六部古汉语教材文选注释辨异--以《郑伯克段于鄢》为例

以经典篇目《郑伯克段于鄢》为例,就六部古汉语教材对该篇的词语注释展开系统性比较研究。在这六部教材中,有关该篇注释的共现词语有159个,其中,20个词语的释义差异较大,对这些词语的释义进行比较辨析,或作出取舍,或直陈己见。在这20个词语中,关于“贰”“贰于己”的释义未予采信,关于“雉”“百雉”的释义只是部分采信,其余16个词语的释义各本或同或异,则择善而从。通过这一微观比较研究,不仅可以为古汉语词义探究提供发现问题的线索,实际上也提供了分析问题、解决问题的学术路径。

基于G314国道奥依塔克段工程地质实践教学改革的研究——以喀什大学土木工程专业为例

充分利用G314国道奥依塔格段的地质资源,精心选择和改进喀什大学工程地质课程实践路线和内容,再结合G314国道奥依塔克段的工程地质条件、地质地貌特点、盖孜河的河流作用以及泥石流桥梁工程等开展野外实践教学.该实践教学路线具有路况更好、路途时间更少、讲解点更多、更安全方便,更符合实际项目等一系列优点,实践知识点更广泛,涵盖矿物、三大岩类、地层地貌、地质构造、地质年代、褶皱、断层、节理、地下水(渗流)、地表水(河流地质作用)、不良地质现象(崩塌、滑坡、落石或滚石、泥石流、风化)、边坡及治理工程等,实现了对整个工程地质知识的全覆盖;实践考核方式改为由学生自己主动采样、拍照和测量,再总结整个成果并以短课件的形式展现出来,得到了良好的实践教学效果.

浅析《郑伯克段于鄢》的文言特点

文言文之所以不同于现代文,是因为它的语言特点。文言文用字比较特殊,有古今字、通假字和异体字,这些现象在文言文里比较突出,学习时需要认真对待;词汇因为发展变化快,古今差别较大,学习时需要细心谨慎辨析;语法古今虽然变化不大,但词类的活用和特殊的句式,与现代汉语也有很大区别,学习时需要掌握文言文的语法规律。只有把握住这三项关键问题,才能够正确理解文言。为了辨明文言文的词汇和语法特点,这里就《郑伯克段于鄢》的文言词汇和语法做一浅析。

克拉苏构造带克深段构造特征及其石油地质意义

克拉苏构造带克深构造段已发现了KL2、KS2、KS1等多个含油气构造,由于该段位于前陆冲断带,构造变形复杂,构造模型争论较大。在前人认识的基础上,结合地表露头、钻井资料,对克深构造段三维地震资料进行T—Q全层位解释,重新建立了该构造段构造解释模型并对该段石油地质特征进行研究。研究结果表明:克深构造段具有垂向分层、南北分带的变形特征,垂向上可分为盐上构造层、盐岩层、盐下构造层与基底构造层4层结构。该区域主要发育逆冲断层及相关褶皱、盐收缩构造及走滑构造3种构造样式,其中盐下构造层构造样式自北向南逐渐由高角度基底卷入构造样式转变为盖层滑脱构造样式。克深构造段现今构造主要形成于新生代中晚期,经历了二叠纪晚期—三叠纪前陆盆地、侏罗纪—白垩纪坳陷盆地、古近纪—中新世弱收缩挠曲盆地及上新世—第四纪陆内前陆盆地4个演化阶段。勘探实践表明,该区带具有好盖层、厚储层、大构造、强冲注、晚成藏等有利条件,是库车山前天然气勘探的重要目标。

准东台3井区克二段储集层特征研究

应用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析、压汞测定和测井等资料,对新疆准东台3井区克二段储集层的岩石学特征、孔隙空间类型、孔隙结构和物性特征等进行分析。研究结果表明研究区克二段为中孔—低渗储集层。同时分析沉积作用、成岩作用和构造作用对储集层的主控因素。

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷七克台组二段混积岩致密储层特征研究

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷七克台组二段致密油勘探开发起步较晚,为了实现七克台组二段致密油规模效益开采,通过岩心、薄片、扫描电镜观察、全岩X衍射、压汞、核磁共振等实验分析手段,研究了该区致密油混积岩储层特征及储层控制因素,建立储层分类评价标准。结果表明:研究区岩石矿物组成复杂,具有明显的混合沉积特征,主要发育陆源碎屑质混积岩、泥质混积岩、碳酸盐质混积岩等3大类6小类;储层整体物性较差,孔隙度主要为4.00%~8.90%,渗透率小于0.100mD的样品占78.8%,属低孔特低渗储层;储集空间类型以晶间孔、粒间孔及微裂缝为主;饱和水核磁共振T2谱多表现为中断的不明显双峰或三峰,排驱压力较高,进汞饱和度和退汞效率较低,整体表现为孔喉半径小、连通性较差;不同岩石类型的物性、含油性与孔隙结构差异明显,以含灰泥质粉砂岩和粉砂质灰岩最好;储层质量受沉积微相、成岩作用、有机质丰度和构造缝等因素的影响。根据储层特征评价将储层分为3类,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层是下一步七克台组二段致密油勘探增储上产的关键。研究结果为胜北洼陷七克台组致密油的勘探开发提供了科学依据。

砂砾岩储层特征及控制因素:以红山嘴地区三叠系克拉玛依组上段为例

为了有效地在准噶尔盆地红山嘴地区克拉玛依组上段(克上段)寻找有效储集体,利用岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及压汞等资料的综合分析,对研究区的储层特征和储层发育的控制因素进行了研究。结果表明该区克上段储层岩屑含量高,结构成熟度和成分成熟度偏低;分析了控制储层发育的因素,沉积因素(基质含量、岩性及砂砾岩成因类型)是内因,砂砾岩储层中,基质含量与物性成反比;牵引流物性好于洪流型,碎屑流型最差;成岩作用(压实、胶结及溶蚀作用)为外因,压实作用造成砂砾岩孔隙结构变差,胶结作用在富基质和含基质型具有破坏作用,而对于贫基质型起保护作用;通过对砂砾岩储层特征与控制因素综合分析,将研究区的储层分为4类,并绘制了有利储层分布图,扇三角洲前缘内带物性最好,外带次之,平原物性较差。

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷七克台组二段致密油成藏条件

为了深入分析吐哈盆地胜北洼陷七克台组二段致密油成藏条件与主控因素,有效促进致密油勘探,开展了岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、高压压汞和有机地球化学分析等研究。结果表明:①七克台组二段发育一套微咸水湖相低熟烃源岩,TOC质量分数平均值为1.78%,有机质以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型为主,烃源岩品质良好。②七克台组二段中部发育一套致密混积岩储层,孔隙度为2.6%~7.8%,渗透率普遍<1.0 m D,孔隙结构及连通性中等,允许流体流动的孔喉直径下限为50 nm,可动流体孔隙度下限为2.6%,致密油可动性较强。③优质烃源岩分布、油源断裂、有利沉积相带共同控制了致密油藏的分布,具有"自源供烃、断-缝输导、优势相带控藏"的特征,根据控藏要素可划分出2类致密油勘探有利区。该研究成果对促进吐哈盆地胜北洼陷致密油勘探具有指导意义。

PELGE-克班宁纳米粒在家兔体内的药动学研究

目的:研究聚乙二醇-(聚乳酸-羟基乙酸)-聚乙二醇三嵌段共聚物(PELGE)-克班宁纳米粒(PELGE-Cre-NPs)在家兔体内的药动学。方法:取6只家兔,耳缘静脉注射PELGE-Cre-NPs(3.5 mg/kg),分别于给药后5、15、30、60、90、120、150、180、240、300min时,于其耳缘静脉采血1 m L。分离血浆,用乙酸乙酯萃取Cre,并采用高效液相色谱法,以盐酸维拉帕米为内标,测定Cre的血药浓度,然后采用DAS 2.0软件绘制血药浓度-时间曲线并计算药动学参数。色谱条件采用色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX ExtendC18,流动相为甲醇-0.01%三乙胺溶液(75∶25,V/V),流速为1 m L/min,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为20μL。结果:Cre检测血药浓度的线性范围为45.0~3 600μg/L(R^2=0.999 9),日内、日间精密度试验和稳定性试验的RSD均小于5%(n=6或n=12),准确度为(97.44±2.41)%^(98.45±3.87)%(n=6)。PELGE-Cre-NPs在家兔体内分布符合二室模型;主要药动学参数t1/2为(109.357±33.917)min,CL为(0.016±0.001)L/(min·kg),MRT为(76.733±7.502)min,cmax为(3 699.458±287.713)μg/L。结论:PELGE-Cre-NPs在家兔体内的半衰期较Cre注射剂长,滞留时间延长,有缓释效果。

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Actin Gene from Rehmannia glutinosa

[ Objective ] The aim of this study is to clone and analyze the actin gene from Rehmannia glutinosa. [ Method ] Degenerate primers were designed according to the conserved regions of actin sequences of Rehmannia glutinosa and its similar species, RT-PCR was next conducted to amplify the actin gene from Rehmannia glutinosa. [ Result] The amplified fragment is 724 bp and correspondingly 240 amino acids. The BLAST results indicate that the homology between the amplified fragment and other higher plants for aetin gene sequences and amino acid are more than 80% and 90%, respectively, suggesting that the amplified fragment is the actin gene of Rehmannia glutinosa. [ Conclusion] Phylogenetic analysis shows that the actin gene of Rehmannia glutinosa has an intimate genetic relationship with actin7 gene of Nicotiana tabacum.

Cloning and Sequencing of Two Acetylcholinesterase cDNA Fragments from Cotton Aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover

Two acetylcholinesterase (AChE) genes cDNA fragments,Ag.acel and Ag.ace2,have been cloned from cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover using degenerate primers with RT-PCR technique.Ag.acel gene cDNA fragment is of 282?bp encoding 94 amino acids,and Ag.ace2 gene cDNA fragment is of 264?bp encoding 88 amino acids.Both two putative AChE genes cDNA fragments share numerous similarities with those cloned from other insects.This is the first report of two AChE cDNA fragment sequences in the insect species,which provided the direct evidence of multiple AChE existence in insects.

Clinical significance of granuloma in Crohn's disease

AIM: Granuloma is considered the hallmark of microscopic diagnosis in Crohn's disease (CD), but granulomas can be detected in only 21-60% of CD patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of granulomas by multiple endoscopic biopsies in patients with CD and to examine whether group of patients with or without granuloma exhibit a different clinical course. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with newly diagnosed CD were included in the study. Jejunoscopy, enteroclysis and ileo-colonoscopy were performed in all patients. At least two biopsy specimens from each examined gastrointestinal segment were examined microscopically searching granuloma. The clinical course was followed in all patients, and extraintestinal manifestations as well as details of any immunosuppressive therapy and surgical intervention were noted. RESULTS: Granuloma was found in 44.6% of the cases (25 patients). Patients with granuloma had higher activity parameters at the time of the biopsies. Extraintestinal manifestations were observed and surgical interventions were performed more often in the granuloma group. The need of immunosuppressive therapy was significantly more frequent in the patients with granuloma. Granuloma formation is mote often seen in younger patients, and mainly in the severe, active penetrating disease. CONCLUSION: The significantly higher frequency of surgical interventions and immunosuppressive therapy suggests that granuloma formation is associated with a more severe disease course during the first years of CD.

Molecular cloning and mRNA expression analysis of myosin heavy chain(MyHC)from fast skeletal muscle of grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

The myosin heavy chain(MyHC)is one of the major structural and contracting proteins of muscle.We have isolated the cDNA clone encoding MyHC of the grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella. The sequence comprises 5 934 bp,including a 5 814 bp open reading frame encoding an amino acid sequence of 1 937 residues.The deduced amino acid sequence showed 69%homology to rabbit fast skeletal MyHC and 73%–76%homology to the MyHCs from the mandarin fish,walleye pollack,white croaker,chum salmon,and carp.The putative sequences of subfragment-1 and the light meromyosin region showed 61.4%–80%homology to the corresponding regions of other fish MyHCs.The tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific expressions of the MyHC gene were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR.The MyHC gene showed the highest expression in the muscles compared with the kidney,spleen and intestine.Developmentally,there was a gradual increase in MyHC mRNA expression from the neural formation stage to the tail bud stage.The highest expression was detected in hatching larva.Our work on the MyHC gene from the grass carp has provided useful information for fish molecular biology and fish genomics.

ANTITUMOR EFFECTS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY FAB’FRAGMENT—CONTAINING IMMUNOCONJUGATES

Objective.Using monoclonal antibody (mAb) Fab′ fragment to develop mAb immunoconjugates for cancer. Methods.Fab′ fragment of mAb 3A5 was prepared by digestion of the antibody with pepsin and then reduced by dithiothreitol (DTT),while Fab′ fragment of mAb 3D6 was obtained by digestion of the antibody with ficin and subsequently reduced by β mercaptoethanol.The conjugation between Fab′ fragment and pingyangmycin (PYM),an antitumor antibiotic,was mediated by dextran T 40.Immunoreactivity of Fab′ PYM conjugates with cancer cells was determined by ELISA,and the cytotoxicity of those conjugates to cancer cells was determined by clonogenic assay.Antitumor effects of the Fab′ PYM conjugates were evaluated by subcutaneously transplanted tumors in mice. Results.The molecular weight of Fab′ fragment was approximately 53 kD,while the average molecular weight of Fab′ PYM conjugate was 170 kD.The Fab′ PYM conjugates showed immunoreactivity with antigen relevant cancer cells and selective cytotoxicity against target cells.Administered intravenously,Fab′ PYM conjugates were more effective against the growth of tumors in mice than free PYM and PYM conjugated with intact mAb. Conclusion.Fab′ PYM conjugate may be capable of targeting cancer cells and effectively inhibiting tumor growth,suggesting its therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.

Timing of surgery in Crohn’s disease: A key issue in the management

The timing of the decision for operation in Crohn’s disease is based on an evaluation of the several factors such as the failure of medical treatment, complications due to the Crohn’s disease or to the farmacological therapy, development of dysplasia or cancer and growth retardation. A complete evaluation of these factors should result in operation timed to the patient’s best advantage, achieving maximal relief of symptoms with improvement of quality of life. Given the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease and the different options for treatment, is difficult to systematize when the optimal moment for the surgery is arrived. A very important factor in the management of Crohn’s disease is the multidisciplinary approach and the patient preference should be a significant factor in determining the choice of therapy. The surgery should be considered such another option in the sequential treatment of Crohn’s disease. We have analyzed the factors that are involved in the decision taking of the surgical treatment regarding to the experience and the published literature. When did the medical therapy fail? when is the appropriate moment to operate on the patient? Or which complications of Crohn’s disease need a surgery? These are some of the questions we will try to answer.

Crohn’s disease-Defect in innate defence

Crohn’s disease may prinicipally involve the whole gastrointestinal tract. Most commonly, the inflammation occurs in the small intestine and/or in the colon with stable disease location over the years. The pathogenesis of both disease phenotypes is complex, the likely primary defect lies in the innate rather than adaptive immunity, particularly in the chemical antimicrobial barrier of the mucosa. Crohn’s ileitis is associated with a reduced expression of the Wnt signalling pathway transcription factor T-cell factor 4 (TCF4), which is regulating Paneth cell differentiation. As a result, the alpha-defensins and principal Paneth cell products HD5 and HD6 are deficiently expressed in ileal disease, independent of current inflammation. In contrast, Crohn’s colitis is typically associated with an impaired induction of the beta-defensins HBD2 and HBD3 caused by fewer gene copy numbers in the gene locus of the beta-defensins on chromosome 8. This ileal and colonic defect in innate defence mediated by a deficiency of the protective alpha- and beta- defensins may enable the luminal microbes to invade the mucosa and trigger the inflammation. A better understanding of the exact molecular mechanisms behind ileal and colonic Crohn’s disease may give rise to new therapeutic strategies based on a stimulation of the protective innate immune system.

Oral immune regulation using colitis extracted proteins for treatment of Crohn's disease: Results of a phase Ⅰ clinical trial

AIM: To evaluate safety and possible efficacy of induction of oral immune regulation using colitis extracted proteins (CEP) in Crohn's disease (CD) subjects. METHODS: Ten CDs were treated orally with autologous CEP thrice weekly for 16 wk. Subjects were monitored for CDAI and IBDQ. Immune modulatory effect was assessed by T-lymphocyte FACS analysis, CEP-specific IFNγ ELISPOT assay and cytokine levels. RESULTS: Induction of oral immune regulation significantly ameliorated disease activity. All (10/10) subjects had clinical response (CDAI≤70) and 7/10 achieved clinical remission (CDAI≤150). Significant increase in mean IBDQ score was noted (134±9 vs 164±12). No treatment-related adverse events were noted. High levels of CEP-specific IFNγ spot forming colonies were detected in five subjects prior to treatment and in all five, a marked decrease was observed. The CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte ratio and peripheral NKT cell numbers increased significantly, in 7/10 and in 5/10 subjects, respectively. Significant increase in serum IL-10 and IL-4 levels was observed in 7/10 subjects during treatment period. CONCLUSION: Immune regulation via oral administration of CEP is a safe and possibly effective treatment for subjects with moderate CD and may provide means of antigen-specific immune modulation.

Adherence to surveillance guidelines for dysplasia and colorectal carcinoma in ulcerative and Crohn's colitis patients in the Netherlands

AIM: To study adherence to the widely accepted surveillance guidelines for patients with long-standing colitis in the Netherlands. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all 244 gastroenterologists in the Netherlands. RESULTS: The response rate was 63%. Of all gastroenterologists, 95% performed endoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 65% in patients with Crohn's colitis. The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) guidelines were followed by 27%, while 27% and 46% followed their local hospital protocol or no specific protocol, respectively. The surveillance was correctly initiated in cases of pancolitis by 53%, and in cases of left-sided colitis by 44% of the gastroenterologists. Although guidelines recommend 4 biopsies every 10 cm, less than 30 biopsies per colonoscopy were taken by 73% of the responders. Only 31%, 68% and 58% of the gastroenterologists referred patients for colectomy when low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or Dysplasia Associated Lesion or Mass (DALM) was present, respectively. CONCLUSION: Most Dutch gastroenterologists performendoscopic surveillance without following international recommended guidelines. This practice potentially leads to a decreased sensitivity for dysplasia, rendering screening for colorectal cancer in this population highly ineffective.

Nutritional therapy for active Crohn’s disease

Nutritional therapy for active Crohn’s disease (CD) is an underutilised form of treatment in adult patients, though its use is common in the paediatric population. There is evidence that nutritional therapy can effectively induce remission of CD in adult patients. Enteral nutrition therapy is safe and generally well tolerated. Meta-analysis data suggest that corticosteroids are superior to nutritional treatment for induction of remission in active CD. However, the potential side effects of such pharmacotherapy must be taken into consideration. This review examines the evidence for the efficacy of elemental and polymeric diets, and the use of total parenteral nutrition in active CD.

Breastfeeding and genetic factors in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease in children

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic,debilitating disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease has not been elucidated,but is thought to be multifactorial with both environmental and genetic influences.A large body of research has been conducted to elucidate the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease.This article reviews this literature,emphasizing the studies of breastfeeding and the studies of genetic factors,particularly NOD2 polymorphisms.