Preliminary Identification of Red Pigment and Positive Correlation between the Contents of Red Pigment and Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng Fruits

[Objective] This study aimed to identify red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits and explore the correlation between pigment content and total saponins of the fruits. [Method] The red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits was preliminarily identi- fied with specific color reactions and UV-vis spectra, and the contents of the pigment and total saponins were determined via spectrophotometry. [Result] The red hues of the fruits were contributed by anthocyanins and/or the anthocyanidins. The contents of anthocyanins and total saponins of the fruits both decreased along with thinning of the red hues. The content difference of the anthocyanins in fruits with different red hues reached extremely significant level, but that of total saponins just reached significant level. [Conclusion] The red pigment of P. notoginseng fruits is anthocyanins which are of extremely significant positive correlation with total saponins in contents.

Synthesis of Nanometer Cobalt Blue Pigment by Microemulsion Method and Control of Diameter of Particle

The nanometer cobalt blue pigments were prepared by microemulsion method. Using dynamic light scattering(DLS) test method, the influences of water content on the size of liquid drop of microemulsion and the liquid drop of microemulsion on the final diameter of nanometer particle were studied in the course of preparation. Accordingly, the method to control the diameter of nanometer particle by changing water content was established. The nanometer cobalt blue particles were confirmed by XRD and TEM. Color parameters of pigments were determined. The quantum size effect of the pigments was discussed.

森林的诞生及其演变

地球陆地上最早出现的低等植物,是从海洋漂浮到陆地上的藻类。继这些先驱者之后,地衣、苔藓、裸蕨以及其它生物就跟随而来。在这些生物中最主要的是裸蕨（也叫光蕨）。裸蕨是一种没有叶子的植物,它的茎能进行光合作用和呼吸。裸蕨顶部那卵形般的头就是它的繁殖器官,依靠它来繁殖后代。裸蕨从4亿4000万年前出现到4亿年,一直是陆地上植物世界的主要统治者。裸蕨植物没有种子,是靠孢子繁殖后代的。大约经过了近亿年的时光。

Chromatic Adaptation to Complex Field

Chromatic adaptation of human eyes to complex field is investigated using binocular asymmetric matching method. The results show that the leve of chromatic adapta- tion mainly depends on the average color of adapting field, whereas no obvious change oc- curs when the number of hues and their color differences vary in a complex field. The shifts of perceived color evoked by chromatic adaptation in CIE 1976 L U V color space are approximately proportional to the average color difference between the adapting field and reference field.

THE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN THE JIULONG RIVER ESTUARY AND WESTERN XIAMEN BAY

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of photosynthetic pigments in samples from Western Xiamen Bay and the Jiulong River Estuary showed that their major carotenoids were fucoxanthin, peridinin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, and diadinoxanthin. Diatoms dominated in the spring bloom, dinoflagellates in summer. Violaxanthin and chlorophyll b indicated the appearance of chrysophytes and green algae, most of which were freshwater species. The high phytoplankton biomass region was located at the inner part of the bay. Diatoms and dinoflagellates dominated phytoplankton communities, contributing to over 50% of total biomass. All the main diagnostic carotenoids were significantly (P<0.01) correlated negatively to dissolved inorganic phosphorus, suggesting that they were limited by phosphorus. The high negative linear relationship (P<0.0001) between dissolved inorganic phosphorus and peridinin (dinoflagellates indicator) implied the potential of dissolved inorganic phosphorus for triggering red tide events in this region.

PREPARATION AND OPTICAL PROPERTY OF THE RUTILE TYPE TITANIA-MICA PEARLESCENT PIGMENTS

In this paper, some problems including the preparative principle, lattice transformation, optical property and theory of rutile type titania-mica pearlescent pigments, were studied and inquired into, by determination and analysis of XRD, SEM, reflectivity.

Role of new endoscopic techniques in inflammatory bowel disease management: Has the change come?

Despite significant therapeutic progress in recent years,inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis,remains a challenge regarding its pathogenesis and long-term complications.New concepts have emerged in the management of this disease,such as the"treat-totarget"concept,in which mucosal healing plays a key role in the evolution of IBD,the risk of recurrence and the need for surgery.Endoscopy is essential for the assessment of mucosal inflammation and plays a pivotal role in the analysis of mucosal healing in patients with IBD.Endoscopy is also essential in the detection of dysplasia and in the identification of the risk of colon cancer.The current surveillance strategy for dysplasia in IBD patients indicates white-light endoscopy with non-targeted biopsies.The new chromoendoscopy techniques provide substantial benefits for both clinicians and patients.Narrow-band imaging(NBI)has similar rates of dysplastic lesion detection as whitelight endoscopy,and it seems that NBI identifies more adenoma-like lesions.Because it is used instinctively by many endoscopists,the combination of these two techniques might improve the rate of dysplasia detection.Flexible spectral imaging color enhancement can help differentiate dysplastic and non-dysplastic lesions and can also predict the risk of recurrence,which allows us to modulate the treatment to gain better control of the disease.The combination of noninvasive serum and stool biomarkers with endoscopy will improve the monitoring and limit the evolution of IBD because it enables the use of a personalized approach to each patient based on that patient’s history and risk factors.

Bon Appetit! An Investigation About the Best and Worst Color Combinations of Lighting and Food

We investigated an interaction effect between lighting color and food color that stimulates or discourages one＇s appetite. Facilitated by the LED （light-emitting diode） as an additional chromatic lighting source, observers selected the best and worst lighting colors by themselves using a ＂Mini Living Colors （PhilipsTM）＂ in the preliminary test （N = 30） and then color picker software in the main experiment （N = 30）. Food stimuli were composed of two aspects, type--natural or processed--and complexity--low or high, and consequently they were grouped into four categories. We measured the selected lighting color in terms of chromaticity and illumination level, and analyzed the best and worst combinations based on these measurements. Throughout the two empirical studies, we found three tendencies： First, except for the white, yellow lighting stimulates while red and blue discourages one＇s appetite. Second, when color categories of lighting and food are similar to each other, it stimulates the appetite whereas complementary, it discourages it. Third, the type of food does not act as an influencing factor.

Autofluorescence imaging endoscopy for identifi cation and assessment of inflammatory ulcerative colitis

AIM:To validate the clinical relevance of autofluores-cence imaging(AFI)endoscopy for the assessment of inflammatory ulcerative colitis(UC).METHODS:A total of 572 endoscopic images were se-lected from 42 UC patients:286 taken with white light imaging(WLI)and 286 with AFI from the same sites.WLI images were assessed for overall mucosal inflammation according to Mayo endoscopic subscore(MES),and for seven characteristic endoscopic features.Likewise,AFI photographs were scored according to relative abundance of red,green and blue color com-ponents within each image based on an RGB additive color model.WLI and AFI endoscopic scores from the same sites were compared.Histological evaluation of biopsies was according to the Riley Index.RESULTS:Relative to red(r=0.52,P<0.01)or blue(r=0.56,P<0.01)color component,the green color component of AFI(r=-0.62,P<0.01)corresponded more closely with mucosal inflammation sites.There were signif icant differences in green color components between MES-0(0.396±0.043)and MES-1(0.340± 0.035)(P<0.01),and between MES-1 and ≥ MES-2(0.318±0.037)(P<0.01).The WLI scores for "vascu-lar patterns"(r=-0.65,P<0.01),"edema"(r=-0.62,P<0.01),histology scores for "polymorphonuclear cells in the lamina propria"(r=-0.51,P<0.01)and "crypt architectural irregularities"(r=-0.51,P<0.01)showed correlation with the green color component of AFI.There were significant differences in green color components between limited(0.399± 0.042)and extensive(0.375±0.044)(P=0.014)polymorpho-nuclear cell inf iltration within MES-0.As the severity of the mucosal inflammation increased,the green color component of AFI decreased.The AFI green color com-ponent was well correlated with the characteristic en-doscopic and histological inflammatory features of UC.CONCLUSION:AFI has application in detecting inflammatory lesions,including microscopic activity in the co-lonic mucosa of UC patients,based on the green color component of images.

Correlated Color Temperature Tunable Multi-chip Light Emitting Diodes Light Source Design

One of the methods to derive white light from light emitting diodes(LEDs)is the multi-chip white LED technology,which mixes the light from red,green and blue LEDs.Introduced is an optimal algorithm for the spectrum design of the multi-chip white LEDs in this paper.It optimizes the selection of single color LEDs and drive current controlling,so that the multi-chip white LED achieves the target correlated color temperature(CCT),as well as high luminous efficacy and good color rendering.A CCT tunable LED light source with four high-power LEDs is realized based on the above optimal design.Test results show that it maintains satisfactory color rendering and stable luminous efficacy across the whole CCT tuning range.Finally,discussed are the design improvement and the prospect of the future applications of the CCT tunable LED light source.

Progress in Understanding Color Maintenance in Solid-State Lighting Systems

In this paper, progresses of color maintenance, also known as color shift, in solid-state lighting(SSL) systems are thoroughly reviewed. First, color shift is introduced and a few examples are given from different real-life industrial conditions. Different degradation mechanisms in different parts of the system are also explained. Different materials used as lenses/encapsulants in light-emitting diode(LED)-based products are introduced and their contributions to color shift are discussed. Efforts put into standardization, characterizing, and predicting lumen maintenance are also briefly reviewed in this paper.

Chromaticity Characteristics of Fluorescent Dyes in Cloth

Chromaticity characteristics of several fluorescent dyes in cloth were studied in terms of chromaticity diagram. The dominant wavelength and color purity of the samples were calculated and chromaticity diagrams were drawn to provide countermeasures with which the perceptual color attributes such as hue and saturation are correlated.

RESEARCH ON COLOR CONSTANCY UNDER OPEN ILLUMINATION CONDITIONS

Color information plays a key role in the research fields of object recognition and image retrieval. However, the actual color varies by the conditions of illumination, especially the open natural daylight. Four different color constancy schemes are proposed in the paper to minimize the effects of open illumination conditions. (1) The color constancy scheme based on the image statistics is proposed, which includes the color cast detection and removal. (2) The color constancy scheme based on the color temperature curve is proposed, which combines Gaussian model with linear fitting to estimate color temperature curve. (3) The color constancy scheme based on the double exposure theory is proposed, which is able to reproduce a color image under typical illumination. (4) According to the concepts of supervised learning, the supervised color constancy scheme is proposed. The transformation of color values from unknown illumination to typical illumination is solved by improved Support Vector Regression (SVR).

Glass Substrates for OLED Lighting with High Out-coupling Efficiency

Glass substrates which realize high out-coupling efficiency OLEDs （organic light emitting diodes） were developed. A scattering layer whose matrix was made of high refractive index glass was formed on a glass substrate, and pores in the glass matrix work as scattering centers. The out-coupling efficiency of an OLED using this substrate is 1.8 times higher compared with an OLED using an untreated glass substrate. Furthermore angular dependency of the color and color variation between panels can be successfully suppressed.

Stabilizing electroluminescence color of blue perovskite LEDs via amine group doping

Voltage loading-induced change in the electroluminescence(EL)wavelength of mixed halide perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs),so-called color-shift,has become an inevitable phenomenon,which is seriously unfavorable to their applications in lighting and display.Here,we achieve color-stable blue PeLEDs via a hydrogen-bonded amine-group doping strategy.Selecting guanidine(GA)or formamidinium(FA)as amine-group(-NH_(2))doping source for CsPbBr_(x)Cl_(3-x)quantum dots(QDs),experimental and theoretical results reveal that the strong N-H…X(X=Br/Cl)bonding can be produced between-NH_(2)dopants and Pb-X lattices,thereby increasing the migration barrier of halide anions.Resultantly,color-stable sky-blue devices were realized with emission peaks fixed at 490.5(GA)and 492.5(FA)nm without any obvious shift as the voltage increases,in sharp contrast devices without N-H…X producing a 15 nm red-shift from 487 to 502 nm.Not only that,maximum external quantum efficiency is improved to 3.02%and 4.14%from the initial 1.3%.This finding offers a convenient boulevard to achieve color-stable PeLEDs with high efficiency.

Flux-adjusted phase transformation from Ca_2SiO_4 to Ca_3Si_2O_7 with Eu^(2+) activator for white light emitting diodes

Eu2+ -activated reddish-orange-emitting Ca3Si2O7 phosphors were synthesized with the addition of NH4Cl flux.When the phosphors were synthesized in a nominal composition of (Ca0.99Eu0.01)3Si2O7 without flux addition,a Ca3Si2O7 phase responsible for reddish-orange emission was identified to coexist with an intermediate phase of a-Ca2SiO4 for green emission.With the addition of NH4Cl flux,a-Ca2SiO4 was suppressed while the pure phase Ca3Si2O7 was obtained as the flux content was 3 wt%.Through varying the amount of flux,the emission color of samples can be tuned from green to reddish-orange,corresponding to the phase transformation from a-Ca2SiO4 to Ca3Si2O7.Through optimizing the doping concentration of Eu2+ ,the optimized photoluminescence (PL) properties for reddish-orange emission can be achieved,which makes this kind of phosphor prospective in the applications of the phosphor-converted white light emitting diodes (PC-WLEDs).

Switching the emission of di(4-ethoxyphenyl)dibenzofulvene among multiple colors in the solid state

Luminescent materials exhibiting emission switching in the solid state have drawn much attention though there is still no clear design strategy for such materials. In this letter, we reported the crystallization induced emission enhancement (CIEE) of di(4-ethoxyphenyl)dibenzofulvene (1), and achieved switching its emission among four different colors through modulation of its molecular packing patterns. We have investigated its potential application as optical recording materials. The twisted conformations of CIEE compounds afford morphology dependent emission and facilitate tuning their emission through modulation of molecular packing patterns. Thus we provide a possible design strategy for solid stimulus responsive luminescent materials.