MXenes,a new family of two-dimensional(2D)materials,have received extensive interest due to their fascinating physicochemical properties,such as outstandinglight-to-heat conversion efficiency.However,the photothermal ...MXenes,a new family of two-dimensional(2D)materials,have received extensive interest due to their fascinating physicochemical properties,such as outstandinglight-to-heat conversion efficiency.However,the photothermal conversion mechanism of MXenes is still poorly understood.Here,by using femtosecond visible and mid-infrared transient absorption spectroscopy,the electronic energy dissipation dynamics of MXene(Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))nanosheets dispersed in various solvents are carefully studied.Our results indicate that the lifetime of photoexcited MXene is strongly dependent on the surrounding environment.Especially,the interfacial electron-vibration coupling between the MXene nanosheets and the adjacent solvent molecules is directly observed following the ultrafast photoexcitation of MXene.It suggests that the interfacial interactions at the MXene-solvent interface play a critical role in the ultrafast energy transport dynamics of MXene,which offers a potentially feasible route for tailoring the light conversion properties of 2D systems.展开更多
In this paper, an idea and a realization of a hybrid Operational solar system is presented and practically verified discussed on the base of the performance and efficiency results, is confirmed. solution for photovolt...In this paper, an idea and a realization of a hybrid Operational solar system is presented and practically verified discussed on the base of the performance and efficiency results, is confirmed. solution for photovoltaic and photothermal conversion is presented. by the series of experiments. Improvements of the construction are The synergy effect ofphotothermal and photovoltaic part cooperation展开更多
The hypoxic nature of solid tumors has severely negative effects on oxygen-based photodynamic therapy.In this study,we used porous Pt nanoparticles as a catalase(CAT)nanozyme,the second near-infrared(NIR-Ⅱ)region pho...The hypoxic nature of solid tumors has severely negative effects on oxygen-based photodynamic therapy.In this study,we used porous Pt nanoparticles as a catalase(CAT)nanozyme,the second near-infrared(NIR-Ⅱ)region photothermal transition agents(PTAs),and carriers of photosensitizer chlorin e6(Ce6)to synthesize a composite nanosystem Pt-Ce6.In this system,Pt-Ce6 can continuously and stably decompose H2O2 into oxygen,thereby alleviating tumor hypoxia and improving the effect of photodynamic therapy(PDT).With 650 nm illumination,the reactive oxygen species(ROS)produced by Ce6 will decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP,ΔΨm)to release cytochrome c(Cyt-c)from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm,eventually leading to mitochondrial-mediated cellular apoptosis during the PDT process.In addition,Pt-Ce6 has good photothermal stability and high photothermal conversion efficiency(52.62%)in the NIR-II region.In U14 tumor-bearing mice,Pt-Ce6 completely suppressed tumor growth and recurrence under laser irradiation.Thus the nanocomposite shows excellent PDT/photothermal therapy(PTT)synergistic performance in vitro and in vivo.展开更多
Nano-therapeutic approach for clinical implementation of tumors remains a longstanding challenge in the medical field. The main challenges are rapid clearance, offtarget effect and the limited role in the treatment of...Nano-therapeutic approach for clinical implementation of tumors remains a longstanding challenge in the medical field. The main challenges are rapid clearance, offtarget effect and the limited role in the treatment of metastatic tumors. Toward this objective, a cell-mediated strategy by transporting photothermal reagents and CpG adjuvant within macrophage vehicles is performed. The photothermal reagents are constructed by conjugating of hyperbranched polyethyleimine（PEI） to golden nanorode（GNR） via S-Au bonds.GNR-PEI/CpG nanocomposites, formed via electrostatic interaction and displayed excellent near-infrared（NIR） photothermal performance, exhibit immense macrophage uptake and negligible cytotoxic effect, which is essential for the fabrication of GNR-PEI/CpG loaded macrophages. GNR-PEI/CpG loaded macrophages demonstrated admirable photothermal response in vitro. Benefited from the functionalization of the binding adhesion between macrophages and 4 T1 cells, GNR-PEI/CpG loaded macrophages significantly promoted tumor accumulation in vivo and dramatically enhanced the efficiency of photothermal cancer therapy. Moreover, the immune system is activated after photothermal therapy, which is mainly attributed to the generation of tumor specific antigens and CpG adjuvant in situ. Our findings provide a potential cell-mediated nanoplatform for tumor therapy by combination of near infrared photothermal therapy and immunotherapy.展开更多
Smart proton conductive metal-organic framework(MOF) membranes with dynamic remote control over proton conduction show high potential for use in advanced applications, such as sensors and bioprocesses. Here, we report...Smart proton conductive metal-organic framework(MOF) membranes with dynamic remote control over proton conduction show high potential for use in advanced applications, such as sensors and bioprocesses. Here, we report a photoswitchable proton conductive ZIF-8 membrane by coencapsulating polystyrene sulfonate and graphene quantum dots into a ZIF-8 matrix(GQDs-PSS@ZIF-8) via a solidconfined conversion process. The proton conductivity of the GQDs-PSS@ZIF-8 membrane is 6.3 times higher than that of pristine ZIF-8 and can be reversibly switched by light due to photoluminescence quenching and the photothermal conversion effect, which converts light into heat. The local increase in temperature allows water molecules to escape from the porous channels, which cuts off the proton transport pathways and results in a decrease in proton conductivity. The proton conductivity is restored when the light is off owing to regaining water molecules, which act as proton carriers, from the surroundings. The GQDs-PSS@ZIF-8 membrane responds efficiently to light and exhibits an ON/OFF ratio of 12.8. This photogated proton conduction in MOFs has potential for the development and application of MOF-based protonic solids in advanced photoelectric devices.展开更多
Herein,a facile and highly efficient synthetic method to prepare organic photothermal materials with high photo-stability and outstanding photothermal performance is reported.Through direct polymerization of commercia...Herein,a facile and highly efficient synthetic method to prepare organic photothermal materials with high photo-stability and outstanding photothermal performance is reported.Through direct polymerization of commercial aromatic monomers in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride and dichloromethane,four kinds of conjugated microporous polymers(CMPs)were obtained.Detailed structural analysis confirmed that the resultant CMPs possessed abundant micropores with an extendedπ-conjugated skeleton.Under near-infrared(NIR)light irradiation(808 nm,1.0 W cm−2),all the CMPs showed fast heating-up behavior with their maximum temperatures higher than 150℃.Moreover,the efficiency of photothermal conversion(η)of the CMPs was found to increase linearly with the increase in the number of conjugated benzene rings within the monomer.Poly-TPE from tetraphenylethylene(TPE)and Poly-TP from o-terphenyl(TP)showed highηvalues of over 47%.Poly-TPE was additionally used as a photothermal filler to remotely and spatially control the shape recovery of thermal-sensitive shape memory polymers(SMPs),while its introduction(1 wt%)had little influence on the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrixes.Owing to their excellent NIR photothermal performance as well as a one-step synthetic preparation,these CMPs may be promising photothermal materials for practical applications.展开更多
MOS2/Co3S4 composite films were prepared via a facile one-step hydrothermal method, and used as efficient and low-cost Pt-free counter electrodes （CEs） for dye-sen- sitized solar cells （DSSCs）. Characterizations r...MOS2/Co3S4 composite films were prepared via a facile one-step hydrothermal method, and used as efficient and low-cost Pt-free counter electrodes （CEs） for dye-sen- sitized solar cells （DSSCs）. Characterizations revealed that Co3S4 and MoS2 were obtained simultaneously during the facile hydrothermal process. The composites afforded a promising synergistic effect on the catalyzing of triiodide reduction. Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of the resultant composite films was confirmed through cyclic voltammetry （CV） and electrochemical impedance spec- troscopy （EIS） analyses. DSSCs using MoS2/Co3S4 composite CEs outperform the devices with pristine MoS2 or Co3S4 CEs in power conversion efficiency （PCE）. Furthermore, a PCE of 6.77% is obtained for the optimized devices using MoS2/Co3S4 composite CEs measured under standard 1 sun illumination （100 mW cm-2, AM 1.5G）, which is comparable to that of the devices fabricated under the same conditions with conventional thermally deposited Pt CEs （7.14%）. The results demonstrate that MoS2/Co3S4 composites are promis- ing alternatives to Pt to be applied as CEs for DSSCs,展开更多
A microporous platinum/fullerenes (Pt/C 60) counter electrode was prepared by using a facile rapid thermal decomposition method,and the quantum-dot sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) of Pt/C 60-TiO 2-CdS-ZnS and Pt/C 60-Ti...A microporous platinum/fullerenes (Pt/C 60) counter electrode was prepared by using a facile rapid thermal decomposition method,and the quantum-dot sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) of Pt/C 60-TiO 2-CdS-ZnS and Pt/C 60-TiO 2-CdTe-ZnS was fabrication.The technique forms a good contact between QDs and TiO 2 films.The photovoltaic performances of the as-prepared cells were investigated.The QDSSCs with Pt/C 60 counter electrode show high power conversion efficiency of 1.90% and 2.06%,respectively (under irradiation of a simulated solar light with an intensity of 100 mW cm 2),which is comparable to the one fabricated using conventional Pt electrode.展开更多
Photothermal conversion for water vapor gen- eration is a novel strategy and an efficient way to utilize solar energy, which has great potential for water purification and desalination. In this review, the development...Photothermal conversion for water vapor gen- eration is a novel strategy and an efficient way to utilize solar energy, which has great potential for water purification and desalination. In this review, the development of photothermal conversion and the classification of absorbers for solar vapor generation systems are presented, especially in recent devel- opment of carbon nanocomposites （carbon nanotubes and graphene） as solar vapor generation devices. Combined with recent progresses and achievements in this field, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for photothermal conversion based on carbon nanocomposites as well as their promising applications.展开更多
Water-dispersed CdSe/Bi2Se3 core/shell QDs with a photothermal conversion coefficient of 27.09% have been synthesized by a cation exchange reaction. The microstructure and crystal structure of the QDs, which were conf...Water-dispersed CdSe/Bi2Se3 core/shell QDs with a photothermal conversion coefficient of 27.09% have been synthesized by a cation exchange reaction. The microstructure and crystal structure of the QDs, which were confirmed by TEM and XRD, showed that partial cation exchange occurred inside the CdSe QDs. Two main mechanisms are responsible for the excellent photothermal conversion： inhibition of radiative recombination of carriers due to the formation of type-II semiconductor heterostructures, and the large surface-to-volume ratio of the QDs. Photothermal conversion experiments indicated that the CdSe/Bi2Se3 QDs showed high photothermal conversion efficiency and excellent NIR photostability.展开更多
The boiling behavior of the liquid nitrogen (LN2) under the transient high heat flux urgently needs to be researched systematically. In this paper, the high power short pulse duration laser was used to heat the satura...The boiling behavior of the liquid nitrogen (LN2) under the transient high heat flux urgently needs to be researched systematically. In this paper, the high power short pulse duration laser was used to heat the saturated LN2 rapidly, and the high-speed photography aided by the spark light system was employed to take series of photos which displayed the process of LN2's boiling behavior under such conditions. Also, a special temperature measuring system was applied to record the temperature variation of the heating surface. The experiments indicated that an explosive boiling happened within LN2 by the laser heating, and a conventional boiling followed up after the newly-defined changeover time. By analyzing the temperature variation of the heating surface, it is found that the latent heat released by the crack of the bubbles in the bubble cluster induced by the explosive boiling is an important factor that greatly influences the boiling heat transfer mechanism.展开更多
Plastic thermo-electrochemical ceils （thermocells） involving aqueous potassium ferricyanide/ferrocyanide electrolyte have been investigated as an alternative to conventional thermoelectrics for thermal energy harves...Plastic thermo-electrochemical ceils （thermocells） involving aqueous potassium ferricyanide/ferrocyanide electrolyte have been investigated as an alternative to conventional thermoelectrics for thermal energy harvesting. Plastic thermocells that consist of all pliable materials such as polyethylene terephthalate （PET）, fabrics, and wires are flexible enough to be wearable on the human body and to be wrapped around cylindrical shapes. The performance of the thermocells is enhanced by incorporating carbon nanotubes into activated carbon textiles, due to improved charge transfer at the interface. In cold weather conditions （a surrounding temperature of 5 ℃）, the thermocell generates a short-circuit current density of 0.39 A/m2 and maximum power density of 0.46 mW/m2 from body heat （temperature of 36℃）. For practical use, we have shown that the thermocell charges up a capacitor when worn on a T-shirt by a person. We also have demonstrated that the electrical energy generated from waste pipe heat using a serial array of the thermocells and voltage converters can power a typical commercial light emitting diode （LED）.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFA0208700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21773302)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.XDB30000000)
文摘MXenes,a new family of two-dimensional(2D)materials,have received extensive interest due to their fascinating physicochemical properties,such as outstandinglight-to-heat conversion efficiency.However,the photothermal conversion mechanism of MXenes is still poorly understood.Here,by using femtosecond visible and mid-infrared transient absorption spectroscopy,the electronic energy dissipation dynamics of MXene(Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))nanosheets dispersed in various solvents are carefully studied.Our results indicate that the lifetime of photoexcited MXene is strongly dependent on the surrounding environment.Especially,the interfacial electron-vibration coupling between the MXene nanosheets and the adjacent solvent molecules is directly observed following the ultrafast photoexcitation of MXene.It suggests that the interfacial interactions at the MXene-solvent interface play a critical role in the ultrafast energy transport dynamics of MXene,which offers a potentially feasible route for tailoring the light conversion properties of 2D systems.
文摘In this paper, an idea and a realization of a hybrid Operational solar system is presented and practically verified discussed on the base of the performance and efficiency results, is confirmed. solution for photovoltaic and photothermal conversion is presented. by the series of experiments. Improvements of the construction are The synergy effect ofphotothermal and photovoltaic part cooperation
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51872263 and 31970755)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LZ19E020001 and LQ18B010002)。
文摘The hypoxic nature of solid tumors has severely negative effects on oxygen-based photodynamic therapy.In this study,we used porous Pt nanoparticles as a catalase(CAT)nanozyme,the second near-infrared(NIR-Ⅱ)region photothermal transition agents(PTAs),and carriers of photosensitizer chlorin e6(Ce6)to synthesize a composite nanosystem Pt-Ce6.In this system,Pt-Ce6 can continuously and stably decompose H2O2 into oxygen,thereby alleviating tumor hypoxia and improving the effect of photodynamic therapy(PDT).With 650 nm illumination,the reactive oxygen species(ROS)produced by Ce6 will decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP,ΔΨm)to release cytochrome c(Cyt-c)from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm,eventually leading to mitochondrial-mediated cellular apoptosis during the PDT process.In addition,Pt-Ce6 has good photothermal stability and high photothermal conversion efficiency(52.62%)in the NIR-II region.In U14 tumor-bearing mice,Pt-Ce6 completely suppressed tumor growth and recurrence under laser irradiation.Thus the nanocomposite shows excellent PDT/photothermal therapy(PTT)synergistic performance in vitro and in vivo.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51390484, 21474104, 51403205, 51503200 and 51520105004)National program for support of Top-notch young professionalsJilin province science and technology development program (20160204032GX, 20180414027GH)
文摘Nano-therapeutic approach for clinical implementation of tumors remains a longstanding challenge in the medical field. The main challenges are rapid clearance, offtarget effect and the limited role in the treatment of metastatic tumors. Toward this objective, a cell-mediated strategy by transporting photothermal reagents and CpG adjuvant within macrophage vehicles is performed. The photothermal reagents are constructed by conjugating of hyperbranched polyethyleimine（PEI） to golden nanorode（GNR） via S-Au bonds.GNR-PEI/CpG nanocomposites, formed via electrostatic interaction and displayed excellent near-infrared（NIR） photothermal performance, exhibit immense macrophage uptake and negligible cytotoxic effect, which is essential for the fabrication of GNR-PEI/CpG loaded macrophages. GNR-PEI/CpG loaded macrophages demonstrated admirable photothermal response in vitro. Benefited from the functionalization of the binding adhesion between macrophages and 4 T1 cells, GNR-PEI/CpG loaded macrophages significantly promoted tumor accumulation in vivo and dramatically enhanced the efficiency of photothermal cancer therapy. Moreover, the immune system is activated after photothermal therapy, which is mainly attributed to the generation of tumor specific antigens and CpG adjuvant in situ. Our findings provide a potential cell-mediated nanoplatform for tumor therapy by combination of near infrared photothermal therapy and immunotherapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21875212)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation (51632008)+2 种基金the Major R&D Plan of Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (LD18E020001)the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFA0200204)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Smart proton conductive metal-organic framework(MOF) membranes with dynamic remote control over proton conduction show high potential for use in advanced applications, such as sensors and bioprocesses. Here, we report a photoswitchable proton conductive ZIF-8 membrane by coencapsulating polystyrene sulfonate and graphene quantum dots into a ZIF-8 matrix(GQDs-PSS@ZIF-8) via a solidconfined conversion process. The proton conductivity of the GQDs-PSS@ZIF-8 membrane is 6.3 times higher than that of pristine ZIF-8 and can be reversibly switched by light due to photoluminescence quenching and the photothermal conversion effect, which converts light into heat. The local increase in temperature allows water molecules to escape from the porous channels, which cuts off the proton transport pathways and results in a decrease in proton conductivity. The proton conductivity is restored when the light is off owing to regaining water molecules, which act as proton carriers, from the surroundings. The GQDs-PSS@ZIF-8 membrane responds efficiently to light and exhibits an ON/OFF ratio of 12.8. This photogated proton conduction in MOFs has potential for the development and application of MOF-based protonic solids in advanced photoelectric devices.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51503231 and 21374136)Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program(2013S086)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(17lgjc03 and 18lgpy04)。
文摘Herein,a facile and highly efficient synthetic method to prepare organic photothermal materials with high photo-stability and outstanding photothermal performance is reported.Through direct polymerization of commercial aromatic monomers in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride and dichloromethane,four kinds of conjugated microporous polymers(CMPs)were obtained.Detailed structural analysis confirmed that the resultant CMPs possessed abundant micropores with an extendedπ-conjugated skeleton.Under near-infrared(NIR)light irradiation(808 nm,1.0 W cm−2),all the CMPs showed fast heating-up behavior with their maximum temperatures higher than 150℃.Moreover,the efficiency of photothermal conversion(η)of the CMPs was found to increase linearly with the increase in the number of conjugated benzene rings within the monomer.Poly-TPE from tetraphenylethylene(TPE)and Poly-TP from o-terphenyl(TP)showed highηvalues of over 47%.Poly-TPE was additionally used as a photothermal filler to remotely and spatially control the shape recovery of thermal-sensitive shape memory polymers(SMPs),while its introduction(1 wt%)had little influence on the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrixes.Owing to their excellent NIR photothermal performance as well as a one-step synthetic preparation,these CMPs may be promising photothermal materials for practical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11574060,51272049 and 21103032)the support from Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2016JM2008)the Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry,MOE(Shaanxi Normal University)
文摘MOS2/Co3S4 composite films were prepared via a facile one-step hydrothermal method, and used as efficient and low-cost Pt-free counter electrodes （CEs） for dye-sen- sitized solar cells （DSSCs）. Characterizations revealed that Co3S4 and MoS2 were obtained simultaneously during the facile hydrothermal process. The composites afforded a promising synergistic effect on the catalyzing of triiodide reduction. Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of the resultant composite films was confirmed through cyclic voltammetry （CV） and electrochemical impedance spec- troscopy （EIS） analyses. DSSCs using MoS2/Co3S4 composite CEs outperform the devices with pristine MoS2 or Co3S4 CEs in power conversion efficiency （PCE）. Furthermore, a PCE of 6.77% is obtained for the optimized devices using MoS2/Co3S4 composite CEs measured under standard 1 sun illumination （100 mW cm-2, AM 1.5G）, which is comparable to that of the devices fabricated under the same conditions with conventional thermally deposited Pt CEs （7.14%）. The results demonstrate that MoS2/Co3S4 composites are promis- ing alternatives to Pt to be applied as CEs for DSSCs,
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2009AA03Z217)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90922028 and 51002053)
文摘A microporous platinum/fullerenes (Pt/C 60) counter electrode was prepared by using a facile rapid thermal decomposition method,and the quantum-dot sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) of Pt/C 60-TiO 2-CdS-ZnS and Pt/C 60-TiO 2-CdTe-ZnS was fabrication.The technique forms a good contact between QDs and TiO 2 films.The photovoltaic performances of the as-prepared cells were investigated.The QDSSCs with Pt/C 60 counter electrode show high power conversion efficiency of 1.90% and 2.06%,respectively (under irradiation of a simulated solar light with an intensity of 100 mW cm 2),which is comparable to the one fabricated using conventional Pt electrode.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0200200)the Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber & Product (Wuhan Textile University)Ministry of Education (FZXW006)
文摘Photothermal conversion for water vapor gen- eration is a novel strategy and an efficient way to utilize solar energy, which has great potential for water purification and desalination. In this review, the development of photothermal conversion and the classification of absorbers for solar vapor generation systems are presented, especially in recent devel- opment of carbon nanocomposites （carbon nanotubes and graphene） as solar vapor generation devices. Combined with recent progresses and achievements in this field, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for photothermal conversion based on carbon nanocomposites as well as their promising applications.
基金This work has been partly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） No. 2011CB922204-2, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 11434010, 11147024, 11247025, 11304306, 11374002, and 61290303）.
文摘Water-dispersed CdSe/Bi2Se3 core/shell QDs with a photothermal conversion coefficient of 27.09% have been synthesized by a cation exchange reaction. The microstructure and crystal structure of the QDs, which were confirmed by TEM and XRD, showed that partial cation exchange occurred inside the CdSe QDs. Two main mechanisms are responsible for the excellent photothermal conversion： inhibition of radiative recombination of carriers due to the formation of type-II semiconductor heterostructures, and the large surface-to-volume ratio of the QDs. Photothermal conversion experiments indicated that the CdSe/Bi2Se3 QDs showed high photothermal conversion efficiency and excellent NIR photostability.
文摘The boiling behavior of the liquid nitrogen (LN2) under the transient high heat flux urgently needs to be researched systematically. In this paper, the high power short pulse duration laser was used to heat the saturated LN2 rapidly, and the high-speed photography aided by the spark light system was employed to take series of photos which displayed the process of LN2's boiling behavior under such conditions. Also, a special temperature measuring system was applied to record the temperature variation of the heating surface. The experiments indicated that an explosive boiling happened within LN2 by the laser heating, and a conventional boiling followed up after the newly-defined changeover time. By analyzing the temperature variation of the heating surface, it is found that the latent heat released by the crack of the bubbles in the bubble cluster induced by the explosive boiling is an important factor that greatly influences the boiling heat transfer mechanism.
文摘Plastic thermo-electrochemical ceils （thermocells） involving aqueous potassium ferricyanide/ferrocyanide electrolyte have been investigated as an alternative to conventional thermoelectrics for thermal energy harvesting. Plastic thermocells that consist of all pliable materials such as polyethylene terephthalate （PET）, fabrics, and wires are flexible enough to be wearable on the human body and to be wrapped around cylindrical shapes. The performance of the thermocells is enhanced by incorporating carbon nanotubes into activated carbon textiles, due to improved charge transfer at the interface. In cold weather conditions （a surrounding temperature of 5 ℃）, the thermocell generates a short-circuit current density of 0.39 A/m2 and maximum power density of 0.46 mW/m2 from body heat （temperature of 36℃）. For practical use, we have shown that the thermocell charges up a capacitor when worn on a T-shirt by a person. We also have demonstrated that the electrical energy generated from waste pipe heat using a serial array of the thermocells and voltage converters can power a typical commercial light emitting diode （LED）.
