基于光谱色域最大化的喷墨打印墨量限制方法研究

为了在解决墨量超限问题的同时实现喷墨打印设备色彩再现色域的最大化,提出了一种基于多维非线性插值的墨量限制方法。以四类不同介质的墨水组合为研究对象,以特殊设计的墨量评判样本墨层铺展情况为判断依据,确定最大色域样本集,并利用分光光度计测量获取各样本在380～730nm波段的光谱反射率信息。通过主成分分析法对光谱数据进行降维处理,结合凸包算法,实现设备最大色域的数学建模表达及可视化分析。实验结果表明,本文提出的墨量限制算法,在解决喷墨打印墨量超限问题的同时,其光谱、色度及设备色空间的最大色域覆盖率皆大于95%,说明此方法在高保真色彩复制的墨量限制环节具有较为理想的表现。

基于光谱色的迷彩主色提取方法

针对采用聚类方法进行数码迷彩设计时存在提取主色的色度不稳定问题,提出一种基于光谱色的主色聚类中心确定算法。在建立CIE-XYZ系统的基础上对颜色的种类进行划分。将图像颜色从RGB空间转化到XYZ颜色空间,然后通过CIE-XYZ系统计算每一像素颜色的主波长、色纯度,并以主波长、色纯度为标准,选取初始聚类中心的颜色来代表背景图像的主色。实验结果表明:该算法实现的时间复杂度低,执行效率高。

基于点集模型的LabPQR空间光谱色域映射算法

目的针对色度色域映射中出现的同色异谱现象,提出一种基于点集模型的光谱域映射算法。方法以设备采样样本为基础,在LabPQR空间内构造色度色域和PQR色域,以此描述光谱色域;采用分级映射方法,在Lab和PQR等2个子空间内对目标光谱依次判断并进行映射。结果以munsell 1269个色块为检验样本进行试验,结果显示:提出算法色度误差为1.0779,光谱误差为5.12%。结论提出算法能够有效降低同色异谱现象,并拥有较高的光谱输出精度,映射之后的结果能够满足在多种光源下与目标的视觉匹配。

彩色不锈钢色彩呈不连续光谱色原因的探讨

彩色不锈钢的色彩是其表面反射光与通过表面膜层折射光的干涉色,通过对蓝色、金黄色、红色、绿色、柠檬黄色和浅红色等六种彩色不锈钢试样的俄歇能谱(AES)检测,证明随着膜层厚度的变化,其结构组成也发生了变化,导致其折射率的改变,这是引起彩色不锈钢色彩呈不连续光谱色的主要原因。

全光谱SiO_(2)结构色薄膜的加色法制备及其光学性能

为解决在制备不同粒径的小球来实现全光谱结构色过程中工作量大的问题,采用溶剂调控法合成粒径均匀的304、260、200 nm的SiO_(2)纳米颗粒,利用三原色加色法原理将3种不同粒径的纳米SiO_(2)悬浮液按照不同质量比两两混合,然后放在烘箱中进行重力沉降自组装,制备出全光谱非晶光子晶体结构色薄膜,探究混合比例对SiO_(2)光子晶体结构色的影响。同时为提高结构色的饱和度,将墨水添加到不同混合比例的SiO_(2)悬浮液中,研究墨水质量分数对光子晶体结构色的影响。结果表明:随着小粒径SiO_(2)比例的增加,结构色会出现蓝移现象;墨水质量分数越高,结构色亮度越低,色度呈先增加后减小趋势,当墨水质量分数为0.4%时,结构色饱和度最好。

具有低角度依赖性的全可见光谱结构色薄膜的制备

为解决传统染料高污染、高能耗等问题,实现无污染的全可见光谱结构色的制备,采用基于Stöber法的溶剂调控法合成了3种不同粒径(320、240和200 nm)的SiO_(2)纳米颗粒(SNPs),3种粒径的SNPs分别制备出了红色、绿色和紫色SiO_(2)光子晶体(PC)薄膜,然后通过改变2种粒径SNPs的质量比制备了能够覆盖全可见光谱的结构色PC薄膜。结果表明:当较小尺寸SNPs的比例增加时,PC膜的结构色发生蓝移,另外由2种粒径SNPs组成的PC薄膜显示出低角度依赖性的结构色,这是由其非晶光子晶体(APC)结构所造成的,传统全可见光谱结构色的获取需要合成一系列粒径的微球,这种方法与传统制备方法相比更简单、更快速,可作为颜料和涂料对不同的基材染色。

用CCD作光谱观测时应注意的几个问题

本文给出了云台CCD系统在Coudé摄谱仪f=1900照相机上作光谱观测中一次可摄波段,光栅转角,波段滤光片等重要参数的计算选择和应注意的问题。

Temperature-Induced Unfolding Pathway of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B:Insights from Circular Dichroism and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

In this study,circular dichroism(CD)and molecular dynamics(MD)simulation were used to investigate the thermal unfolding pathway of staphylococcal enterotoxin B(SEB)at temperatures of 298–371 and 298–500 K,and the relationship between the experimental and simulation results were explored.Our computational findings on the secondary structure of SEB showed that at room temperature,the CD spectroscopic results were highly consistent with the MD results.Moreover,under heating conditions,the changing trends of helix,sheet and random coil obtained by CD spectral fitting were highly consistent with those obtained by MD.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the thermal stability mechanism of SEB,the MD trajectories were analyzed in terms of root mean square deviation(RMSD),secondary structure assignment(SSA),radius of gyration(R_(g)),free energy surfaces(FES),solvent-accessible surface area(SASA),hydrogen bonds and salt bridges.The results showed that at low heating temperature,domain Ⅰ without loops(omitting the mobile loop region)mainly relied on hydrophobic interaction to maintain its thermal stability,whereas the thermal stability of domain Ⅱ was mainly controlled by salt bridges and hydrogen bonds.Under high heating temperature conditions,the hydrophobic interactions in domain Ⅰ without loops were destroyed and the secondary structure was almost completely lost,while domain Ⅱ could still rely on salt bridges as molecular staples to barely maintain the stability of the secondary structure.These results help us to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms that maintain the thermal stability of SEB at the molecular level,and provide a direction for establishing safer and more effective food sterilization processes.

Development and Application of Ultrafast Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Techniques

Chirality hold broad applications in life sciences,quantum devices,and various other areas.Traditionally,molecular chirality can be characterized by using steady-state circular dichroism spectroscopy.However,the techniques that can characterize excited state chirality are progressively capturing the public interest as it can provide the dynamic information for chirality generation and transfer.In this review,we focus on the theoretical background and the developmental history of femtosecond time-resolved circular dichroism spectroscopy(TRCD)techniques around the world.Additionally,we provide examples to showcase the utility of these techniques in the analysis of the dynamical molecular chemical structures,the investigation of molecular chirality generation,and the detection of electron spin dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots.

中国人眼光谱相对视亮度函数的研究

问 题 人眼对光谱各波长的灵敏度,是产生一种阈限反应或主观相等亮度所需要的辐射能量的倒数。它们原称光谱视亮度,现在我们称之为光谱相对视亮度。即使是等能光谱,各波长引起的相对视亮度也很不相同。具体测量时除绝对阈限法外,一般常用匹配法:使人眼将不同波长的光谱色光分别和一个固定强度的白色标准光作亮度匹配。

浅析基于色域划分的多通道打印机分色

所谓多通道喷墨打印系统实际上就是在CMYK四种基色通道的基础上增加了其他颜色通道,如橙（O）、绿（G）、蓝（B）等通道或者是四基色对应的浅色通道。额外添加墨水通道的目的主要有两种,一种是扩展印刷再现的色域,使印刷色彩更加艳丽,提高色彩复制的准确度,使其更加接近自然界光谱色的色彩效果,如CMYKOG、CMYKRCB多色打印机。

Low-dimensional multi-spectral space for color reproduction based on nonnegative constrained principal component analysis

In order to overcome the shortcomings that the reconstructed spectral reflectance may be negative when using the classic principal component analysis （PCA）to reduce the dimensions of the multi-spectral data, a nonnegative constrained principal component analysis method is proposed to construct a low-dimensional multi-spectral space and accomplish the conversion between the new constructed space and the multispectral space. First, the reason behind the negative data is analyzed and a nonnegative constraint is imposed on the classic PCA. Then a set of nonnegative linear independence weight vectors of principal components is obtained, by which a lowdimensional space is constructed. Finally, a nonlinear optimization technique is used to determine the projection vectors of the high-dimensional multi-spectral data in the constructed space. Experimental results show that the proposed method can keep the reconstructed spectral data in [ 0, 1 ]. The precision of the space created by the proposed method is equivalent to or even higher than that by the PCA.

Orientation of Pigments in the Isolated PhotosystemⅡSub-core Reaction Center CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b-559 Complexes:A Linear Dichroism Study

Linear dichroism (LD) spectroscopy is an important technique in the study of the orientation and organization of pigments in the photosynthetic membrane complexes in vivo and in vitro . In this work, the orientation of the pigments in the isolated photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) sub_core reaction center complexes was analyzed and characterized by means of low temperature absorption and LD spectroscopy. The preparations containing different amounts of CP47 isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplast were used in order to investigate the orientation of pigments in the PSⅡ sub_core CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b_559 (CP47/D1/D2) complexes. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) absorbing at 680 nm in CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b_559 complex showed an orientation of the Q y transition parallel to the membrane plane. It is proposed that there are two forms of β_carotene (β_Car) in CP47/D1/D2/Cyt b_559 complex, denoted as β_Car (Ⅰ) and β_Car (Ⅱ), with different orientations, β_Car (Ⅰ) at 470 and 505 nm is roughly parallel to the membrane plane, and β_Car (Ⅱ) at 460 and 490 nm seems to be perpendicular orientation. Upon the photoinhibitory experiment β_Car (Ⅱ) was found to be photosensitive and easily photodamaged. It also showed that the positive LD signal observed at 680 nm was quite complicated. This signal is tentatively attributed to P680 and some Chl a of antenna in CP47 protein based upon our measurements.

Anti-ultraviolet aging tests of asphalts adapting to environment in Tibetan Plateau of China

Ultraviolet （UV） aging is one of the main factors which cause premature damage of asphalt pavements in the Tibetan Plateau, China. According to the measured levels of UV radiation, aging tests of styrene-butadiene rubber （SBR） asphalts with different contents of three anti-UV-aging agents including nano-TiO2, CeO2 and carbon black are performed. Common indices, which include retained penetration after thin film oven tests （TFOT） and softening point, and strategic highway research program （SHRP） indices of aged asphalts are evaluated. Infrared absorption spectral analysis is performed on asphalt specimens with 0. 8% carbon black which have been aged for different aging times （500, 1000 and 1 500 h）. By grey incidence analysis, the optimal contents of anti-UV-aging agents are determined. The results show that TiO2 and CeO2 are not only good UV absorbing or shielding agents, but also strong oxidants. Carbon black is a good anti-UV-aging agent, and its optimal content is about 0. 8% of asphalt weight. UV aging of asphalt mainly occurs in the early stages of aging. The longer the aging time, the more severe the aging of asphalt.

Preliminary Identification of Red Pigment and Positive Correlation between the Contents of Red Pigment and Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng Fruits

[Objective] This study aimed to identify red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits and explore the correlation between pigment content and total saponins of the fruits. [Method] The red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits was preliminarily identi- fied with specific color reactions and UV-vis spectra, and the contents of the pigment and total saponins were determined via spectrophotometry. [Result] The red hues of the fruits were contributed by anthocyanins and/or the anthocyanidins. The contents of anthocyanins and total saponins of the fruits both decreased along with thinning of the red hues. The content difference of the anthocyanins in fruits with different red hues reached extremely significant level, but that of total saponins just reached significant level. [Conclusion] The red pigment of P. notoginseng fruits is anthocyanins which are of extremely significant positive correlation with total saponins in contents.

Hypertonic stimulation induces synthesis and release of glutamate in cultured rat hypothalamic astrocytes and C6 cells

Objective To investigate whether hypertonic saline （HS） can induce the synthesis and release of glutamate in cultured hypothalamic astrocytes or C6 cell line. Methods Astrocytes were isolated, cultured, purified and identified from the hypothalamus of newborn rat （1 day）. The astrocytes were randomly divided into five groups： isotonic （IS） and HS groups, astrocytes were incubated by IS and HS （320 mosM NaCl） medium, respectively, for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 rain; carbenoxolone （CBX） ＋IS and CBX＋HS groups, astrocytes were pre-treated with CBX （100 mmol/L） for 1 h at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 / 95% atmosphere, then removed to IS and HS medium, respectively, for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min; Ca2＋＋HS group, astrocytes were pre-incubated with Ca2＋ （1 000 μmol/L） for 1 h at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 / 95% atmosphere, followed by a wash with isotonic FBS/DMEM, and then removed to hypertonic saline for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min. The media of five groups were collected to analyze the medium glutamate concentration with high performance liquid chromatography. The astrocytes were fixed and double immunofluorescent stained with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） and anti-glutamate. The C6 cells were divided into four groups： IS, HS, CBX＋IS and CBX＋HS groups, and used for quantitative measurement of glutamate in cells by flow cytometry （FCM）. Results （1） Anti-GFAP immunofluorescent signal revealed no significant difference among various time points in each group, or among the five groups. （2） The anti-glutamate immunofluorescent signal was increased in HS group and peaked at 5 min, and decreased and returned to the level of IS group at 15 rain （P 〈 0.01 vs the 5 min of HS group）. In CBX＋HS group, the glutamate intensity was higher than that in CBX＋IS and HS groups. （3） The medium glutamate concentration had no change after treatment with HS for 1 and 3 min, while increased markedly after treatment for 5 min to 15 min （P 〈 0.01 vs 1 min and 3 min）. On the contrary, the medium glutamate concentrations in the CBX＋HS or Ca2＋＋HS group were significant lower than that in the HS group （P 〈 0.01）. （4） FCM showed HS and CBX＋HS induced glutamate increase in C6 cells. Conclusion HS induced cultured rat hypothalamic astrocytes or C6 cells to synthesize and release glutamate; CBX could block glutamate release, but could not disrupt glutamate synthesis.

Relationship Between Leaf Structure and Aloin Content in Six Species of Aloe L.

The leaf structure, content and the storage location of aloin in the leaves of six species of Aloe L. were studied by means of semi-thin section, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescent microscope. Results showed that all leaves consisted of epidermis, chlorenchyma, aquiferous tissue and vascular bundles. The leaves had the xeromorphic characteristics, including thickened epidermal cell wall, thickened cuticle, sunken stomata and well-developed aquiferous tissue. With the exception of thus, there were remarkable differences in leaf structure among the six species. The chlorenchyma cells were similar to palisade tissues in Aloe arborescens Mill. and A. mutabilis Pillans, but isodiametric in A. vera L., A. vera L. var. chinensis Berg., A. saponaria Hawer and A. greenii Bali. A. arborescens, A. mutabilis, A. very and A. vera var. chinensis included large parenchymatous cells at the vascular bundles, whereas no such cells were observed at the vascular bundles of A. saponaria and A. greenii. In A. arborescens, A. mutabilis and A. vera, the aquiferous tissue sheaths were present and composed of a layer of small parenchymatous cells without chloroplasts around the aquiferous tissue. While there were no aquiferous tissue sheaths in A. vera var. chinensis, A. saponaria and A. greenii. The HPLC revealed that the content of aloin was high in A. arborescens, low in A. vera, and very low in A. saponaria among the six species. The fluorescent microscopy showed that the yellow-green globule only appeared in the large parenchymatous cells of vascular bundles, vascular bundle sheath and aquiferous tissue sheath, but not in the chlorenchyma and aquiferous tissue. Consequently, the large parenchymatous cells of vascular bundles, vascular bundle sheath and aquiferous tissue sheath were the storage location of aloin. They were positively correlated with the content of aloin.

一个应当重视的色彩基础理论问题

平常所说的三原色红、黄、蓝,是小学美术课中已经讲到的,似乎不是什么问题。其实不然。我曾试问过美术专业作者和美术院校的教师,“这三原色红、黄、蓝,究竟是哪几个具体色相?”回答是很不相同的。说到蓝,差别更大。有的说是绘画颜色中的湖蓝,有的说是普蓝,有的则说是群青。不仅如此。就连公开出版的中外绘画色彩学著作中,所附的三原彩色图例。

Experimental Determination of the Vibrational Constants of FeS（X5 △） by Dispersed Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Based on previous laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectroscopy work, the vibrational constants of neutral FeS in the X5 △ electronic state were obtained by directly mapping the ground-state vibrational levels up to v＂=3 using conventional laser-induced dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy. The vibrational frequency of FeS（X5 △） （518±5 cm-1） agrees well with that reported in a recent PES measurement （520±30 cm-1） [J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 2821 （2003）] which is the only one prior experimental vibrational frequency value for the 5 △ state of FeS. Careful comparisons of our experimental results and those documented in the literature （mainly from theoretical predictions） suggest that the ground state of FeS is 5 △ state.

Primary Comments on Chemotaxonomy of Paris spp. Based on Saponins Analysis

Aim The several species of the genus Paris called ＂Chonglou＂ are famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines. We established the quantitative analysis method of the steroidal saponins in some species of the genus Paris and discussed their relations. Methods We detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in Paris samples with a Kromasel C18 （ 150 mm× 4.6 mm ID, 5μm） column which was subjected to gradient elution with acetonitrile-water （30：70- 60：40, V/V） at a flow rate of 1 mL· min^-1 by HPLC-ELSD and established chemical cluster tree using SPSS 11 software. Results All the samples could be separated and calibration curves of 11 saponins were prepared. We successfully detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in 14 Paris spp. in 30 min. The recovery for the assay of saponins was between 95 % and 97 %. The RSD of precision of 11 saponins and stability of samples were below 3 %. Chemical phylogenetic tree based on saponin contents indicated that 17 samples of Paris spp. clustered separately. Conclusion The established method is accurate and convenient, and suitable for the quantitative analysis of these 11 steroidal saponins in Paris spp.. The chemical phylogenetic tree is in accordance with Takhtajian classical taxonomy.