Drug-induced liver injury is a significant and still unresolved clinical problem.Limitations to knowledge about the mechanisms of toxicity render incomplete the detection of hepatotoxic potential during preclinical de...Drug-induced liver injury is a significant and still unresolved clinical problem.Limitations to knowledge about the mechanisms of toxicity render incomplete the detection of hepatotoxic potential during preclinical development.Several xenobiotics are lipophilic substances and their transformation into hydrophilic compounds by the cytochrome P-450 system results in production of toxic metabolites.Aging,preexisting liver disease,enzyme induction or inhibition,genetic variances,local O2 supply and,above all,the intrinsic molecular properties of the drug may affect this process.Necrotic death follows antioxidant consumption and oxidation of intracellular proteins,which determine increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes,loss of potential,decreased ATP synthesis,inhibition of Ca2+-dependent ATPase,reduced capability to sequester Ca2+ within mitochondria,and membrane bleb formation.Conversely,activation of nucleases and energetic participation of mitochondria are the main intracellular mechanisms that lead to apoptosis.Non-parenchymal hepatic cells are inducers of hepatocellular injury and targets for damage.Activation of the immune system promotes idiosyncratic reactions that result in hepatic necrosis or cholestasis,in which different HLA genotypes might play a major role.This review focuses on current knowledge of the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and recent advances on newly discovered mechanisms of liver damage.Future perspectives including new frontiers for research are discussed.展开更多
In recent years,further understanding of the interaction between the immune system and tumor growth has led to the development of several immunotherapies.These immunotherapies include cancer vaccines and immune checkp...In recent years,further understanding of the interaction between the immune system and tumor growth has led to the development of several immunotherapies.These immunotherapies include cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been tested in various solid tumors,including those traditionally considered non-immunogenic,such as non-small cell展开更多
文摘Drug-induced liver injury is a significant and still unresolved clinical problem.Limitations to knowledge about the mechanisms of toxicity render incomplete the detection of hepatotoxic potential during preclinical development.Several xenobiotics are lipophilic substances and their transformation into hydrophilic compounds by the cytochrome P-450 system results in production of toxic metabolites.Aging,preexisting liver disease,enzyme induction or inhibition,genetic variances,local O2 supply and,above all,the intrinsic molecular properties of the drug may affect this process.Necrotic death follows antioxidant consumption and oxidation of intracellular proteins,which determine increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes,loss of potential,decreased ATP synthesis,inhibition of Ca2+-dependent ATPase,reduced capability to sequester Ca2+ within mitochondria,and membrane bleb formation.Conversely,activation of nucleases and energetic participation of mitochondria are the main intracellular mechanisms that lead to apoptosis.Non-parenchymal hepatic cells are inducers of hepatocellular injury and targets for damage.Activation of the immune system promotes idiosyncratic reactions that result in hepatic necrosis or cholestasis,in which different HLA genotypes might play a major role.This review focuses on current knowledge of the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and recent advances on newly discovered mechanisms of liver damage.Future perspectives including new frontiers for research are discussed.
文摘In recent years,further understanding of the interaction between the immune system and tumor growth has led to the development of several immunotherapies.These immunotherapies include cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been tested in various solid tumors,including those traditionally considered non-immunogenic,such as non-small cell
