光子晶体慢光控制及其规律

光子晶体缺陷模式中,光群速大大降低可获得很高的群延时。调节光子晶体的参数可以动态地改变光子晶体缺陷模式中的光群速,从而获得可调的光延时。列举了两种动态控制光子晶体缺陷模式光群速的方法,并在仿真中进一步发现:改变光子晶体多个参数可以使禁带缺陷模式的位置不变,这时光的群速也不发生变化。得出了缺陷模式位置和其中光群速之间的关系,并且使用平面波展开法的原理证明了只有缺陷模式发生位移才能使其中的光群速变化。

Effects of Shading on Photosynthetic Properties of Canopy and Single Leaf of Winter Wheat

[Objective] The aim was to study on the effects of long-term low radiation on canopy apparent photosynthetic rate （CAP） and photosynthetic properties of top three leaves of winter wheat, especially the flag leaf. [Method] Two winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L） cultivars, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11, which differed in low radiation resistance, were used to measure the CAP, photosynthetic rate （Pn） of the top three leaves, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and grain yield. In the test, three treatments were designed from jointing to maturity, as follows： control without shad- ing （So）, S1 and S2 treatments with 22% and 33% sunshine shaded. [Result] CAP of Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 declined with shading. Under low radiation, Pn of flag leaf declined significantly, while no obvious effects were found on Pn of the 2nd leaf, and Pn of the 3rn leaf increased significantly, which partially compensated the decrease of Pn of the flag leaf. In addition, the compensation effect differed in shading and cultivars： compensation effect in S1 group was higher than that of S2 and effect of Yangmai 158 was higher than that of Yangmai 11. During the period of high Pn. shading decreased the content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b, and a/b. [Conclusion] Under low radiation, the decrease of chlorophyll a and a/b led to substantial declining of Pn. and CAP declined accordingly, finally resulting in drop of grain yield. The research provides important theoretical basis for wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Rate of Leymus chinensis in Grassland of Different Degrading Degrees

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic rate of Leymus chinensis in the grasslands of different degrading degrees. [Method] With the L. chinensis in Inner Mongolia Baiyinxile Ranch as the research object, different rations of nitrogen fertilizer were applied to the grassland （0, 30, 50, 80 g/m^2）. The effect of different gradients of nitrogen fertilizer on photo- synthetic rate of Leymus chinensis, and the effect on grasslands of different degrading degrees were analyzed. [Result] The photosynthetic rate of L. chinensis in- creased with the increase of nitrogen gradients; in the grassland communities with different degrading degrees, the responses of the photosynthetic rate of L. chinensis to nitrogen fertilizer were different, and the response in the grassland with severe degradation was the best. [Conclusion] Nitrogen fertilizer played an important role in enhancing the restoration degree of grassland.

Generation of Flat Supercontinuum in a Single-mode Optical Fiber with a Convex Chromatic Dispersion Profile

A single-mode optical fiber with a convex chromatic dispersion profile is proposed for generating a flat supercontinuum(SC).The fiber has normal dispersion and the dispersion parameter D(λ,z) is a convex function of wavelengths.It is shown from the numerical results that the chromatic dispersion,the flatness of the dispersion curve and the pump conditions have significant effect on SC generation.A flat and broad SC without strong residual pump component can be obtained when the pump wavelength is set in the vicinity of the wavelength at which the fiber has small normal group-velocity dispersion(GVD) and small dispersion slope.The fiber with a smaller normal GVD,a flatter dispersion profile and a higher nonlinear coefficient are more suitable for broad SC generation.

Sub- and Super-Luminal Phenomena in a Doubly Driven Four-Level System

With the occurrence of an adding driving field, the properties of the dispersion and the absorption of a four-level system are changed greatly. The system can produce the normal and anomalous dispersion regions with proper parameters. Here, the driving fields can be seemed as knobs to manipulate the group velocity of a weak probe field between subluminal and superluminal.

Assessment of the influence of global dimming on the photosynthetic production of rice based on three-dimensional modeling

Observations indicate that global radiation reaching the Earth's surface has gradually decreased over the past several decades(i.e.,the "global dimming" phenomenon),while the fraction of diffuse radiation in global radiation has increased.It has been found that the increase in diffuse fraction significantly increases photosynthetic production in the canopy,but the mechanism has not been clarified.A three-dimensional light distribution model considering the geometry of incident radiation was employed in this study.This model was used to simulate the light distribution and potential photosynthetic production of rice canopy.The results indicate that the potential photosynthetic production of rice significantly increases in response to an increase in the diffuse fraction as long as global radiation does not decline greatly.The "fertilization effect" of diffuse radiation results from the reduction of leaf area with photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) below the light compensation point in response to an increasing diffuse fraction,and an increase in the leaf area with PPFD on the linear part of the light response curve.The increase in the diffuse fraction results in a significant increase in the photosynthetic rate of the upper canopy.High-performance computation is an easy-to-use and economic approach to overcome the computational constraints of the model.

Roles of Atomic Injection Rate and External Magnetic Field on Optical Properties of Elliptical Polarized Probe Light

In this paper we investigate the optical properties of an open four-level tripod atomic system driven by an elliptically polarized probe field in the presence of the external magnetic field and compare its properties with the corresponding closed system.Our result reveals that absorption,dispersion and group velocity of probe field can be manipulated by adjusting the phase difference between the two circularly polarized components of a single coherent field,magnetic field and cavity parameters i.e.the atomic exit rate from cavity and atomic injection rates.We show that the system can exhibit multiple electromagnetically induced transparency windows in the presence of the external magnetic field.The numerical result shows that the probe field in the open system can be amplified by appropriate choice of cavity parameters,while in the closed system with introduce appropriate phase difference between fields the probe field can be enhanced.Also it is shown that the group velocity of light pulse can be controlled by external magnetic field,relative phase of applied fields and cavity parameters.By changing the parameters the group velocity of light pulse changes from subluminal to superluminal light propagation and vice versa.

Theoretical study on modulating group velocity of light inphotonic crystal coupled cavity optical waveguide

We present a novel mechanism,which is formed by periodically changing the radii of dielectric rods in the middle row of a photonic crystal, to control and stop light. Using the Bloch theory and coupled-mode theoryl the dispersion characteristic of such a photonic crystal coupled cavity optical waveguide is obtained. We also theoretically demonstrate that the group velocity of a light pulse in this system can be modulated by dynamically changing the refractive index or radii of the selected dielectric rods, and the light stopping can be achieved.

The invasive potential of a hybrid species: insights from soil chemical properties and soil microbial communities

Aims Natural hybridization between invasive and native species,as a form of adaptive evolution,threatens biodiversity worldwide.However,the potential invasive mechanisms of hybrids remain essentially unexplored,especially insights from soil chemical properties and soil microbial communities.Methods In a field experiment,soil microbial community,potassium-solubilizing bacteria,phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria,enzyme activities,and light-saturated photosynthetic rate were measured in invasive Sphagneticola trilobata and its hybrid with native Sphagneticola calendulacea in 2 years.Important Findings In general,soil dissolved organic carbon and the biomass of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria were significantly higher under the hybrid treatment than S.trilobata and S.calendulacea.However,there were no significant differences in acid phosphatase,total PLFAs,bacterial PLFAs,fungi PLFAs,cellulase,and urase in these treatments.The hybrids had significantly higher light-saturated photosynthetic rate,photosynthetic nitrogen-,phosphorus-,potassium-use efficiencies than the invasive S.trilobata,but no significant difference with S.calendulacea.The total biomass and root biomass of hybrids were higher than S.calendulacea.Our results indicate that the hybrids species have a higher invasive potential than S.calendulacea,which may aggravate the local extinction of S.calendulacea in the future.

Slow Light in One-Dimensional Coupled-Resonator Waveguide Controlling by an Electric Field

The photon transport properties in one-dimensional coupled-resonator waveguide embedded with a quantum dot molecule are investigated. The calculations reveal that one can control the photon transport by using a gate electric field. The phase shift and group velocity delay of the transmitted single photon are discussed. This research may be found applications in integrated optoelectronic devices and solid quantum devices.