农膜残留对大豆光生理特征及生物量累积的影响

农膜覆盖技术的应用及推广极大地提高了干旱半干旱地区的农业产量,促进了当地农业发展及社会经济效益。然而,由于农膜碎片化程度高、回收难度大、降解周期长,使得残留在土壤中的农膜日益增多,严重威胁着作物生长、土壤健康以及农业可持续发展。尽管农膜残留对土壤质量影响的研究较多,但对于其种类(可降解或不可降解)及残留累积量对作物光生理特征的研究还相对较少。本试验以大豆为研究对象,对比普通聚乙烯(PE)和生物降解(BP)两种农膜(残片大小为0.5~2 cm),研究不同农膜残留累积量(土壤重量的0、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%)下大豆花期及初荚期叶片光合作用光、CO_(2)响应曲线特征及花期、收获期的植株生物量,探讨塑料类型及残留量对大豆光生理特征及生物量累积的影响。结果表明:PE残留导致大豆叶片光补偿点在花期降低23.96%,而初荚期升高51.38%,说明PE残留导致大豆叶片弱光利用能力在花期提升,但在初荚期被抑制。在初荚期,BP残留使光补偿点降低54.82%,且光饱合点升高58.12%,从而提高了叶片强光适应能力,增大了叶片光能利用范围。同时,PE和BP添加使暗呼吸速率分别增长30.56%和22.28%,从而导致干物质消耗增加。土壤中PE、BP残留量的增加,最大光合力分别降低36.49%和23.56%,表明大豆叶片CO_(2)利用能力减弱;CO_(2)补偿点分别降低67.96%和38.91%,从而提高了叶片低浓度CO_(2)的利用能力,并降低光呼吸速率,从而减少了干物质的消耗。此外,不同农膜及残留量处理下,仅在花期0.1%与0.5%残留量的BP处理中,地下生物量随农膜残留量的增加显著降低,其他各处理间地上及地下生物量无明显变化。光响应及CO_(2)响应曲线各拟合参数与生物量的Pearson相关性分析结果表明,收获期PE处理下,地上生物量与光补偿点呈显著负相关,而光呼吸速率、CO_(2)补偿点、初始羧化效率与生物量(地上+地下)的积累有较强相关性。因此,PE农膜残留量增加提高了大豆花期叶片对于弱光的利用能力而减弱初荚期对弱光的利用能力,BP农膜残留量增加则会增强初荚期叶片对弱光的利用,也对大豆叶片适应强光的能力有所提升。

西沙永乐环礁造礁石珊瑚共生体对低光环境的生理响应

光照是影响造礁石珊瑚生长与分布的重要因素之一,但目前关于造礁石珊瑚对低光环境的响应特征与适应性尚不清楚。本研究以西沙常见的疣状杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora verrucosa)、澄黄滨珊瑚(Porites lutea)和翘齿盘星珊瑚(Dipsastraea matthaii)为研究对象,于2021年春季在永乐环礁10m水深处开展了为期1周的原位遮光实验,其中遮光实验组与正常对照组相比光强削减了80%~90%,其日间有效光辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)为20.2~41.5μmol photons·m^(−2)·s^(−1)。实验结果显示,弱光状态下疣状杯形珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚和翘齿盘星珊瑚的实际光量子产量(ΦPSII)明显升高,最大电子传递速率(r-ETR_(max))和饱和辐射光强(Ek)出现了下降的现象,同时三种珊瑚的共生藻密度(翘齿盘星珊瑚除外)、叶绿素a含量、组织生物量和组织厚度出现了不同程度的下降,其中以澄黄滨珊瑚的变化最为显著,其共生藻密度下降了14.2%,组织生物量下降了32.9%。短期弱光限制中,造礁石珊瑚能够通过提高自身的实际光合效率或(和)降低虫黄藻密度适应光强的不足,但珊瑚共生体通过光合作用转化的能量短期内无法满足珊瑚宿主自身正常生长的代谢需求,因而出现消耗大于获得、珊瑚组织生物量和组织厚度短暂下降的情况。

施钾对夏玉米产量、钾素积累动态及光温生理特性的影响

为给夏玉米科学施钾提供参考依据,2021—2022年在河南省温县开展钾肥用量田间试验,以‘隆玉369’为试验材料,研究0 kg∙hm^(−2)(K0)、40 kg∙hm^(−2)(K40)、80 kg∙hm^(−2)(K80)、120 kg∙hm^(−2)(K120)和160 kg∙hm^(−2)(K160)5个钾(K2O)肥用量对夏玉米株高、叶面积、叶片SPAD值、冠层光合有效辐射、冠层温度和抗氧化酶活性等理化指标及钾素利用效率的影响。结果表明:2021年和2022年施钾处理分别增产4.9%~6.6%和7.4%~9.6%,且产量增幅随钾肥用量增加呈“先升高后趋于稳定”趋势,最佳施钾量分别为80 kg·hm^(−2)和87 kg·hm^(−2)。施钾可提升夏玉米株高、叶面积和叶片SPAD值,促进夏玉米生长发育和干物质积累。Logistic方程拟合表明,钾素吸收总量与最大积累速率以K80、K120最佳,分别较K0提高22.5%、28.3%与29.2%、37.5%,此外,最大速率出现时间缩短3~4 d。进一步研究表明,施钾(K2O)量为80~120 kg·hm^(−2)可有效增强夏玉米群体光合有效辐射分量,降低冠层温度,提升超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性。综上所述,施钾可提高夏玉米产量,促进夏玉米生长发育和钾素吸收利用,增强各生育期光温生理特性和抗氧化酶活性,豫北夏玉米适宜施钾(K2O)量为80~120 kg·hm^(−2)。

施肥对川滇桤木幼苗叶绿素含量及光合生理的影响研究

为了解川滇桤木幼苗的施肥情况,以1a生川滇桤木幼苗作为研究对象,通过施用不同比例的N、P、K肥进行正交组合试验,对川滇桤木幼苗叶片中叶绿素和光合作用的变化进行了研究。结果表明:川滇桤木在不同的水肥管理条件下,对幼苗的萌条生长量有较大影响,喷灌和施肥对幼苗的数量、长度、基径的生长量均有较大提高,萌条的生物量最大,为最佳的管理措施。川滇桤木幼苗在不同的施肥条件下,其叶绿素和光合作用均有一定的差异。N、P、K肥提高了叶片的叶绿素和净光合速率,以0~0.2∶0.6∶0.1~0.4为最优。

美国引进的6个薄壳山核桃品种光合生理特性比较

为了比较从美国引进的薄壳山核桃幼苗在浙江地区栽培生长的光合生理特性差异,以ML3、ML4、ML6、ML7、ML8和ML9的6个薄壳山核桃单株的三年生嫁接苗为试材,进行了光合指标、叶绿素荧光参数和色素含量的测定和分析。结果表明,ML7的P_(max)和AQY数值相对较高,ML6的LCP值最低,而AQY值较高,表明ML7光能利用效率最高,而ML6则对弱光环境的适应性最强;ML7的F_v/2、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、Yield和Fm'5个荧光参数较高,表明ML7的实际光化学量子效率较高;3种色素在薄壳山核桃中的含量:叶绿素a>类胡萝卜素>叶绿素b。

苎麻光周期钝感生理雌性系的光温效应研究

1992～1995年的试验结果表明，10hSD（短日）对光钝感生理雌性系NG1成花表现无效应或负效应，而对光敏感品种圆叶青（对照）成花有明显的促进效应。NG1和NG2一年中能成花3或4次。第1期的成花量及性别比与温度密切有关，于高温期砍秆后发生的再生麻成花量及雄花量均多；第1期花后，若不砍秆，茎梢须经过一段营养生长后开下一期花，但只开雌花。不同砍秆期是调节NG型苎麻成花及性别比的有效方法。

林下经济药用植物益智和海南砂仁早期生长及光合生理研究

研究了珍贵树种檀香林(树龄9年生)林下经济药用植物益智和海南砂仁早期生长及光合生理特性,结果表明,益智和海南砂仁的成活率较高;生长半年后苗木的苗高净生长量分别为35.68cm和66.08cm,光合生理特性结果显示,益智叶片净光合速率为8.91 mmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)和蒸腾速率为2.08 mmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1);海南砂仁净光合速率为5.24 mmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)和蒸腾速率为1.35 mmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),两者的气孔导度差异不明显;海南砂仁叶片F0、Fm、Fv/Fm和F0/Fm比值稍高于益智。

铁丰33叶片光合生理参数和光合日变化分析

根据铁丰33的叶片光和生理参数和光合日变化分析,铁丰33于开花期、结荚期和鼓粒期的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和细胞间隙二氧化碳浓度均高于对照品种辽豆11。从而为铁丰33作为亲本组配杂交组合时提供依据。

温室园艺LED照明研究与应用现状

LED作为设施园艺光环境调控的优选光源和手段,节能、精准、长寿命且光效率高,可通过光质及其光强和光周期等光照属性的控制,调控植物光合作用和光形态建成,调节设施园艺作物生长发育、生物量和果实产量、开花及农产品品质,获得温室补光的效益。而且,基于时空光环境调控带来的显著效益,动态照明和立体照明应运而生,方兴未艾,应用前景广阔。本文总结了温室LED照明产品和应用领域,提出了动态照明和立体照明技术概念,总结了光质、光强和光周期植物调控的研究进展,重点阐述了光质调控植物园艺作物生长发育、产量、开花及农产品品质的研究进展,对未来温室LED补光产业发展前景进行了展望。

PEG渗透胁迫对不同品种大麦荧光参数的研究

采用盆栽试验,以西安91-2、甘啤3号和扬饲麦3号为材料,研究不同浓度PEG6000(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%)渗透胁迫下大麦苗期叶片光能利用和能量耗散的影响。结果表明,随着PEG渗透胁迫的增加,3个大麦品种叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量,最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(PSⅡ)都有不同程度的降低,初始荧光(F0)、表观光合量子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)等则表现出增加的趋势。3个品种在低浓度的PEG处理下只是通过减少光能的利用和增加热耗散维持光合机构的稳定,但高浓度的PEG处理造成了光合机构的破坏,不同品种的表现不同。与甘啤3号相比,西安91-2各项生理参数值变化幅度小,与西安91-2相比,扬饲麦3号各项生理参数值变化幅度小。

动物感光器中的G蛋白及其偶联的光信号转导

G蛋白偶联的信号转导系统是细胞跨膜信号转导的重要途径 ,在动物的光感觉生理中 ,G蛋白在信号的转导和放大过程中起了重要的作用 ,有关这方面的研究已是动物光感觉研究中的一个热点。作者介绍了国内外这方面的研究进展 ,以及研究的方法 ,并对动物感光器中G蛋白的类型。

不同氮磷钾施肥配比对海芒果苗期生长的影响

不同氮磷钾配施对半年生海芒果盆苗生长影响的试验结果表明:促进苗高和地径生长的较优施肥配比为N0.7 g.盆-1、P2O50 g.盆-1、K2O 0.7 g.盆-1,苗高达到84.60 cm,比对照提高了58%,地径达到1.42 cm,比对照增加了5%;提高海芒果苗木根、茎、叶干质量及叶片叶绿素含量的较优施肥配比分别为N0.7 g.盆-1、P2O50.7g.盆-1、K2O 0 g.盆-1,其中根干质量较对照增加了66%,茎干质量较对照增加了124%,叶干质量较对照增加了103%,叶绿素含量最高达4.08 mg.g-1,比对照增加了86%;影响海芒果苗木净光合速率的较优施肥配比为N1.4g.盆-1、P2O50.35 g.盆-1、K2O0 g.盆-1,叶片净光合速率最高为10.81μmol.m-2.s-1,较同时刻对照处理的叶片净光合速率提高了2.44μmol.m-2.s-1。

Study on Daily Change in Photo-physiological Properties of Potato

[Objective]This study was to reveal the photo-physiological properties and suitable climate conditions for potato growth,so as to improve potato quality and yield by making use of the climate resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,to intensively develop the special agriculture there to enhance the economic benefit of local people.[Method]Using CIRASⅠ-Portable Photosynthesis System,we measured the daily change of photo-physiological indices of potato and further analyzed their relationship with daily weather change,and investigated the impacts of climate factors including atmospheric temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration and light intensity on various physiological indices of potato at key growth stages（flowering stage and stem-swelling stage）.[Results]The results showed that（1） humidity in experimental field assumed a ＂ U＂ type cosine variation curve,while photosynthetically active radiation and atmospheric temperature presented a reverse variation trend;（2） atmospheric CO2 concentration was positively correlated with intercellular CO2 concentration of potato cells,both assumed double ＂ W＂ type curve for daily change;（3） during growth period of potato,in the sunny days with appropriate relative humidity,physiological indices including photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance presented similar change law with environmental factor photosynthetically active radiation,all appearing an ＂ M＂ type curve with double peaks and a typical midday depression;（4） midday depression caused by to higher light intensity always appeared simultaneously with the maximum and minimum of air temperature.[Conclusion]Our results provided scientific basis for the large scale production of potato in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Relationship Between Ecophysiological Features and Grain Yield in Different Soybean Varieties

Photosynthetic rate ( P n ), transpiration rate ( E ), stomatal conductance ( g s ), water use efficiency ( WUE ), intercellular CO 2( C i ) and leaf water potential ( Ψ ) in varieties of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) measured in the past three decades (1970s, 1980s and 1990s) and their inter_relationships were analyzed. These parameters of soybean changed with development stages. It is shown that there was a strongly positive relationship between the yield of soybean and its net photosynthetic rate. Soybean varieties with high yield potential had higher P n , g s and Ψ than those with low yield potential. Their values of C i were remarkably lower. Such relationship was especially remarkable at the critical stage of pod_bearing. P n of soybean of high yield was obviously higher than that of low yield. Of the different stages, the highest P n was found in the pod_bearing stage and other values were higher, too. P n and Ψ of modern soybean varieties were higher and such was continuing. Increased partitioning of carbon to seed and the size of sink may also be important for yield formation when P n values were remarkably higher in the pod_bearing stage.

Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and optical properties of La_2Sn_2O_7:Eu^(3+) micro-octahedra

Pyrochlore structure La2Sn2O7：Eu3＋ microcrystals with uniform octahedron shape were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal route at 180 °C for 36 h. The crystal structure, particle size, morphologies, and optical properties of the as-synthesized products were investigated by XRD, TEM, SEM, EDS, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy and PL. The effects of pH of precursor solution, precursor concentration, reaction temperature, and time were investigated. The results reveal that pH of the precursor solution not only plays an important role in determining the phase of the as-synthesized products, but also has a significant influence on the morphologies of the samples. High-quality and uniform octahedrons with an average size of about 700 nm could be easily obtained at the pH value of 12. The possible formation mechanism of octahedral-like La2Sn2O7：Eu3＋ microcrystals was briefly proposed. The photoluminescence spectra show that La2Sn2O7：Eu3＋ micro-octahedra display stronger emission in the range of 582-592 nm compared with the samples with other shapes.

Effects of NaCl Stress on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Cinnamomum japonicum var. chenii

[ Objective ] Study on the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in Cinnamomumjaponicum var. chenii under NaCl stress. [ Method ] The seedling growth increment, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaves of 1-year old Cinnamomum japonicum var. chenii were investigated in field experiment. [ Result] Under NaC1 stress, seedling growth increment reduced and the chlorophyll content decreased to a stable value ; changes of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo showed identical increasing trend and double peak type. With the aggravation of salt stress, most variations were observed in Fo, correlations among chlorophyll fluorescence parameters presented ＂rise-drop＂ trend （in.the treatment of 7 g/L NaCl）. [ Conclusion] Cirmamomum japonicum vat. chenii is endowed with strong salt resistance and wide adaptability.

Physiological Basis of Photosynthetic Tolerance to Photooxidation and Shading in Rice

Thirty genotypes from rice germplasm were identified under photooxidation and shading condition and divided into four basic types : (1) cultivars tolerant to both photooxidation and shading, (2) cultivars tolerant to photooxidation but sensitive to shading, (3) cultivars tolerant to shading but sensitive to photooxidation, and (4) cultivars sensitive to photooxidation and shading. A comparative study of photosynthetic characteristics of a cultivar (cv. Wuyujing 3) that is tolerant and a cultivar (cv. Xiangxian) that is sensitive to both photoinhibition and shading showed that the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ ( F v/F m ) and the content of PSⅡ_D1 protein in the tolerant cultivar “Wuyujing 3” decreased less under photoinhibition conditions as compared with “Xiangxian”. Under photooxidation conditions, superoxide dismutase was induced rapidly to a higher level and the active oxygen O - built up to a lower level in “Wuyujing 3” than in “Xiangxian”. At the same time, the photosynthetic rate decreased by 23% in “Wuyujing 3” vs. 64% in “Xiangxian”. Shading (20% natural light) during the booting stage caused only small decreases (7%-13%) in RuBisCO activity and the photosynthetic rate in “Wuyujing 3” but showed marked decreases (57%-64%) in “Xiangxian” which corresponded to the decreases in grain yield in the two cultivars (38% and 73%, respectively). The correlation analysis showed that the tolerance to photooxidation is mainly related to PSⅡ_D1 and that to shading is mainly related to RuBisCO activity. This study provided a simple and effective screening method and physiological basis for crop breeding in enhancing tolerance to both high and low radiation.

Comparison among Growth, Photosynthesis and Yield in Nanjing 9108 and Its Parents during the Late Development Stage

A good quality, high yield, slow mature and middle season Japonica rice variety, Nanjing 9108 and its parents Guandong 194 and Wuxiangjing 14,were taken as the materials for the study. The growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the rice plants at the post-flowering stage were compared and the rice yield components were examined at harvest. The results showed that as compared with Wuxiangjing 14, the per plant yield of Nanjing 9108 was 7.70% higher, and much higher than that of Guandong194. The large total grain per plant and heavy grain weigh of Nanjing 9108 were the important structure basis for its yield. Further analysis o the growth indicators showed that Nanjing 9108 had a large leaf area of upper three green leaves area and a smaller leaf base angle in the third leaf from the bottom blades, which helped get a higher photosynthetic capacity in groups. On the14 thday after flowering, Nanjing 9108 had similar value of net photosynthetic rate（Pn） to that of Wuxianjing 14, but lower than that of Guandong 194. Viewing from the parameters obtained from light response of photosynthesis on the modified model of rectangular hyperbola, Pn of Nanjing 9108 was more aptated to be saturated by light intensity and sensitive to photoinhibition. On the whole, Nanjing 9108 with high yield mainly resulted from its good plant type, grain structure and higher photosynthetic capacity in groups. Further improving its photosynthetic capacity o single leaf in Nanjing 9108 would be an important way for its super high yield po tential in the future.

Effects of Antimony Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Vegetable Leaves

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concen- trations of antimony and modifier calcium magnesium phosphate on photosynthetic characteristics of edible amaranth, flowering Chinese cabbage, spinach and flowering Chinese cabbage. [Method] By outdoor potting simulation experiment, soil matrixes containing 10.00, 20.00, 50.00, 70.00 and 100.00 mg/kg antimony （Sb3＋） were pre- pared; soil without antimony was used as control （CK）. Each pot was loaded with 0.10 kg/kg vegetable special fertilizer, mixed evenly, and divided into two shares： one share was supplemented with 1.75 g/kg modifier calcium magnesium phosphate and mixed evenly; the other share contained no calcium magnesium phosphate. Af- ter the generation of three true leaves, seedlings with uniform growth were trans- planted into the prepared soil matrixes, eights seedlings per pot. Vegetable seedlings were watered regularly to maintain 70% of field capacity. After 45 d, veg- etable plants were harvested and washed clean with distilled water for measurement of indicators of photosynthetic characteristics. [Result] With the increase of antimony concentration, relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value） and net photosynthetic rate of four vegetable species increased first and then declined, while stomatal conduc- tance of vegetable leaves was linearly reduced. [Conclusion] Appropriately adding modifier calcium magnesium phosphate can effectively improve the photosynthetic characteristics of four vegetable species and reduce the toxic effects of heavy metal antimony on vegetables.

植物工厂激光二极管照明的生理基础与应用策略

激光二极管(LD)与发光二极管(LED)同为新型半导体光源,在节能、单色光和冷光源等方面优势明显,但在发光角度、照射面积和照射距离方面存在明显差异。LD的波长控制更加精准,光电转换效率更高,输出能量集中,使用寿命更长,照射距离远。LD照射下可栽培植物,可促进植物的生长发育,提高产量积累和品质。基于LD远程激发植物生理活性的特征优势,作者提出了LED与LD相结合的人工光植物工厂应用模式,在LD灯的设计、光照模式和应用策略方面需要创新。本文总结了人工光植物工厂LD照明应用的植物生理基础、应用模式和策略。