度渐趋提高,广场上照明用高杆耸立,都市建筑物晚上华灯初放千姿百态,把都市夜间的功能发挥出来,把它晚扮起来。

现代城市新公害

没有光污染的晴空下,肉眼可见7 000多颗星星。童年记忆中,我们寻找猎户座,分辨勺状北斗七星。然而,经济社会的不断发展,加速了光污染的影响。现在,全球超过80%的人居住在光污染的天空下,约1/3的人看不到银河,其中,高达99%的欧洲和美国人口受光污染的影响。每点亮一座城,就熄灭了一片天空。光污染直接威胁着天文观测。作为最古老的学科之一,天文观测记录着人类追溯起源、探索宇宙的全过程。科学家们仰望星空,解释和观察环绕我们的浩瀚宇宙。

光辉灿烂带来的污染

19世纪70年代后期,美国发明家爱迪生通过电能、光能转换实验,制造出了相当于同时点燃数百根蜡烛亮度的白炽灯泡。此后又经过10年的努力,实现了集中供电,形成大范围的电灯照明系统,为世界带来了一片光明。

城市隐患—光污染

话题源自古希腊的一次战争,敌人庞大的舰队来犯,而城堡里只剩下些妇孺,眼看一幕惨剧就要上演。这时,天才的阿基米德灵机一动,他指挥全城的妇女拿上自己的梳妆镜集中到海岸边,用镜面把阳光聚集到敌船的风帆上。敌船着火,敌人不战而败,全城得救。由此可见,阳光是具有杀伤力的。人类自古向往光明,但如果有人整天用镜子把阳光反射到你屋里,你会不会觉得光明太多了?而我们生活的城市中,这样的镜子一天天在增加,面积越来越大,凡是新建的商业性楼宇,外墙几乎全都用上了亮闪闪、明晃晃的玻璃幕墙。"楼天一色"的壮观景象固然让人叹为观止,但与此同时,阳光以加倍的强度倾泻到我们头上,给我们的生活带来了很多麻烦甚至威胁。1986年5月,一起"光污染"案例出现在上海,四川中路458号的30户居民,向环保部门投诉两面距他们居民楼仅30米处的一幢29层金融大厦,由于它采用玻璃幕墙结构,给他们的生活带来很大的干扰。随着城市建设的不断发展,"光污染"已成为人们不可轻视的生活障碍。

Rapid detection and risk assessment of soil contamination at lead smelting site based on machine learning

A general prediction model for seven heavy metals was established using the heavy metal contents of 207soil samples measured by a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF)and six environmental factors as model correction coefficients.The eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)model was used to fit the relationship between the content of heavy metals and environment characteristics to evaluate the soil ecological risk of the smelting site.The results demonstrated that the generalized prediction model developed for Pb,Cd,and As was highly accurate with fitted coefficients(R^(2))values of 0.911,0.950,and 0.835,respectively.Topsoil presented the highest ecological risk,and there existed high potential ecological risk at some positions with different depths due to high mobility of Cd.Generally,the application of machine learning significantly increased the accuracy of pXRF measurements,and identified key environmental factors.The adapted potential ecological risk assessment emphasized the need to focus on Pb,Cd,and As in future site remediation efforts.

城市夜景照明中光污染问题及对策研究

当前,城市夜景照明能够使城市景观表达得以拓展,使城市时空有效延伸,其快速发展正是经济、文化生活越来越多彩的体现。但是,由于过度追求亮度,对光色无序应用,对典范盲目仿照,使得光污染问题逐渐突显,这也是现阶段夜景照明中最主要的问题,近几年来光污染问题已逐渐发展成理论、照明技术界最主要的课题之一。本文从光污染的相关概述入手,对当前城市夜景照明光污染现状和存在问题进行分析,并对光污染法律法规、使用材料、照明方式等问题提出解决对策,希望本文的研究对于光污染问题的解决起到积极作用。

Detection of Broad Bean Diseases by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Curve Fitting

Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy was used to study diseased leaves in broad bean. Results showed that the infrared spectra of different broad bean diseased leaves were similar, which were mainly made up of the vibrational absorption bands of protein,lipid and polysaccharide.There were minor differences in-cluding the spectral peak position, peak shape and the absorption intensity in the range of 1 800-1 300 cm-1. There were obvious differences among their second derivative spectra in the range of 1 800-1 300 cm-1. After the procedure of the Fourier self-deconvolution and curve fitting of health bean leaves and broad bean diseased leaves in the range of 1 700-1 500 cm-1, three sub-peaks were obtained at 1 550 cm-1 （protein amide Ⅱ band）, 1 605 cm-1 （lignin） and 1 650 cm-1 （protein amide I band）.The ratios of relative areas of the bands of amide Ⅱ, lignin, and amide I were 38.86%, 28.68% and 32.47% in the spectra of healthy leaves, respec-tively. It was distinguished from the diseased leaves （chocolate spot leaf： 15.42%, 42.98% and 41.61%, ring spot leaf：32.39%, 35.63% and 31.98%, rust leaf： 13.97%, 46.40% and 39.65%, yel owing leaf curl disease leaf： 24.01%,36.55% and 39.44%）. For sub-peak area ratios （A1 563/A1 605, A1 650/A1 605 and A1 563/A1 654）, those of four kinds of diseased leaves were smal er than that of healthy leaves, and there were also differences among four kinds of diseased leaves. The results proved that FTIR combining with curve fitting might be a potential y useful tool for detecting different kinds of broad bean diseases.

汽车ARHUD整车热仿真分析

ARHUD是一种汽车辅助视觉安全驾驶系统,此系统是将驾驶员驾驶时需要的一些重要信息投影到汽车前风窗玻璃上,驾驶员看到的是与实景融合的虚像。ARHUD在设计开发初期需对各项参数进行可行性分析,其中ARHUD的光害和散热是可行性分析的关键考察项,是关系到ARHUD性能和功能能否正常工作的关键依据,因此在设计之初要对设计的方案进行热仿真分析,来考察设计的参数是否满足散热需求。本文通过对特定的环境温度、不同光照度及各种发热件的热场下分析ARHUD在整车上的散热的热仿真分析,来考察设计参数的可行性,从而提出最优的散热设计方案。

Spatio-temporal changes of exposure and vulnerability to floods in China

A socio-economic data set on China＇s historical flood losses for the period 1984--2012 was compiled to analyze the exposed population, economy, and crop area as well as the vulnerabilities of the population and economy to floods. The results revealed that the exposed population was approximately 126 persons km-2 per year when taking China as a whole; in terms of the economy, potential losses due to floods were estimated to be approximately 1.49 million C/W4 km 2 and the crop area exposed to floods covered 153 million hm2 per year. China＇s total exposure to floods significantly increased over the analysis period. The areas that showed the higher exposure were mainly located along the east coast. The population＇s vulnerability to floods showed a significantly increasing trend, however, the economic vulnerability showed a decreasing trend. The populations and economies that were most vulnerable to floods were in Hunan, Anhui, Chongqing, Jiangxi, and Hubei provinces. The municipalities of Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin showed the lowest vulnerabilities to floods.

The Use of Hydrogen as a Fuel for Inland Waterway Units

Escalating apprehension about the harmful effects of widespread use of conventional fossil fuels in the marine field and in internal combustion engines in general, has led to a vast amount of efforts and the directing of large capital investment towards research and development of sustainable alternative energy sources. One of the most promising and abundant of these sources is hydrogen. Firstly, the use of current fossil fuels is. discussed focusing on the emissions and economic sides to emphasize the need for a new, cleaner and renewable fuel with particular reference to hydrogen as a suitable possible alternative. Hydrogen properties, production and storage methods are then reviewed along with its suitability from the economical point of view. Finally, a cost analysis for the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines is carried out to illustrate the benefits of its use as a replacement for diesel. The outcome of this cost analysis shows that 98% of the capital expenditure is consumed by the equipment, and 68.3% of the total cost of the equipment is spent on the solar photovoltaic cells. The hydrogen plant is classified as a large investment project because of its high initial cost which is about 1 billion US$; but this is justified because hydrogen is produced in a totally green way. When hydrogen is used as a fuel, no harmful emissions are obtained.

Drifting Sand Endangering Gezira Irrigation Scheme in Central Sudan, History and Impact

This study was carried out at Gezira area in Central Sudan that lies between longitude 32° and 32° 50＇ and latitude 14° and 14°15＇. It dealt with the history of the sand, its source and rate of movement towards Gezira scheme and monitored the trend of blowing sand over 10 years. To find out the origin of drifting sand, sand samples were collected from the sandy area west to the White Nile and from the study area. Heavy minerals analysis was carried out on these samples and its mineral assemblage was matched with the mineral of both sand at western bank of the White Nile and the Blue Nile. To picture the trend of moving sand, Multispectral Scanning System （MSS, 1975）, and Thematic Map （TM, 1985） were used to delineate the sandy areas and their trend with time. The rate of the blowing sand was quantified using Bottemane sand catcher. The heavy mineral results showed that the mineral of the drifting sand in the study area are quite similar to the sand of sand dune west to the White Nile indicating the same origin. The sand was transported by southern and southwestern winds through a corridor across the White Nile to its eastern bank, where the most likely water transported sediment was reworked by wind and transported further to the northeast. Between 1972 and 1985, the sand invaded the area at an average rate of about 30 km2 per year and map of 1985 demonstrated a corridor across the White Nile for sand movement. The area was subject to 7 days sand storm with an average of 35 kg/m.d and in summer time, the average amount of moving sand was about 28 kg/m.d. These results demonstrated the future hazard of drifting sand and its impact, which has to be tackled immediately to protect Gezira scheme.

不同光的利与害

眼睛的视锥细胞能感知色彩，一般具有3种颜色的感光体，即红色、蓝色与绿色（称为三原色）。

Survival of the biocontrol agents Brevibacillus brevis ZJY-1 and Bacillus subtilis ZJY-116 on the spikes of barley in the field

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease that results in extensive yield losses to wheat and barley. A green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing plasmid pRP22-GFP was constructed for monitoring the colonization of two biocontrol agents, Brevibacillus brevis ZJY-1 and Bacillus subtilis ZJY-116, on the spikes of barley and their effect on suppression of FHB. Survival and colonization of the Brevibacillus brevis ZJY-1 and Bacillus subtilis ZJY-116 strains on spikes of barley were observed by tracking the bacterial transformants with GFP expression. Our field study revealed that plasmid pRP22-GFP was stably maintained in the bacterial strains without selective pressure. The retrieved GFP-tagged strains showed that the bacterial population fluctuation accorded with that of the rain events. Furthermore, both biocontrol strains gave significant protection against FHB on spikes of barley in fields. The greater suppression of barley FHB disease was resulted from the treat-ment of barley spikes with biocontrol agents before inoculation with F. graminearum.

Generation of 3D Virtual Geographic Environment Based on Laser Scanning Technique

This paper demonstrates an experiment on the generation of 3D virtual geographic environment on the basis of experimental flight laser scanning data by a set of algorithms and methods that were developed to automatically interpret range images for extracting geo-spatial features and then to reconstruct geo-objects. The algorithms and methods for the interpretation and modeling of laser scanner data include triangulated-irregular-network (TIN)-based range image interpolation; mathematical-morphology (MM)-based range image filtering, feature extraction and range image segmentation, feature generalization and optimization, 3D objects reconstruction and modeling; computer-graphics (CG)-based visualization and animation of geographic virtual reality environment.

Assessment of total suspended sediment concentrations in Poyang Lake using HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery

We explored the potential of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellations (HJ-1A/1B satellites) charge-coupled device (CCD) imagery (spatial resolution of 30 m, revisit time of 2 days) in the monitoring of total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations in dynamic water bodies using Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, as an example. Field surveys conducted during October 17-26, 2009 showed a wide range of TSS concentration (3-524 mg/L). Atmospheric correction was implemented using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) module in ENVI with the aid of aerosol information retrieved from concurrent Terra/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surveys, which worked well at the CCD bands with relatively high reflectance. A practical exponential retrieval algorithm was created between satellite remote sensing reflectance and in-situ measured TSS concentration. The retrieved results for the whole water area matched the in-situ data well at most stations. The retrieval errors may be related to the problem of scale matching and mixed pixel. In three selected subregions of Poyang Lake, the distribution trend of retrieved TSS was consistent with that of the field investigation. It was shown that HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery can be used to estimate TSS concentrations in Poyang Lake over synoptic scales after applying an appropriate atmospheric correction method and retrieval algorithm.

Evaluation of Rock Fall Hazards Using Lidar Technology

Lidar （light detection and ranging） is a relatively new technology that is being used in many aspects of geology and engineering, including researching the potential for rock falls on highway rock cuts. At Missouri University of Science and Technology, we are developing methods for measuring joint orientations remotely and quantifying the raveling process. Measuring joint orientations remotely along highways is safer, more accurate and can result in larger and more accurate data sets, including measurements from otherwise inaccessible areas. Measuring the nature of rock raveling will provide the data needed to begin the process of modeling the rock raveling process. In both cases, terrestrial lidar scanning is used to generate large point clouds of coordinate triplets representing the surface of the rock cut. Automated algorithms have been developed to organize the lidar data, register successive images without survey control, and removal of vegetation and non-rock artifacts. In the first case, we look for planar elements, identify the plane and calculate the orientations. In the second case, we take a series of scans over time and use sophisticated change detection algorithms to calculate the numbers and volumes of rock that has fallen off the rock face.

Will harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi grow phagotrophically?

We studied the phagotrophic ability of dinoflagellate strain Karenia mikimotoi KM-Lu （isolated from the South China Sea）, using fluorescent microspheres, bacteria isolated from the culture of K. mikimotoi and a marine microalgae lsochrysis galbana. We found that K. mikimotoi cultured under conditions of high light intensity could ingest fluorescent microspheres （diameters 0.5 and 2.0 lain） and fluorescence-labeled bacteria and microalgae. Under a low light intensity, however, only fluorescent microspheres （diameter 0.5 μm） and fluorescence-labeled microalgae were ingested. K. mikimotoi showed better growth by ingesting living marine bacteria or microalgae I. galbana than the controls, either in nutrient-depleted or nutrient-replete conditions. In nutrient-depleted conditions, the growth ofK. mikirnotoi was more significant with L galbana as the prey item. In conclusion, the harmful dinoflagellate K. mikimotoi from the South China Sea has apparent phagotrophic ability, and some marine bacteria and microalgae may promote the growth of K. mikimotoi.

Natural Radioactivity Measurements for Some Algerian Building Materials

The objective of this work is to assess the radiation hazards associated gamma rays from building materials. Natural gamma rays activities of natural radionuclide represented mainly by three natural radioactive series ^238U, ^235U and ^232Th, and the primordial ^40K in the samples of building materials which consist of bricks, ceramics, marble and gypsum from different areas of eastern Algeria are measured using gamma ray spectrometry. The values of the activities of these radionuclides do not clearly reflect the radiation hazard associated with these materials. Therefore, the radium equivalent （Raeq） concentration is defined taking into account the effectiveness of these isotopes in creating the radiation hazard. Radium equivalent activities, external and internal hazard indices （Hex and Hin） are calculated from the activities of ^226Ra, ^232Th and ^40K for suitability of the materials.