色素原位杂交在检测乳腺癌患者组织中HER2基因的应用

[目的]探讨色素原位杂交(CISH)在检测乳腺癌患者组织中HER2基因状态的临床应用,比较CISH与免疫组化(IHC)检测组织HER2状态的差异性。[方法]采用SPOT-Light HER2 CISHTM试剂盒,以CISH方法对40例IHC EnVision法染色分别为(+++)、(++)、(+)和阴性(-)的乳腺癌石蜡切片标本进行HER2基因状态的检测。[结果]HER2表达IHC(+++)的8例标本中,7例为HER2基因扩增CISH检测,1例无扩增;(++)的13例标本中,5例为HER2基因扩增,8例无扩增;(+)的10例标本中,2例为HER2基因扩增,7例无扩增;(-)的9例标本均无扩增。两种方法对乳腺癌组织HER-2/neu状态的检测有一定的差异性(kappa=0.458,P=0.003)。[结论]IHC是HER表达初步筛查的首选方法,由于蛋白表达和基因扩增检测结果存在一定的差异性,建议IHCC(+++～+)患者进一步作CISH检测确诊。

基于全自动免疫组织化学染色仪临床检测项目院内成本控制的探索研究

目的:免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)染色检测是临床病理科辅助病理诊断、指导治疗方案的重要手段。目前,病理科IHC主要采用全自动仪器完成,而相较手工操作显著增加其成本支出。本研究旨在探讨在确保全自动IHC染色质量的前提下,降低成本支出的可能性。方法:选取2019年1—8月经病理学确诊的胃癌及结直肠癌组织标本各100例,制备连续石蜡切片。选择常用的2种细胞膜或细胞质表达标志物CK和E-cadherin以及2种细胞核表达标志物Ki-67和p53。在全自动IHC染色仪参数不变的前提下,一抗上样量分为标准上样量组和上样量减量组(减少标准上样量的20%),进行IHC染色,由2位病理科医师对最终结果进行判读。结果:胃癌和结直肠癌组织不同上样量组的CK和E-cadherin阳性表达率均为100%。胃癌组织中,标准上样量组和上样量减量组的CK和E-cadherin平均阳性表达率分别为89.4%和85.7%以及38.2%和37.8%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结直肠癌组织中,标准上样量组和上样量减量组的Ki-67和p53平均阳性表达率分别为91.6%和89.2%以及47.2%和46.4%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对CK、E-cadherin、Ki-67和p53等常用的IHC指标适当减低一抗上样量,在对病理辅助诊断无显著影响的同时,可以降低成本支出。

Chk1和Chk2蛋白在大鼠睾丸发育过程中的表达与定位

目的检测细胞周期检测点激酶1(Checkpoint kinase 1,Chk1)和细胞周期检测点激酶2(Checkpoint kinase 2,Chk2)蛋白在大鼠睾丸不同发育阶段的表达与定位,探讨2种蛋白在大鼠精子发生过程中的功能。方法选择4日龄、28日龄、56日龄、84日龄的大鼠睾丸和附睾组织为实验材料,采用免疫组化方法检测Chk1和Chk2蛋白在大鼠睾丸中的表达与定位。结果在精原细胞中,Chk1和Chk2都仅有微弱的表达; Chk2在细线期初级精母细胞中出现了强表达,而在粗线期初级精母细胞、早期精子细胞中未见表达,但在晚期精子细胞中再次出现强表达; Chk1蛋白在细线期初级精母细胞中未见表达,而在粗线期初级精母细胞中出现强表达,在早期精子细胞中表达不明显,在晚期精子细胞中出现强表达。Chk1在Leydig细胞中始终保持较强的表达,Chk2则是大鼠进入成年期后在Leydig细胞中表达出现增强。Chk1和Chk2在Sertoli细胞中始终维持微弱表达或不表达。结论通过对不同发育阶段大鼠睾丸细胞上Chk1和Chk2的表达与定位的研究发现,Chk1和Chk2可能分别在精子发生的不同阶段参于精子发育的调节,并共同在精子发生过程中发挥作用。

Immunohistochemical analysis of p53,cyclinD1,RB1,c-fos and N-ras gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma in Iran

AIM： TO study the effect of some genes especially those involved in cell cycle regulation on hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS： Paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 25 patients （18 males and 7 females） with hepatocellular carcinoma were collected from 22 pathology centers in Tehran during 2000-2001, and stained using immunohistochemistry method （avidin-biotin-peroxidase） for detection of p53, cyclinD1, RB1, c-los and N-ras proteins. RESULTS： Six （24%）, 5 （20%）, 12 （48%） and 2 samples （8%） were positive for p53, cyclinDl, C-los and N-ras expression, respectively. Twenty-two （88%） samples had alterations in the （31 cell-cycle checkpoint protein expression （RBI or cyclinD1）. P53 positive samples showed a higher （9 times） risk of being positive for RBI protein than p53 negative samples. Loss of expression of RBI in association with p53 over-expression was observed in 4 （66.7%） of 6 samples. Loss of expression of RBI was seen in all cyclinD1 positive, 20 （90.9%） N-ras negative, and ii （50%） C-fos positive samples, respectively. CyclinD1 positive samples showed a higher （2.85 and 4.75 times） risk of being positive for c-los and N-ras expression than cyclinD1 negative samples. CONCLUSION： The expression of p53, RB1 and c-los genes appears to have a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Iran. Simultaneous overexpression of these genes is significantly associated with their loss of expression during development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 gene amplification in gastric cancer using tissue microarray technology

AIM:To assess human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-status in gastric cancer and matched lymph node metastases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH).METHODS:120 cases of primary gastric carcinomas and 45 matched lymph node metastases from patients with full clinicopathological features were mounted onto multiple-punch and single-punch tissue microarrays,respectively,and examined for HER2 overexpression and gene amplification by IHC and CISH.RESULTS:Twenty-four tumors (20%) expressed HER2 immunohistochemically.An IHC score of ≥ 2+ was observed in 20 tumors (16.6%).HER2 amplification was detected by CISH in 19 tumors (15.8%) and in their matched lymph node metastases.A high concordancerate was found between HER2 positivity (as detected by IHC) and HER2 gene amplification (as detected by CISH),since 19 of the 20 IHC positive cases were amplified (95%).All amplified cases had 2+ or 3+ IHC results.Amplification was associated with intestinal phenotype (P < 0.05).No association with grading,staging or survival was found.CONCLUSION:In gastric cancer,HER2 amplification is the main mechanism for HER2 protein overexpression and is preserved in lymph node metastases.

Survey of molecular profiling during human colon cancer development and progression by immunohistochemical staining on tissue microarray

AIM： To explore the molecular events taking place during human colon cancer development and progression through high-throughput tissue microarray analysis. METHODS： We constructed two separate tissue microarrays containing 1.0 mm or 1.5 mm cylindrical samples acquired from 112 formalin-fixed and paraffinembedded blocks, including carcinomas （n = 85）, adenomatous polyps （n = 18）, as well as normal paracancerous colon tissues （n = 9）. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to the analysis of the consecutive tissue microarray sections with antibodies for 11 different proteins, including p53, p21, bcl-2, bax, cyclin D1, PTEN, p-Aktl, β-catenin, c-myc, nm23-h1 and Cox-2. RESULTS： The protein expressions of p53, bcl-2, bax, cyclin D1, β-catenin, c-myc, Cox-2 and nm23-h1 varied significantly among tissues from cancer, adenomatous polyps and normal colon mucosa （P = 0.003, P = 0.001, P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.034, P = 0.003, P = 0.002, and P = 0.007, respectively）. Chi-square analysis showed that the statistically significant variables were p53, p21, bax, β-catenin, c-myc, PTEN, p-Aktl, Cox-2 and nm23-h1 for histological grade （P = 0.005, P = 0.013, P = 0.044, P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.029, P = 0.000, P = 0.008, and P = 0.000, respectively）, β-catenin, comyc and p-Akt1 for lymph node metastasis （P = 0.011, P =0.005, and P = 0.032, respectively）, β-catenin, c-myc, Cox-2 and nm23-h1 for distance metastasis （P = 0.020, P = 0.000, P = 0.026, and P = 0.008, respectively）, and cyclin D1, β-catenin, c-myc, Cox-2 and nm23h1 for clinical stages （P = 0.038, P = 0.008, P = 0.000, P = 0.016, and P = 0.014, respectively）. CONCLUSION： Tissue microarray immunohistochemical staining enables high-throughput analysis of genetic alterations contributing to human colon cancer development and progression. Our results implicate the potential roles of p53, cyclin D1, bcl-2, bax, Cox-2, β-catenin and c-myc in development of human colon cancer and that of bcl-2, nm23-h1, PTEN and p-Akt1 in progression of human colon cancer.

Isolated pancreatic granulocytic sarcoma: A case report and review of the literature

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is an extramedullary tumor mass consisting of immature myeloid cells. Isolated pancreatic granulocyte sarcoma is extremely rare. We report a very unusual pancreatic granulocytic sarcoma in a patient without acute myeloid leukemia. The patient presented with acute epigastric pain because of splenic infarction due to a mass consisting of myeloblasts in the pancreatic tail. The patients underwent splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy. Pathology and immunohistochemistry suggested a GS. Despite local surgery, an isolated tumor recurred 2 mo after operation and the patient died 3 mo after removal of the tumor. Only 7 reported cases of pancreatic GS were identified in the literature and the mass was located in the pancreatic head. This is the first report of GS in the pancreatic tail with splenic infarction.

Clinicopathologic significance of HER-2/neu protein expression and gene amplification in gastric carcinoma

AIM:To study the HER-2/neu protein expression and gene amplification in gastric carcinoma and their relation.METHODS:One hundred and forty-five formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples from Chinese gastric carcinoma patients were studied with immunohistochemistry(IHC)and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)methods.Clinicopathologic data about all patients were collected.RESULTS:The levels of HER-2 3+,HER-2 2+and HER21+were measurable in 6.9%,8.3%and 17.2%of the samples,respectively.No HER-2 was stained in 67.6% of the samples.FISH showed that HER-2 gene was amplified in 18 samples,10 HER-2 3+samples,5 HER-2 2+samples,and 3 HER-2 1+samples with IHC staining.HER-2 status was not correlated with the sex and age of patients,and tumor size,location or differentiation,but with the depth of invasion,TNM stage,lymph node and distant metastasis as well as histopathological classification of gastric cancer(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:All samples with IHC as HER-2 expression should be analyzed with FISH.Detection of HER-2 gene amplification can assess the malignant biological behaviors and prognosis of gastric cancer.

Particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine rich protein expression in colorectal adenocarcinomas

AIM： To study the relationship between particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine rich protein （PINCH） expression and clinicopathological factors in Chinese colorectal cancer patients. METHODS： The expression of PINCH was examined by immumohistochemistry in 141 samples of primary colorectal adenocarcinoma and 92 normal samples of colorectal mucosa. Eighty of the cases had both primary tumour and normal mucosa from the same patients. RESULTS： PINCH was expressed in the stroma of normal mucosa and tumours. PINCH expression in tumourassociated stroma was increased compared to normal mucosa in both unmatched cases （n = 141, x^2 = 85.79, df = 3, P〈 0.0001） and matched cases （n =80, x^2= 45.86, df= 3, P〈 0.0001）. Among 135 tumours with visible invasive margin, 86 （64%） showed stronger PINCH expression at the invasive margin than in the intratumoural stroma. The frequency of PINCH strong expression in mucinous and signet-ring cell carcinomas was higher （52%） compared to non-mucinous carcinomas （29%, x^2=5.13, P= 0.02）. We did not find that PINCH expres- sion was related to patient＇s gender, age, tumour location, tumour size, gross status, histological type, differentiation, invasion depth, lymph node status and Dukes＇ stage （P 〉 0.05）.CONCLUSION： The expression of PINCH was upregulated in colorectal cancers, and especially at the margin of tumours, and further was related to mucinous and signet-ring cell carcinomas. The results suggest that expression of PINCH may be involved in the tumourigenesis and aggressiveness of colorectal cancers.

Granular cell tumor of the cecum with extensive hyalinization and calcification:A case report

A granular cell tumor (GCT) is a benign neoplasm of unclear histogenesis that is generally believed to be of nerve sheath origin.GCT is not common and most often affects the tongue,skin and soft tissue,although it may occur anywhere in the body.We experienced a case of GCT that arose in the cecum of a 55-yearold man.The GCT was removed by laparoscopic resection.In addition to the tumor,endoscopic examination revealed the presence of a 5-mm-polyp in the descending colon and multiple tiny polyps in the sigmoid colon and rectum.Histological examination demonstrated a cecal tumor 1.5 cm × 1.0 cm × 0.7 cm with a hard consistency;in cut sections,mixed cells with yellowish and whitish portions were seen.The tumor was located between the mucosa and subserosa,and was composed of plump histiocyte-like tumor cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm,which were immunoreactive for S-100 protein,vimentin,neuron-specific enolase,inhibin-α and calretinin.The tumor showed extensive hyalinization and focal dystrophic calcification.Immunohistochemical profiles did not confirm any particular cell type for the histogenetic origin of the GCT,including a nerve sheath origin.Extensive hyalinization and calcifi cation showing involution of tumor cells suggest benign clinical behavior of GCT.

Association of overexpression of TIF1γ with colorectal carcinogenesis and advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma

AIM:To determine the expression and clinical significance of transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma (TIF1γ),Smad4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβR) across a spectrum representing colorectal cancer (CRC) development.METHODS:Tissue microarrays were prepared from archival paraffin embedded tissue,including 51 colorectal carcinomas,25 tubular adenomas (TA) and 26 HPs,each with matched normal colonic epithelium.Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against TIF1γ,Smad4 and TGFβ RⅡ.The levels of expression were scored semi-quantitatively (score 0-3 or loss and retention for Smad4).RESULTS:Overexpression of TIF1γ was detected in 5/26 (19%) HP;however,it was seen in a significantly higher proportion of neoplasms,15/25 (60%) TAs and 24/51 (47%) CRCs (P<0.05).Normal colonic mucosa,HP,and TAs showed strong Smad4 expression,while its expression was absent in 22/51 (43%) CRCs.Over-expression of TGFβ RⅡ was more commonly seen in neoplasms,13/25 (52%) TAs and 29/51 (57%) CRCs compared to 9/26 (35%) HP (P<0.05).Furthermore,there was a correlation between TIF1γ overexpression and Smad4 loss in CRC (Kendall tau rank correlation value=0.35,P<0.05).The levels of TIF1γ overexpression were significantly higher in stage Ⅲ than in stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ CRC (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The findings suggest that over-expression of TIF1γ occurs in early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis,is inversely related with Smad4 loss,and may be a prognostic indicator for poor outcome.

Changes of smooth muscle contractile filaments in small bowel atresia

AIM:To investigate morphological changes of intestinal smooth muscle contractile fibres in small bowel atresia patients.METHODS:Resected small bowel specimens from small bowel atresia patients(n = 12) were divided into three sections(proximal,atretic and distal).Standard histology hematoxylin-eosin staining and enzyme immunohistochemistry was performed to visualize smooth muscle contractile markers-smooth muscle actin(SMA) and desmin using conventional paraffin sections of the proximal and distal bowel.Small bowel from agematched patients(n = 2) undergoing Meckel's diverticulum resection served as controls.RESULTS:The smooth muscle coat in the proximal bowel of small bowel atresia patients was thickened compared with control tissue,but the distal bowel was unchanged.Expression of smooth muscle contractile fibres SMA and desmin within the proximal bowel was slightly reduced compared with the distal bowel and control tissue.There were no major differences in the architecture of the smooth muscle within the proximal bowel and the distal bowel.The proximal and distal bowel in small bowel atresia patients revealed only minimal differences regarding smooth muscle morphology and the presence of smooth muscle contractile filament markers.CONCLUSION:Changes in smooth muscle contractile filaments do not appear to play a major role in postoperative motility disorders in small bowel atresia.

Evaluation of malignancy using Ki-67,p53,EGFR and COX-2 expressions in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

AIM:To investigate the role of expressions of Ki-67, p53,epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)in gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST)grading and prognosis. METHODS:Tumor tissue was collected retrospectively from 96 patients with GIST.Antibodies against Ki-67, p53,EGFR and COX-2 were used for immunohistochemical staining.Tumor grading was designated according to a consensus system and the staining was quantified in 3 categories for each antibody in the statistical analysis. RESULTS:The Ki-67 expression in GISTs was significantly associated with the size of the tumors,mitotic rate and the risk of malignancy(x2=15.51,P=0.02; x2=22.27,P<0.001;x2=20.05;P<0.001).The p53 expression was also significantly correlated with mitotic rate and the risk of malignancy(x2=9.92,P= 0.04;x2=9.97;P=0.04).Over-expression of Ki-67 was strongly correlated with poor survival(x2=10.44, P=0.006),but no correlation was found between the expression of p53,EGFR or COX-2 and survival. Multivariate analysis further demonstrated that Ki-67 expression(relative risk=15.78,95%CI:4.25-59.37) could be used as an independent prognostic value for GIST patients.Adjuvant imatinib therapy could improve clinical outcomes in the patients with high risk and intermediate risk of recurrence after complete tumor resections(median survival time:52 mo vs 37 mo, x2=7.618,P=0.006). CONCLUSION:Our results indicated that the expression of Ki-67 could be used as an independent prognostic factor for GIST patients.

Characterization of gastric cancer models from different cell lines orthotopically constructed using improved implantation techniques

AIM:To develop orthotopic gastric cancer mouse models from different cell lines and characterize the tumor features to assist further in preclinical trials and clinical treatment strategies.METHODS:Human gastric cancer SGC-7901 and BGC823 cell suspensions were injected subcutaneously into nude mice to develop solid tumors,and tumor tissue pieces were then implanted under the serous coat of the stomach.An autopsy was performed on all animals of the SGC-7901 and BGC-823 models to observe the primary tumor growth and metastases using pathological and immunohistochemical methods.RESULTS:Both models showed large tumors in situ resulting in pressure and infiltration of the adjacent organs.The gastric cavity became smaller,along with stenosis of the cardia or pylorus.There were biological and statistical differences between the two models.The metastasis rate in involved organs (lymph nodes,kidney,spleen,testis) was significantly higher in the BGC-823 model compared to the SGC-7901 model (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).The median survival of the BGC-823 model was shorter than that of SGC-7901 (23 d vs 84 d,P < 0.05).Histopathologically,the primary tumor and metastatic lesions of the two models showed obvious atypia and mucus in the cytoplasm.Compared with the SGC-7901 model,BGC-823 appeared more poorly differentiated (absence of adenoid structure),had a smaller volume,and richer capillary structure.Immunohistochemical staining revealed cytokeratin 20 and epithelial membrane antigen expression was positive in the SGC-7901 tumors,while negative in BGC-823 ones.CONCLUSION:Models using the SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cell lines were established which could function in gastric cancer research on carcinogenesis mechanism and drug discovery.The two models showed different tumor behavior and the latter was more malignant than the former.

Immunoexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in primary gastric carcinomas and lymph node metastases

AIM: To evaluate immunoexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in primary gastric carcinomas and respective lymph node metastases. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry to analyze COX-2 expression was performed on tissue microarray slices obtained from 36 specimens of gastrectomy and satellite lymph nodes from patients with gastric carcinoma. RESULTS: Immunostaining was seen in most cases, and COX-2 expression was higher in lymph node me-tastases than in corresponding primary gastric tumors of intestinal, diffuse and mixed carcinomas, with a statistically signif icant difference in the diffuse histotype (P = 0.0108). CONCLUSION: COX-2 immunoexpression occurs frequently in primary gastric carcinomas, but higher expression of this enzyme is observed in lymph node metastases of the diffuse histotype.

Histological origin of pseudomyxoma peritonei in Chinese women:Clinicopathology and

AIM： To investigate the myxoma peritonei （PMP） histological origin of pseudo- n Chinese women. METHODS： The clinical and pathological data were reviewed for 35 women with PMP, and specimens of the peritoneal, appendiceal and ovarian lesions of each patient were examined using the PV-6000 immunohistochemistry method. Antibodies included cytokeratin （CK）7, CK20, mucin （MUC）-1, MUC-2, carbohydrate antigen （CA）-125, estrogen receptor （ER）, and progesterone receptor （PR）. RESULTS： Abundant colloidal mucinous tumors were observed in the peritoneum in all 35 cases. Thirty-one patients had a history of appendectomy, 28 of whom had mucinous lesions. There was one patient with appendicitis, one whose appendix showed no apparent pathological changes, and one with unknown surgical pathology. Ovarian mucinous tumors were found in 24 patients. The tumors were bilateral in 13 patients, on the right-side in nine, and on the left side in two. Twenty patients had combined appendiceal and ovarian lesions; 16 of whom had undergone initial surgery for appendiceal lesions. Four patients had undergone initial surgery for ovarian lesions, and relapse occurred in these patients at 1, 11, 32 and 85 mo after initial surgery. Appendi-ceal mucinous tumors were found in each of these four patients. Thirty-three of the 35 patients showed peritoneal lesions that were positive for CK20 and MUC-2, but negative for CK7, MUC-1, CA125, ER and PR. The expression patterns in the appendix and the ovary were similar to those of the peritoneal lesions. In one of the remaining two cases, CK20, CK7 and MUC-2 were positive, and MUC-1, CA125, ER and PR were negative. The ovaries were not resected. The appendix of one patient was removed at another hospital, and no specimen was evaluated. In the other case, the appendix appeared to be normal during surgery, and was not resected. Peritoneal and ovarian lesions were negative for CK20, MUC-2, CK7, MUC-1, CA125, ER and PR. CONCLUSION： Most PMP originated from the appendix. Among women with PMP, the ovarian tumors were implanted rather than primary. For patients with PMP, appendectomy should be performed routinely. The ovaries, especially the right ovaries should be explored.

Distribution of Bacteria Injected in Body of Giant Black Shrimp, Penaeus Monodon

Distribution of injected Vibrio anguillarum in body of Penaeus monodon was studied with immunohistochemical method. Bacteria could be detected throughout the experiment in some individuals; however in lymphoid tissue, gill, heart and haemolymph of all vibrio injected shrimp, the bacteria could be observed only 5 min after injection. The bacteria density in haemolymph, haemolymph of the hepatopancreas and gills decreased with time. In the lymphoid organ and heart, the bacteria density was the highest 48 h after injection, then decreased. Nodules could be formed in the heart, lymphoid organ and injection site.

Immunostaining of PD-1/PD-Ls in liver tissues of patients with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the expression of programmed death (PD)-1,PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 in liver tissues in the context of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: Liver biopsies and HCC specimens from patients were collected and histologically examined.The expression of PD-1,PD-L1,and PD-L2 in biopsy specimens of chronic hepatitis and HCC specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining.The association between the expression level of PD-1,PD-L1,and PD-L2 and clinical and pathological variables was analyzed statistically.RESULTS: Expression of PD-1 was found in liverinfiltrating lymphocytes.In contrast,PD-L1 and PD-L2 were expressed in non-parenchyma liver cells and tumor cells.The expression of PD-L1 was significantly correlated with hepatitis B virus infection (1.42 ± 1.165 vs 0.50 ± 0.756,P = 0.047) and with the stage of HCC (7.50 ± 2.121 vs 1.75 ± 1.500 vs 3.00 ± 0.001,P = 0.018).PD-1 and PD-Ls were significantly up-regulated in HCC specimens (1.40 ± 1.536 vs 5.71 ± 4.051,P = 0.000;1.05 ± 1.099 vs 4.29 ± 3.885,P = 0.004;1.80 ± 1.473 vs 3.81 ± 3.400,P = 0.020).CONCLUSION: PD-L1 may contribute to negative regulation of the immune response in chronic hepatitis B.PD-1 and PD-Ls may play a role in immune evasion of tumors.

Expression of FOXG1 is associated with the malignancy of human glioma

Objective： Recent evidence indicates that the increased expression of FOXG1 is associated with tumor genesis. This study was designed to explore the expression and role which FOXG1 plays in human glioma. Methods： We detected the expression of FOXG1 by immunohistochemistry in glioma tissue samples. Following the down-regulation of FOXG1 in glioma cell lines by a specific short hairpin RNA, the function of FOXG1 in proliferation and apoptosis was assessed. Results： Glioma tissues exhibited notably higher expression of FOXG1 compared with control brain tissues and was positively corre- lated with histological malignancy. The down-regulation of FOXG1 in glioma cells led to a cell apoptosis in vitro. Cenclusion： The overexpression of FOXG1 is a novel glioma malignancy marker, and FOXG1 may be used as a new target in therapeutic strategies for human glioma.

Sequence Analysis of Attachment Gene of Lumpy Skin Disease and Sheep Poxviruses

In Egypt,protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD) was carried out using a sheep poxvirus (Kenyan strain) vaccination strategy.In the present study 15 skin nodules from LSD suspected cows and 5 scab samples from sheep pox (SP) suspected sheep were collected.Hyperimmune rabbit sera to Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)/Ismailyia88 strain and sheep pox virus (SPV)/ Kenyan vaccinal strain were prepared.The causative agent in the collected samples was identified using immunoflourescence (IF) and immunoperoxidase techniques.Of the 15 skin nodules suspected of LSD,10 showed a positive reaction and 3 out of 5 skin scabs suspected of sheeppox were found to be positive.An antigenic correlation between field skin isolate of LSDV,tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain,field skin isolate of SPV and SPV/Kenyan vaccinal strain was studied using prepared hyperimmune sera.Also,nucleotide sequence of the PCR amplified attachment gene fragments of field skin isolate of LSDV,tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain,field skin isolate of SPV and SPV /Kenyan vaccinal strain were compared.The results revealed that the four used viruses were antigenically identical.Sequence analysis indicated that field skin LSDV isolate is more related to tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain than to vaccinal SPV/ Kenyan strain and the skin isolate of SPV is more closely related to field skin isolate of LSDV than to SPV/Kenyan vaccinal strain.Thus,further study should be applied on the advantage of a LSD vaccine prepared from LSDV in protection of cattle against LSD compared to the commonly used sheep pox vaccine.