基于微环境特点构建的纳米递药系统在肝癌治疗中的研究进展

肝癌是常见的、致死率高的恶性肿瘤之一。在世界范围内发病率一直居高不下。目前,肝癌缺乏有效的治疗手段,化疗和靶向药物治疗仍占主要地位。然而,传统药物在肿瘤组织浓度低或滞留时间短,难以发挥高效治疗作用。纳米技术作为一种提高疗效降低毒性的方法在肿瘤治疗领域得到了广泛的应用,尤其是基于肿瘤微环境特点开发的纳米递药系统已经成为肿瘤治疗领域的主力军。肝癌具有低pH、低氧、血供丰富、酶过表达、氧化还原水平高、免疫抑制强等特点,为构建多功能协同的纳米递药系统对抗肝癌提供了靶点。因此,笔者针对目前基于响应和调控肝癌微环境开发的纳米递药系统在肝癌治疗中的应用与进展进行综述,通过对比微环境和纳米递药系统对肝癌治疗的影响,为后续构建更具针对性的纳米递药系统治疗肝癌提供借鉴。

Immune checkpoints and immunotherapy for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC)remains one of the major causes of death worldwide,despite steady improvement in early detection and overall survival over the past decade.Current treatment paradigms,with chemotherapy and biologics,appear to have reached their maximum benefit.Immunotherapy,especially with checkpoint inhibitors,has shown considerable clinical benefit in various cancers,including mismatch-repair-deficient CRC.This has led to the planning and initiation of several clinical trials evaluating novel immunotherapy agents—as single agents,combinations and in conjunction with chemotherapy—in patients with CRC.This article reviews biological and preclinical data for checkpoint inhibitors and discusses various immunotherapy trials in CRC,as well as current efforts in CRC immunotherapy.