Responses of Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Carotenoids Biosynthesis to High Light Stress in Rice Seedling Leaves at Different Leaf Position

In the present study, we investigated the changes of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and the content of carotenoid pigments in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling leaves and their responses to high light. The results showed that the rate of photosynthesis, the contents of individual and total carotenoids and the pool size of xanthophyll cycle decreased with age increasing of the leaf. When the leaves were exposed to high light for 2 h, the qN of mature leaf (5th leaf) increased more significantly than that of younger (6th leaf) and older leaves (3rd and 4th leaf). Comparing with the leaves before exposure to high light, the excitation pressure on PSⅡ (1- qP ) increased by 44%, 57%, 19% and 45% in the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th leaf under high light, respectively. The highest content of carotenoids and the greatest conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin were found in the 5th leaf, and it was consistent with the 5th leaf exhibiting the strongest resistance to high light. Our results suggested that the ability of rice leaf to resist photoinhibition is related to the level of carotenoids and the ability of carotenoids biosynthesis.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of IAA in Anthers of the Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice

The immunohistochemical localization of IAA and the comparison of their relative levels were carried out for the first time in the anthers of Nongken 58S and its wild type Nongken 58 (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) after long_day and short_day treatments. The distribution of free_IAA in anthers and its dynamic variation could be reflected by this method. The results showed that the IAA level in the anthers of Nongken 58S after long_day treatment was much lower than that in short_day_treated Nongken 58S and those in wild type Nongken 58 in five stages from pistil and stamen primordia formation to late uninucleate stage. The possible reasons for IAA deficiency in Nongken 58S_LD anthers and its relationship with fertility alteration were also discussed.

Recent developments in visible-light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics

With the significant discharge of antibiotic wastewater into the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, antibiotic pollution has become a serious problem and presents a hazardous risk to the environment. To address such issues, various investigations on the removal of antibiotics have been undertaken. Photocatalysis has received tremendous attention owing to its great potential in removing antibiotics from aqueous solutions via a green, economic, and effective process. However, such a technology employing traditional photocatalysts suffers from major drawbacks such as light absorption being restricted to the UV spectrum only and fast charge recombination. To overcome these issues, considerable effort has been directed towards the development of advanced visible light-driven photocatalysts. This mini review summarises recent research progress in the state-of-the-art design and fabrication of photocatalysts with visible-light response for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic wastewater. Such design strategies involve the doping of metal and non-metal into ultraviolet light-driven photocatalysts, development of new semiconductor photocatalysts, construction of heterojunction photocatalysts, and fabrication of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photocatalytic systems. Additionally, some perspectives on the challenges and future developments in the area of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics are provided.

Effects of NaCl Stress on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Cinnamomum japonicum var. chenii

[ Objective ] Study on the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in Cinnamomumjaponicum var. chenii under NaCl stress. [ Method ] The seedling growth increment, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaves of 1-year old Cinnamomum japonicum var. chenii were investigated in field experiment. [ Result] Under NaC1 stress, seedling growth increment reduced and the chlorophyll content decreased to a stable value ; changes of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo showed identical increasing trend and double peak type. With the aggravation of salt stress, most variations were observed in Fo, correlations among chlorophyll fluorescence parameters presented ＂rise-drop＂ trend （in.the treatment of 7 g/L NaCl）. [ Conclusion] Cirmamomum japonicum vat. chenii is endowed with strong salt resistance and wide adaptability.

Effect of 532 nm Laser Irradiation on Vc Content in Cabbage Seedlings

[ Objective ]The aim of this study was to discuss the feasibility of breeding cabbage with high Vc by 532 nm laser.[ Method ] With the material of cabbage, the embryo of cabbage seeds was irradiated by frequency doubled Nd ：YAG laser with different power densities and time, and the effects of laser mode on functional leaf area, chlorophyll and Vc contents in cabbage seedlings were also studied. [Result] The results showed that functional leaf area and chlorophyll content were related to laser power density and time when laser power density was 2 -20 mW/mm^2, while the optimal effect was observed at 14 mW/mm^2 for 1 min. The content of Vc in cabbage seedlings was related to dosage of laser irradiation when irradiating time ranged from 1 to 5 min, and the optimal effect was observed at 2.8 J （20 mW/mm^2, 3 min）. [Conclusion] Irradiating the embryo of cabbage seeds with proper irradiation dosage of 532 nm laser can increase its effect on the Vc content significantly.

Quantitative Study on Expression of MSTN Gene in Different Tissues of Tibetan Sheep at Different Ages

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the difference in MSTN gene expression in different tissues of Tibetan sheep at different ages.[Method] According to the sequence（NM_001009428.1）published in GenBank,a pair of specific primers was designed to amplify part of cDNA sequence of MSTN by using QRT-PCR technique.The relative expression level of MSTN gene in rennet stomach,rumen,leg muscle and cardiac muscle of Tibetan sheep at different ages were analyzed.[Result] After normalization with β-actin gene,the relative expression level of MSTN gene in the 6-month-old Tibetan sheep was the highest and it was 2.52 times than that in 12-month-old Tibetan sheep（P0.05）,the relative expression level of MSTN gene in leg muscle was the highest among all tissues and it was 3 984.78 times than that in rumen（P0.01）.[Conclusion] The results established theoretical foundation for the correct use of MSTN antibody.

Effects of Light, Fertilizer and Irrigation on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Glehnia littoralis

The aim was to promote the cultivation and application of medicinal plants Glehnia littoralis. [Method] Glehnia littoralis was used as experi-mental materials in this study, and orthogonal design was performed to investigate the effects of light, fertilizer and irrigation on the growth of Glehnia littoralis. The biomass, leaf chlorophyl and malondialdehyde （MDA） content were determined to study its response to light, fertilizer and irrigation. [Result] The results showed that the optimum cultivation conditions of Glehnia littoralis were not completely consistent with wild living environments. Lightly shade, highly fertilization （21.38-32.08 g） and proper irrigation （500-750 ml） were suitable for artificial cultivated Glehnia littoralis. Under the condition, the biomass was enhanced, leaf chlorophyl and carotene con-tent were increased, and MDA content changed significantly. Under stress condi-tions, the biomass of Glehnia littoralis reduced, with the decrease of chlorophyl and carotenoid content. The content of chlorophyl a was more sensitive to the variation of light, fertilizer, irrigation and other environmental factors, and MDA content signifi-cantly increased by stress conditions. [Conclusion] This research can provide refer-ence for large-scale artificial cultivation of Glehnia littoralis.

Dynamic Change Laws of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Different Parts of Leaves of Ginkgo biloba

[Objective] The aim was to explore the dynamic change laws of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in different parts of leaves of Ginkgo biloba.[Method] The G.biloba cultivated in North China was used as materials in this study to explore the law of daily change and ten-day change of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves in different parts of leaves.[Result] The daily change of Fm（maximal fluorescence）,Fv（variable fluorescence）,Fv/Fm,Fm/Fo（electron transfer rate）,Fv/Fo（potential activity of PSⅡ）in leaves of G.biloba obviously presented a descending-ascending trend,the lowest value was at 12：00 and the NPQ（non-photochemical quenching）of sunny leaves arrived at the maximum at noon.The values of Fm,Fv,Fv/Fm,Fm/Fo,Fv/Fo in shade leaves of G.biloba were obviously higher than those in sunny leaves,but the peak value of NPQ of shade leaves presented earlier and higher,suggesting that the shade leaves might have more sensitive hot dissipation mechanism.Comparing to sunny leaves,shade leaves had the higher PSⅡ potential activity and inner light energy translation efficiency.[Conclusion] This study had provided theoretical basis for the protection of G.biloba resources.

Responses of Photosynthetic Pigment, Phenol and Total Saponin Contents of Panax notoginseng to Supplemental UV-B under Field Conditions

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the content changes and their correlations of the photosynthetic pigment,phenols,including total phenols,total flavonoids and anthocyanins,and total saponins of the one-year-old P.notoginseng plants under supplemental UV-B stress in fields.[Method] The one-year-old plants were irradiated by UV-B in field for 1 min per day,and the plants under the UV-B lamp were regarded as a circle center,achieving an annular leaf-sampling.The photosynthetic pigment,phenols and total saponins of the leaves were determined spectrophotometrically.[Result] With the increase of sampling radius,the supplemental UV-B intensity decreased significantly,the contents of chlorophyll （Chl） a,Chl b,Chl （a＋b）,carotenoid （Car） and total photosynthetic pigment （Chl＋Car） of the leaves increased extremely significantly,the Chl a/b and total phenol content （TPC） decreased extremely significantly,but the Chl （a＋b）/Car changes were not significant.The contents of total flavonoids,anthocyanins and saponins all increased due to the increasing of UV-B,displaying dose effects.The UV-B intensity was positively correlated with the Chl a/b,and negatively with the Chl a,Chl b,Chl （a＋ b）,Car and （Chl＋Car） contents; and the two of TPC,total flavonoid content （TFC）,total anthocyanin content （TAC） and total saponin content （TSC） were positively correlated,all reaching extremely significant level.The UV-B intensity was positively and significantly correlated with the total flavonoid content （TFC）,negatively and significantly with the Chl （a＋b）/Car,and positively and insignificantly with the TPC,TAC and TSC.[Conclusion] For one-year-old plants of P.notoginseng,UV-B can decrease the contents of the Chl a,Chl b,Chl （a＋b）,Car and （Chl＋Car） and increase the Chl a/b and TPC,and,furthermore,induce the increases of the TFC,TAC and TSC in a dose-dependent manner.However,UV-B can hardly change the Chl （a＋b）/Car.The supplemental UV-B of well-suited dose might be one of the effective measures to improve the TSC of P.notoginseng.

A review on photocatalysis in antibiotic wastewater:Pollutant degradation and hydrogen production

Surveys on antibiotics have become one of the most popular topics in the recent two decades. From 1998 to 2018, more than 5,000 articles concentrated on the research of antibiotic wastewater treatment have been published. Among them, photocatalysis has received much attention due to its green and environmental-friendly properties. In this mini-review, the recent progress of photocatalysis in antibiotic wastewater was summarized, including antibiotics degradation and hydrogen energy conversion. The photocatalysts commonly used were also discussed. It can be mainly classified as TiO2-based materials, sulfides and polymeric carbon nitride-based materials and bismuth-contained materials. Four major types of antibiotics, tetracycline, sulfonamide, β-lactam and quinolone, were involved. Furthermore, perspectives concentrated on future development and challenges, especially converting antibiotics into hydrogen energy, were also proposed.

Simultaneous visible-light-induced hydrogen production enhancement and antibiotic wastewater degradation using MoS2@ZnxCd1-xS: Solid-solution-assisted photocatalysis

In this study,a ZnxCd1-xS solid solution was successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method.MoS2 serving as a co-catalyst for hydrogen evolution was also prepared through a one-pot hydrothermal method.The structures,morphology,chemical states,and optical properties were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy,elemental mapping,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy.Visible-light-driven photocatalytic experiments were conducted to simultaneously achieve hydrogen production and amoxicillin antibiotic wastewater degradation.The results indicated 8%MoS2/ZnxCd1-xS achieves the best photocatalytic performance.The ZnxCd1-xS samples illustrated a superior performance to that of CdS,which can be attributed to a thermodynamic improvement.Based on the results of PL and TRPL analyses,the enhancement of the hydrogen production mechanisms can be ascribed to the prolonged separation process of the photocarriers.Furthermore,the degradation results were analyzed using the HPLC method and the possible degradation pathways were determined through the HPLC-MS techniques.

Red Emission of Eu（lll） Complex Based on 1-（7-（ferf-butyl）-g-ethyl-gH- carbazol-2-yl）-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-l,3-dione Excited by Blue Light

A new Eu（III） complex, EuL3（phen）, was synthesized, where L is the abbreviation of de- protonated 1-（7-（tert-butyl）-9-ethyl-gH-carbazol-2-yl）-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-l,3-dione （HL）, phen is the abbreviation of 1,10-phenanthroline. The Eu（III） complex was characterized by element analysis, IR, 1H NMR, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric anal- ysis （TGA）, and photoluminescence measurements （PL）. TGA shows that thermal stability of the complex is up to 325 ~C. PL measurement indicates that the Eu（III） complex exhibits intense red-emission and extends their excitation bands to visible region. LEDs device was successfully fabricated by precoating complex EuL3 （phen） onto 460 nm blue-emitting InGaN chip. The emission of device shows that the complex can act as red phosphor in combination with 460 nm blue-emitting chips. This europium complex based on 1-（7-（tert-butyl）-9- ethyl-9H-carbazol-2-yl）-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-l,3-dione is a kind of interesting red-emitting material excited by blue light, which could avoid the damage of excitation by UV light.

Fluorescence Spectra and Luminescent Mechanism of Vitamin b Fmily Based on Solid Powder Direct Illumination

The simple approach to acquire the fltaxescenee spectra of vitamin bl, b2 and t6 is proposed by direct ilhanination on solid powder sample. The experimentally acquired fluorescence spectra are in accordance with the previous measurements on soluble samples. The fluorescence spectra for a mixture of vitamins bl, b2 and b6 with different concentrations have been investigated, and the fluorescence mechanism is explained on the basis of moleoalar struchture Possible reasons of the blue-shift of the fluorescence peak and enhancement of the peak power are explained as well. The advantages of solid powder method is analyzed and discussed.

Determination of Vitamins B2,B3,B6 and B7 in Corn Steep Liquor by NIR and PLSR

Corn steep liquor(CSL) is an important raw material that has high nutritional value and serves as a nitrogen source.Biotin in CSL is especially of great importance to fermentation.In order to develop a fast,versatile,cheap,and environmentally safe analytical method for quantifying vitamins B2(VB2),B3(VB3),B6(VB6) and B7(VB7) in CSL,the near-infrared spectroscopy(NIR) measurements of 66 samples(22 batches) of CSL were analyzed by partial least-square regression(PLSR).Multivariate models developed in the NIR regions showed good predictive abilities for VB2,VB3,VB6 and VB7.Results confirmed the probability of the multivariate spectroscopic approach as a replacement for expensive and time-consuming conventional chemical methods.

Flower-like Bi_2WO_6/ZnO composite with excellent photocatalytic capability under visible light irradiation

The photocatalytic ability of ZnO is improved through the addition of flower‐like Bi2WO6 to prepare a Bi2WO6/ZnO composite with visible light activity.The composite is characterized by X‐ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy with UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherms.After modification,the band gap energy of Bi2WO6/ZnO is reduced from 3.2 eV for ZnO to 2.6 eV.Under visible light irradiation,the Bi2WO6/ZnO composite shows an excellent photocatalytic activity for degrading methylene blue(MB)and tetracycline.The photo‐degradation efficiencies of(0.3:1)Bi2WO6/ZnO for MB and tetracycline are approximately 246 and 4500 times higher than those of bare ZnO,respectively,and correspondingly,the photo‐degradation rates for the two pollutants are approximately 120 and 200 times higher than those with bare ZnO,respectively.Moreover,the photocatalyst of(0.3:1)Bi2WO6/ZnO exhibits a higher transient photocurrent density of approximately 4.5μA compared with those of bare Bi2WO6 and ZnO nanoparticles.The successful recombination of Bi2WO6 and ZnO enhances the photocatalytic activity and reduces the band gap energy of ZnO,which can be attributed to the effective separation of electron–hole pairs.Active species trapping experiments display that[O2]-is the major species involved during photocatalysis rather than·OH and h+.This study provides insight into designing a meaningful visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst for environmental remediation.

The auxin concentration in sixteen Chinese marine algae

The author determined the occurrence of indole-3-acetic acid in sixteen Chinese marine algae collected from the east coast of China with fluorescence spectrophotometry (FS) and wheat coleop- tile bioanalysis methods (WCB). The concentration of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) presented was from 1.1–46.9 ng/g Fw (fresh weight) with FS and 5.3–110.2 ng/g Fw with WCB. The results by the two meth- ods were in the orders of 10-3–103 ng/g Fw reported previously from multiple references.

Mechanisms of Difference in Mn Efficiency Between Wheat and Oilseed Rape

By solution culture experiment, three wheat genotypes (Ttiticum aestivum L.) and two oilseed rape genotypes (Brassica napus L.) differing in Mn efficiency under Mn-deficient conditions were used to study mechanisms of the difference in Mn efficiency between wheat and oilseed rape. The results showed that there were significant differences in the abilities of MnIV reduction and acidification in root rhizosphere between the two species. Compared with wheat, oilseed rape had much higher reducing capacity and intensity of rhizosphere acidification under Mn-deficient conditions. Moreover, the higher ratio of functional leaves Mn/old leaves Mn in oilseed rape than in wheat was also an important factor for the different Mn efficiencies between the two species.