Aiming to optimize the beer production process by improving the properties of beer and reducing production costs at the J.S.C. ＂Birra Peja＂ brewery, Peja, Kosovo, this study did an evaluation of beer produced using ...Aiming to optimize the beer production process by improving the properties of beer and reducing production costs at the J.S.C. ＂Birra Peja＂ brewery, Peja, Kosovo, this study did an evaluation of beer produced using six different malts. Four of the six studied malts were produced in four European countries： Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia and Kosovo; and, the other two malts were obtained from two （2） 30：70 proportion mixtures： one from Kosovo and Ukraine and another one from Kosovo and Croatia. Chemical, microbiological, sensory and tasting analyses were carried on beers produced by these malts. The study included three working groups from： ＂Birra Peja＂; the Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania and ＂Union Brewery＂, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Chemical and microbiological tests were based on methods under the EBC （European Beer Convention） and MEBAK （Mitteleurop^iische Brautechnische Analysenkommision e.V.） guidelines. The analyses and assessments made for the quality of beer have come to the conclusion that beer produced by Croatian origin malt corresponds to a better quality beer.展开更多
Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.A promising avenue for eradicating the disease is to infect the wild aedes population with the bacterium Wolbachia driven by cytoplasmic i...Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.A promising avenue for eradicating the disease is to infect the wild aedes population with the bacterium Wolbachia driven by cytoplasmic incompatibility(CI).When releasing Wolbachia infected mosquitoes for population replacement,it is essential to not ignore the spatial inhomogeneity of wild mosquito distribution.In this paper,we develop a model of reaction-diffusion system to investigate the infection dynamics in natural areas,under the assumptions supported by recent experiments such as perfect maternal transmission and complete CI.We prove non-existence of inhomogeneous steady-states when one of the diffusion coefficients is sufficiently large,and classify local stability for constant steady states.It is seen that diffusion does not change the criteria for the local stabilities.Our major concern is to determine the minimum infection frequency above which Wolbachia can spread into the whole population of mosquitoes.We find that diffusion drives the minimum frequency slightly higher in general.However,the minimum remains zero when Wolbachia infection brings overwhelming fitness benefit.In the special case when the infection does not alter the longevity of mosquitoes but reduces the birth rate by half,diffusion has no impact on the minimum frequency.展开更多
The Asian summer monsoon(ASM)is the most energetic circulation system.Projecting its future change is critical for the mitigation and adaptation of billions of people living in the region.There are two important compo...The Asian summer monsoon(ASM)is the most energetic circulation system.Projecting its future change is critical for the mitigation and adaptation of billions of people living in the region.There are two important components within the ASM:South Asian summer monsoon(SASM)and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM).Although current state-of-the-art climate models projected increased precipitation in both SASM and EASM due to the increase of atmospheric moisture,their circulation changes differ markedlyÐA robust strengthening(weakening)of EASM(SASM)circulation was projected.By separating fast and slow processes in response to increased CO_(2) radiative forcing,we demonstrate that EASM circulation strengthening is attributed to the fast land warming and associated Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing.In contrast,SASM circulation weakening is primarily attributed to an El Niño-like oceanic warming pattern in the tropical Pacific and associated suppressed precipitation over the Maritime Continent.展开更多
文摘Aiming to optimize the beer production process by improving the properties of beer and reducing production costs at the J.S.C. ＂Birra Peja＂ brewery, Peja, Kosovo, this study did an evaluation of beer produced using six different malts. Four of the six studied malts were produced in four European countries： Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia and Kosovo; and, the other two malts were obtained from two （2） 30：70 proportion mixtures： one from Kosovo and Ukraine and another one from Kosovo and Croatia. Chemical, microbiological, sensory and tasting analyses were carried on beers produced by these malts. The study included three working groups from： ＂Birra Peja＂; the Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania and ＂Union Brewery＂, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Chemical and microbiological tests were based on methods under the EBC （European Beer Convention） and MEBAK （Mitteleurop^iische Brautechnische Analysenkommision e.V.） guidelines. The analyses and assessments made for the quality of beer have come to the conclusion that beer produced by Croatian origin malt corresponds to a better quality beer.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(GrantNos.11471085 and 91230104)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(Grant No.IRT1226)+1 种基金Program for Yangcheng Scholars in Guangzhou(Grant No.12A003S)Natural Science Foundation of USA(Grant No.0531898)
文摘Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.A promising avenue for eradicating the disease is to infect the wild aedes population with the bacterium Wolbachia driven by cytoplasmic incompatibility(CI).When releasing Wolbachia infected mosquitoes for population replacement,it is essential to not ignore the spatial inhomogeneity of wild mosquito distribution.In this paper,we develop a model of reaction-diffusion system to investigate the infection dynamics in natural areas,under the assumptions supported by recent experiments such as perfect maternal transmission and complete CI.We prove non-existence of inhomogeneous steady-states when one of the diffusion coefficients is sufficiently large,and classify local stability for constant steady states.It is seen that diffusion does not change the criteria for the local stabilities.Our major concern is to determine the minimum infection frequency above which Wolbachia can spread into the whole population of mosquitoes.We find that diffusion drives the minimum frequency slightly higher in general.However,the minimum remains zero when Wolbachia infection brings overwhelming fitness benefit.In the special case when the infection does not alter the longevity of mosquitoes but reduces the birth rate by half,diffusion has no impact on the minimum frequency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42088101)the National Key Research & Development Program of China (2017YFA0603802)US National Science Foundation (AGS-2006553)
文摘The Asian summer monsoon(ASM)is the most energetic circulation system.Projecting its future change is critical for the mitigation and adaptation of billions of people living in the region.There are two important components within the ASM:South Asian summer monsoon(SASM)and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM).Although current state-of-the-art climate models projected increased precipitation in both SASM and EASM due to the increase of atmospheric moisture,their circulation changes differ markedlyÐA robust strengthening(weakening)of EASM(SASM)circulation was projected.By separating fast and slow processes in response to increased CO_(2) radiative forcing,we demonstrate that EASM circulation strengthening is attributed to the fast land warming and associated Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing.In contrast,SASM circulation weakening is primarily attributed to an El Niño-like oceanic warming pattern in the tropical Pacific and associated suppressed precipitation over the Maritime Continent.
