化学发光免疫分析法和放射免疫分析法检测血浆甲状腺球蛋白的结果对比分析

甲状腺球蛋白（thyroglobulin，TG）是甲状腺中的一种碘化糖蛋白，人TG由2767个氨基酸残基组成，是甲状腺的特异性合成产物。TG是能够以定量水平反映甲状腺功能的最重要的蛋白。在生理条件下，血循环有少量的TG。TG的分泌机制十分复杂，目前还有待于详细阐明。最重要的TG生理性释放的刺激因子是TSH^[1]。

提高哺乳仔猪成活率的关键措施

哺乳仔猪的成活率高低直接关系规模化养猪场的经济效益,故在产房期间抓好仔猪的出生、补料、免疫、断奶,从细节做起,过好仔猪出生关、诱食关、免疫关、断奶关是提高仔猪成活率的关键。

类风湿性关节炎膝关节病变的X线影像学研究

目的 :分析类风湿性关节炎(RA)膝关节病变的X线影像学特征,以提高诊断正确率。方法 :收集2015年2月至2017年2月收治的RA患者52例和骨关节炎患者45例,进行X线摄片,分析两组膝关节病变的影像学特征。结果 :RA组中,关节间隙呈均匀性狭窄47例(90.4%),髌上囊肿胀41例(78.8%),关节面毛糙、关节面不同程度侵蚀破坏22例,关节周缘轻度骨质增生43例,明显重度增生、骨赘形成5例,未见明显骨质增生4例,52例均有不同程度骨质疏松。OA组中,关节间隙呈均匀性狭窄5例(11.1%),髌上囊肿胀16例(35.6%),关节面下小囊性改变7例,45例有不同程度骨质增生、骨赘形成改变。两组关节间隙均匀狭窄及髌上囊肿胀改变发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 :RA膝关节病变的X线影像学表现具有一定特征性,尤其是关节间隙均匀性狭窄、髌上囊肿胀及关节面侵蚀的改变在鉴别RA和OA的诊断中有重要价值。

Vegetative Storage Proteins in Meliaceae

采用光学和电子显微镜技术及SDS_PAGE研究了营养贮藏蛋白质 (VSPs)在楝科树木中的分布和超微结构 ;并采用免疫印迹技术 ,以大叶桃花心木 (SwieteniamacrophyllaKing)的 2 1kDVSP的抗血清检测楝科树木VSPs的免疫相关性。结果表明 ,在桃花心木亚科 (Swietenioideae)的树木中普遍存在VSPs ,但楝亚科 (Melioidae)仅部分属的树木有VSPs而椿亚科 (Cedreloideae)树木没有VSPs。VSPs在同一属树木中的分布是一致的。桃花心木亚科和楝亚科树木之间的VSPs几乎没有免疫相关性 ,但是在桃花心木亚科中 ,VSPs具有相对高的同源性。楝科树木VSPs的超微结构存在一定程度的差异 ,这可能与VSPs的种类不同有关。VSPs的分布。

Ontogeny of Immune Related Organs during Early Development of Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.)

In this paper, ontogeny of immune-related organs during theearly development of carp was studied by histochemical technique-lcineBlue staining under acid conditions and PAS reaction(AB-PAS staining). Thekidney appeared one day before hatching, spleen, liver and pancreas emergedon the same day of hatching, and thymus was not found until the third day afterhatching. Ontogeny of these immune related organs of the carp in thisresearch is earlier than that reported by Botham.

Structure modifications based on KRN7000 and their SARs in activating NKT cells

α-Galactosylceramides, which can be recognized by natural killer T （NKT） cells, are now attracting more and more attention due to their therapeutic potential in cancer, infection and autoimmune diseases. Advances have been achieved in discovering compounds with better activities and efforts have been made to understand the structure-activity relationships （SARs） of these NKT cell ligands. In this review, we discuss the structure modifications based on KRN7000, the principal glycolipid used in the study of NKT cell stimulation, and the SARs based on these modified structures.

Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease:Do they influence treatment and outcome?

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases that often involve organs other than those of the gastrointestinal tract. Immune-related extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) are usually related to disease activity, but sometimes may take an independent course. Globally, about one third of patients develop these systemic manifestations. Phenotypic classification shows that certain subsets of patients are more susceptible to developing EIMs, which frequently occur simultaneously in the same patient overlapping joints, skin, mouth, and eyes. The clinical spectrum of these manifestations varies from mild transitory to very severe lesions, sometimes more incapacitating than the intestinal disease itself. The great majority of these EIMs accompany the activity of intestinal disease and patients run a higher risk of a severe clinical course. For most of the inflammatory EIMs, the primary therapeutic target remains the bowel. Early aggressive therapy can minimize severe complications and maintenance treatment has the potential to prevent some devastating consequences.

MicroRNAs in biliary diseases

Cholangiopathies are a group of diseases primarily or secondarily affecting bile duct cells, and result in cholangiocyte proliferation, regression, and/or transformation. Their etiopathogenesis may be associated with a broad variety of causes of different nature, which includes genetic, neoplastic, immune-associated, infectious, vascular, and drug-induced alterations, or being idiopathic. miRNAs, small non-coding endogenous RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expres sion, have been associated with pathophysiological processes in different organs and cell types, and are postulated as potential targets for diagnosis and therapy. In the current manuscript, knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in the development and/or progression of cholangiopathies has been reviewed and the most relevant findings in this promising field of hepatology have been highlighted.

De novo characterization of Larimichthys crocea transcrip- tome for growth-/immune-related gene identification and massive microsatellite (SSR) marker development

The large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea is an important marine fish in China with a high economic value. In the last decade, the stock conservation and aquaculture industry of this species have been facing severe challenges because of wild population collapse and degeneration of important economic traits. However, genes contributing to growth and immunity in L. crocea have not been thoroughly analyzed, and available molecular markers are still not sufficient for genetic resource management and molecular selection. In this work, we sequenced the transcriptome in L. eroeea liver tissue with a Roche 454 sequencing platform and assembled the transcriptome into 93 801 transcripts. Of them, 38 856 transcripts were successfully annotated in nt, nr, Swiss-Prot, InterPro, COG, GO and KEGG databases. Based on the annotation information, 3 165 unigenes related to growth and immunity were identified. Additionally, a total of 6 391 simple sequence repeats （SSRs） were identified from the transcriptome, among which 4 498 SSRs had enough flanking regions to design primers for polymerase chain reactions （PCR）. To access the polymorphism of these markers, 30 primer pairs were randomly selected for PCR amplification and validation in 30 individuals, and 12 primer pairs （40.0%） exhibited obvious length polymorphisms. This work applied RNA-Seq to assemble and analyze a live transeriptome in L. crocea. With gene annotation and sequence information, genes related to growth and immunity were identified and massive SSR markers were developed, providing valuable genetic resources for future gene functional analysis and selective breeding ofL. eroeea.

Construction of cDNA Library from Intestine, Mesentery and Coelomocyte of Apostichopus japonicus Selenka Infected with Vibrio sp. and a Preliminary Analysis of Immunity-Related Genes

The aquaculture of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) has grown rapidly during recent years and has become an important sector of the marine industry in Northern China. However, with the rapid growth of the industry and the use of non-standard culture techniques, epidemic diseases of A. japonicus now pose increasing problems to the industry. To screen the genes with stress response to bacterial infection in sea cucumber at a genome wide level, we constructed a cDNA library from A. japonicus Selenka (Aspidochirotida: Stichopodidae) after infecting them with Vibrio sp. for 48 h. Total RNA was extracted from the intestine, mesentery and coelomocyte of infected sea cucumber using Trizol and mRNA was isolated by Oligotex mRNA Kits. The ligated cDNAs were transformed into DH5α, and a library of 3.24×105 clones (3.24×105 cfu mL-1) was obtained with the sizes of inserted fragments ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 kb. Sequencing the cDNA clones resulted in a total of 1106 ESTs that passed the quality control. BlastX and BlastN searches have identified 168 (31.5%) ESTs sharing significant homology with known sequences in NCBI protein or nucleotide databases. Among a panel of 25 putative immunity-related genes, serum lectin isoform, complement component 3, complement component 3-like genes were further studied by real-time PCR and they all increased more than 5 fold in response to Vibrio sp. challenge. Our library provides a valuable molecular tool for future study of invertebrate immunity against bacterial infection and our gene expression data indicates the importance of the immune system in the evolution and development of sea cucumber.

Construction of plateaued functions satisfying multiple criteria

A class of plateaued functions has been got by using the Maiorana-McFarland construction. A variety of desirable criteria for functions with cryptographic application eouht be satisfied： balancedness, high nonlinearity, correlation immunity of reasonably high order, strict avalanche criterion, non-existence of non-zero linear struetures, good glnbal avalanche characteristics, etc.

Long-term effects of di-octyl phthalate on the expression of immune-related genes in Tegillarca granosa

Di-octyl phthalate(DOP) is widely used as a plasticizer in the plastics industry.As a result,DOP is often found in marine water ecosystems where many species are exposed to it.Our objective was to evaluate the effect of long-term(14 d) DOP exposure(2.6,7.8,or 31.2 mg/L) on the expression of immunerelated genes in Tegillarca granosa.The expression of small heat shock protein(sHSPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase(TIMP) were highest in clams exposed to 31.2 mg/L DOP on days 7 and 14.The relative expression of Tg-ferritin,superoxide dismutase(SOD),and metallothionein(MT) increased initially then decreased as the concentration of DOP increased.The hemoglobin of T.granosa(Tg-Hb I) exhibited two distinct expression patterns at two time points.Our results suggest that the immune response of T.granosa against DOP pollution varies depending on the dose.Additionally,we identified some immune-related genes that are promising candidates for biomarkers of DOP.

Decreased expression of Neurensin-2 correlates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM： To investigate the expression of Neurensin-2 （NRSN2） in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and its prognostic values in predicting survival. METHODS： The expression and prognostic significance of NRSN2 in HCC was examined by performing immunohistochemical analysis using a total of 110 HCC clinical tissue samples, and Western blotting analysis to further confirm the result. RESULTS： Decreased NRSN2 expression was shown in 70.9% cases. Loss of NRSN2 expression in HCC was significantly related to tumor size （P = 0.006）. Larger tumor size was related to negative expression of NRSN2. Patients showing negative NRSN2 expression had a significantly shorter overall survival than those with positive expression （P = 0.008）. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that NRSN2 expression level was an independent factor of survival （P = 0.013）. Western blotting analysis further confirmed decreased expression of NRSN2 in tumor tissues compared with non-tumorous tissues. CONCLUSION： Our study indicated that NRSIV2 could be a tumor suppressor gene for HCC and a candidate biomarker for long-term survival in HCC.

Intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease:Friend of foe?

Inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） arises from disruption of immune tolerance to the gut commensal microbiota, leading to chronic intestinal inflammation and mucosal damage in genetically predisposed hosts. In healthy individuals the intestinal microbiota have a symbiotic relationship with the host organism and possess important and unique functions, including a metabolic function （i.e. digestion of dietary compounds and xenobiotics, fermentation of undigestible carbohydrates with production of short chain fatty acids）, a mucosal barrier function （i.e. by inhibiting pathogen invasion and strengthening epithelial barrier integrity）, and an immune modula- tory function （i.e. mucosal immune system priming and maintenance of intestinal epithelium homeostasis）. A fine balance regulates the mechanism that allows co- existence of mammals with their commensal bacteria. In IBD this mechanism of immune tolerance is impaired because of several potential causative factors. The gut microbiota composition and activity of IBD patients are abnormal, with a decreased prevalence of dominant members of the human commensal microbiota （i.e. Clostridium IXa and IV groups, Bacteroides, bifldobacteria） and a concomitant increase in detrimental bacteria （i.e. sulphate-reducing bacteria, Escherichia coll. The observed dysbiosis is concomitant with defectiveinnate immunity and bacterial killing （i.e. reduced mucosal defensins and IgA, malfunctioning phagocytosis） and overaggressive adaptive immune response （due to ineffective regulatory T cells and antigen presenting cells）, which are considered the basis of IBD pathogen- esis. However, we still do not know how the interplay between these parameters causes the disease. Studies looking at gut microbial composition, epithelial integrity and mucosal immune markers in genotyped IBD populations are therefore warranted to shed light on this obscure pathogenesis.

Association between autoimmune pancreatitis and systemic autoimmune diseases

AIM: To investigate the association between autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and systemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs) by measurement of serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4). METHODS: The serum level of IgG4 was measured in 61 patients with SAIDs of different types who had not yet participated in glucocorticosteroid treatment. Patients with an elevated IgG4 level were examined by abdominal ultrasonography (US) and, in some cases, by computer tomography (CT). RESULTS: Elevated serum IgG4 levels (919 ± 996 mg/L) were detected in 17 (28%) of the 61 SAID patients. 10 patients had Sj gren's syndrome (SS) (IgG4: 590 ± 232 mg/L), 2 of them in association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 7 patients (IgG4: 1388 ± 985.5 mg/L) had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The IgG4 level in the SLE patients and that in patients with SS were not significantly different from that in AIP patients (783 ± 522 mg/L). Abdominal US and CT did not reveal any characteristic features of AIP among the SAID patients with an elevated IgG4 level. CONCLUSION: The serum IgG4 level may be elevated in SAIDs without the presence of AIP. The determination of serum IgG4 does not seem to be suitable for the differentiation between IgG4-related diseases and SAIDs.

Impact of miRNAs on cardiovascular aging

Aging is a multidimensional process that leads to an increased risk of developing severe diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and immunological diseases. Recently, small non-coding RNAs known as microRNAs （miRNAs） have been shown to regulate gene expression, which contributes to many physiological and pathophysiological processes in humans. Increasing evidence suggests that changes in miRNA expression profiles contribute to cellular senescence, aging and aging-related diseases. However, only a few miRNAs whose functions have been elucidated have been associated with aging and/or aging-related diseases. This article reviews the currently available findings regarding the roles of aging-related miRNAs, with a focus on cardiac and cardiovascular aging.

Molecular Cloning and Expression of PoIR2,a Novel Gene Involved in Immune Response in Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A novel immune-related gene was expressed in Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus） injected with Vibrio anguillarum. The complete cDNA contained a 169 bp 5＇UTR, a 336 bp open reading frame （ORF） encoding 111 amino acids and a 556bp 3＇UTR. Six exons and five introns were identified in the PoIR2 gene. Blastp similarity comparison showed its encoding protein had 50% similarity to Danio rerio neuromedin S （NMS）, but further alignment indicated they did not have NMS C-terminal conservational signature domain. So it was not defined as an NMS homologue. Protein structure analysis indicated it had a 26aa sig- nal peptide and was a secretory pathway protein. RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of PoIR2 was quickly induced and drastically increased in liver, kidney, spleen, gills, intestine, heart, and skeletal muscle after infected with V. anguillarurn. These results indicated that the PolR2 might play some important role in Japanese flounder immune response system. This gene was named PolR2 （P.olivaceus immune-related gene 2, GenBank accession number： EU224372）. The mature PoIR2 peptide was expressed in BL21 （DE3） pLysS using pET-32a（＋） vector and a great part of the recombinant mature peptide existed as soluble type.

Genes of the adaptive immune system are expressed early in zebrafish larval development following lipopolysaccharide stimulation

Information regarding immunocompetence of the adaptive immune system （AIS） in zebrafish Danio rerio remains limited. Here, we stimulated an immune response in fish embryos, larvae and adults using lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and measured the upregulation of a number of AIS-related genes （Rag2, AID, TCRAC, IgLC-1, mIg, slg, IgZ and DAB） 3 and 18 h later. We found that all of the genes evaluated were strongly induced following LPS stimulation, with most of them responding at 8 d post fertilization. This confirms that a functional adaptive immune response is present in D. rerio larvae, and provides a window for further functional analyses.

Effect of Gui Zhi decoction on enteric mucosal immune in mice with collagen-induced arthritis

AIM： To explore the effect of Gui Zhi decoction on enteric mucosal immune in type Ⅱ collagen-induced arthritis （CIA） in DBA mice. METHODS： Eighty DBA/1, weighing 18-22 g, were randomly divided into four groups with 20 in each group： control group, CIA group, treatment groups at high dosage and low dosage （GZH and GZL）. CIA was induced by immunization with type Ⅱ collagen （CII） emulsified with equal complete adjuvant at 0.1 mg CII each mouse. Blood lymphocyte suspension was screened for CD4 and CD8 expression using a flow cytometry, the CD4 and CD8 and secretory IgA （sIgA）-positive cells in enteric lamina propria tested with immunohistochemical staining. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α）, interleukin-1 （IL-1）-β, and IL-6 concentrations in serum were assayed with RIA. RESULTS： Gui Zhi decoction can lower the arthritic scores and decrease the occurrence of arthritis. The CD4, CD8, and sIgA-positive cells in CIA mice are less than in control mice, and in Gui Zhi decoction at high dosage could restore the lowered CD4- and CD8-positive cells in lamina propria, and at both high and low dosages could increase the lowered sIgA-positive cells in lamina propria, even still lower than in normal mice. In periphery, the CD4 cells in periphery are higher in CIA mice than in control mice, and Gui Zhi decoction at high and low dosages could decrease the CD4 and CD8 cells. Also, Gui Zhi decoction at high dosage could decrease the IL-6 and TNF-α concentration in serum. CONCLUSION： Gui Zhi decoction can lower the arthritic scores and decrease the incidence of CIA in mice, and the mechanism is in part regulating enteric mucosal immune.

Isolation of Immune-Relating 185/333-1 Gene from Sea Urchin(Strongylocentrotus intermedius) and Its Expression Analysis

The 185/333 gene family involved in the immune response of sea urchin.One 185/333 c DNA was isolated from Strongylocentrotus intermedius,and named as Si185/333-1.Its full-length c DNA was 1246 bp in length with a 906 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 301 aa.The molecular weight of the deduced protein was approximately 33.1 k D with an estimated PI of p H 6.26.Si185/333-1 had high identities(70%–86%) to most of Sp185/333.An extraordinary identity of 92% was found between Si185/333-1 and Sp185/333 C5 alpha(ABR22474).Moderate identities(63%–64%) were displayed between Si185/333-1 and He185/333.Si185/333-1 had similar structure to Sp185/333.A signal-peptide,a gly-rich region and a his-rich region were found in its secondary structure.RGD motif was found in gly-rich region at position 116–118aa.There was no transmembrane region in Si185/333-1.The element pattern of Si185/333-1 is different from any available pattern that identified in Sp185/333.Si185/333-1 clustered together with pattern C Sp185/333 in phylogenetic tree.The Si185/333-1 m RNA could be detected in tissues including peristomial membrane,coelomocytes,muscle of Aristotles lantern,gut and tube feet,with the highest expression level detected in peristomial membrane and a relatively low expression in ovary and testis.The temporal expression of Si185/333-1 in peristomial membrane and coelomocytes were up-regulated after bacterial,β-D-glucan and ds RNA challenges,reaching the maximum at 12 h post-stimulation.The up-regulation was more obvious in coelomocytes,and bacterial challenge triggered the highest response.These results proved that 185/333-1 gene was involved in the immune defense of S.intermedius,while more studies were necessary for its function in S.intermedius immunity.