弓形虫病的免疫诊断学研究进展

弓形虫是人兽共患的细胞内寄生原虫病,危害大,分布广,为动物源性疾病,呈世界性分布,无论人和动物感染率都很高,据报道许多国家和地区人群感染率为25%～50%,高者达80%以上.

亲和素—生物素—酶复合物(ABC)法在免疫诊断学中的应用

亲和素—生物素—酶复合物(Avidin—Biotin—Enzyme Complex,ABC)法是Hsu等于1981年在生物素—亲和素架桥法(BRAB)和标记亲和素法(LAB)的基础上进行改良、建立起来的。这种方法是预先按一定比例将生物素化酶和亲和素共温后形成ABC复合物,再使ABC复合物与生物素化抗体反应。该法不仅减少了反应步骤。而且由于ABC的网格可以网罗相当数量的酶分子,从而使生物素—亲和素系统(BAS)的敏感度大为提高。用该法对多肽类激素进行了酶标测定,发现抗体滴度可提高20～40倍。

亲和素-生物素系统-酶联免疫吸附试验(ABS-ELISA)在兽医免疫诊断学中的应用

七十年代中期,亲和素(Avidin)与生物素(B-iotin)之间的强亲和作用及多价反应性,引起了免疫学工作者的极大兴趣,经研究进行亲和素与生物素既可偶联抗体等一系列大分子生物活性物质,又可被酶等多种材料所标记,据此发展成为一种新颖的生物反应放大系统,即亲和素-生物素系统(Avidin-BiotinSystem,ABS)。该系统最初被用于免疫组织化学,进行组织和细胞内特异性抗原的检测、定位及半定量研究。1979年,Guesdon等又将ABS首次引入了固相酶免疫吸附试验。

间接荧光抗体试验应用于华支睾吸虫病诊断及流行病学调查的研究

1986年我们曾用间接荧光抗体试验进行了诊断华支睾吸虫病的效果观察,1987年又对其在流行病学调查中的应用价值进行了实验研究。一、材料与方法 (一)抗原制备将感染华支睾吸虫囊蚴的家兔饲养30d后剂其肝脏,从胆管中取出成虫,经生理盐水冲洗干净后用香糊包埋,进行冰冻切片,片厚5μ,然后将切片贴附于涂有0.5％明胶的载玻片上。

绵羊肝包虫囊液抗原成分的分离与鉴定

本文采用分子筛层析方法,分离、提取了绵羊肝包虫囊液抗原成分,结果表明经葡聚糖凝胶层析试验明确得到四个峰型;同时采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,免疫电泳方法,对层析所得四个洗脱峰型进行抗原成分、活性的鉴定,证明经层析实验所得的第1、2峰具有包虫免疫活性的特异抗原成分。本研究为包虫病免疫学诊断、单克隆抗体制备及包虫疫苗试制提供了科学依据。

TDR对中国加强热带病研究能力的资助

1978年10月5日,中国卫生部和WHO签署了一份双方在卫生活动方面进行技术合作的协议书。次年3月,TDR官员参加了WHO组织的一次访问,参观了设在北京、山东和上海等地的若干研究机构,确定了与TDR目标疾病有关的重点研究课题和人员培训项目。1982年9月。

Classification of submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract

This review is part two of three, which will present an update on the classification of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. Part one treats of the diagnosis and part three of the therapeutic methods regarding gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. In the past there has been some confusion as to the classification of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. Changes in classifications have emerged due to recent advances in mainly immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The aim of this paper is to update the reader on the current classification. Literature searches were performed to find information related to classification of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. Based on these searches the twelve most frequent submucosal tumor types were chosen for description of their classification. The factors that indicate whether tumors are benign or malignant are mainly size and number of mitotic counts. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are defined mainly by their CD117 positivity. In the future, there should be no more confusion between gastrointestinal stromal tumors and other types of submucosal tumors.

Do we really understand what the immunological disturbances in inflammatory bowel disease mean?

The gastrointestinal tract uses a system of tolerance and controlled inflammation to limit the response to dietary or bacteria-derived antigens in the gut. When this complex system breaks down, either by a chemi- cal or pathogenic insult in a genetically predisposed individual the resulting immune response may lead to inflammatory bowel disease. Although the aetio- pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remains unsolved current evidence indicates that defective T-cell apoptosis and impairment of intestinal epithelial barrier function play important roles. In inflammatory bowel disease, it has been reported that activation of macrophages seems to be as important as increased production of the macrophage-derived cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6. The triggering factor for this cascade is still to be elucidated as to whether it rep- resents an auto-antigen or a hetero-antigen. It has been also demonstrated that a serologic anti-microbial response exists. This response includes antibodies against saccharomyces cerevisiae （ASCA）, E. coli outer membrane porin C （Omp-C）, flagelin （cBirl） and pseu- domonas aeroginosa （I2）. Host response to microbial pathogens includes self-defense mechanisms including defensins, pattern recognition receptors and Toll-like receptors. Neuroimmunomodulation in inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） is another interesting approach with implications on the influence of brain-gut axis on intestinal inflammation and its perpetuation. It isprobable that inflammatory bowel disease represents a heterogenic group of diseases that share similar mechanisms of tissue damage but have different ini- tiating events and immunoregulatory abnormalities. A better understanding of all these events will hope- fully provide new insights into the mechanisms of epithelial responses to microorganisms and ideas for therapies.

Primary malignant melanoma of the liver: A case report

Primary malignant melanoma of the liver is an exceedingly rare tumor. Only 12 cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. We present a case of isolated malignant melanoma of the liver occurring in a 36-year-old Chinese male patient. Comprehensive dermatologic and ophthalmologic examinations revealed no evidence of a cutaneous or ocular primary lesion. Other lesions in brain, respiratory tract, lung, gastrointestinal tract and anus, were not demonstrated by serial position emission tomography (PET). Microscopic examination of the resected specimen revealed a malignant melanoma, which was confi rmed by immunohistochemical staining for HMB-45, S-100 protein, melanoma-pan and vimentin. Moreover, electron microscopy demonstrated melanosomes in tumor cell cytoplasm. Our case shows that primary malignant melanoma may occur in the liver and should be considered when the histopathological appearance is not typical for other hepatic neoplasm.

Colorectal and interval cancers of the Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in the Basque Country (Spain)

AIM To assess proportions, related conditions and survival of interval cancer(IC).METHODS The programme has a linkage with different clinical databases and cancer registers to allow suitable evaluation. This evaluation involves the detection of ICs after a negative faecal inmunochemical test(FIT), interval cancer FIT(IC-FIT) prior to a subsequent invitation, and the detection of ICs after a positive FIT and confirmatory diagnosis without colorectal cancer(CRC) detected and before the following recommended c o l o n o s c o p y, I C-c o l o n o s c o p y. W e c o n d u c t e d a retrospective observational study analyzing from January 2009 to December 2015 1193602 invited people onto the Programme(participation rate of 68.6%).RESULTS Two thousand five hundred and eighteen cancers were diagnosed through the programme, 18 cases of IC-colonoscopy were found before the recommended follow-up(43542 colonoscopies performed) and 186 IC-FIT were identified before the following invitation of the 769200 negative FITs. There was no statistically significant relation between the predictor variables of ICs with sex, age and deprivation index, but there was relation between location and stage. Additionally, it was observed that there was less risk when the location was distal rather than proximal(OR = 0.28, 95%CI: 0.20-0.40, P < 0.0001), with no statistical significance when the location was in the rectum as opposed to proximal. When comparing the screen-detected cancers(SCs) with ICs, significant differences in survival were found(P < 0.001); being the 5-years survival for SCs 91.6% and IC-FIT 77.8%.CONCLUSION These findings in a Population Based CRC Screening Programme indicate the need of population-based studies that continue analyzing related factors to improve their detection and reducing harm.

Diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis using a monoclonal antibody to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

AIM:To investigate the utility of immunohistochemical(IHC) staining with an antibody to Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis) for the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis(TB).METHODS:We retrospectively identified 10 patients(4 males and 6 females;mean age = 65.1 ± 13.6 years) with intestinal TB.Clinical characteristics,including age,gender,underlying disease,and symptoms were obtained.Chest radiograph and laboratory tests,including sputum Ziehl-Neelsen(ZN) staining,M.tuberculosis culture,and sputum polymerase chain reaction(PCR) for tubercle bacilli DNA,as well as Tuberculin skin test(TST) and QuantiFERON-TB gold test(QFT),were examined.Colonoscopic records recorded on the basis of Sato's classification were also reviewed,in addition to data from intestinal biopsies examined for histopathological findings,including hematoxylin and eosin staining,and ZN staining,as well as M.tuberculosis culture,and PCR for tubercle bacilli DNA.For the present study,archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded(FFPE) intestinal tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained using a commercially available species-specific monoclonal antibody to the 38-kDa antigen of the M.tuberculosis complex.These sections were also stained with the pan-macrophage marker CD68 antibody.RESULTS:From the clinical data,we found that no patients were immunocompromised,and that the main symptoms were diarrhea and weight loss.Three patients displayed active pulmonary TB,six patients(60%) had a positive TST,and 4 patients(40%) had a positive QFT.Colonoscopic findings revealed that all patients had type 1 findings(linear ulcers in a circumferential arrangement or linear ulcers arranged circumferentially with mucosa showing multiple nodules),all of which were located in the right hemicolon and/or terminal ileum.Seven patients(70%) had concomitant healed lesions in the ileocecal area.No acid-fast bacilli were detected with ZN staining of the intestinal tissue samples,and both M.tuberculosis culture and PCR for tubercle bacilli DNA were negative in all samples.The histopathological data revealed that tuberculous granulomas were present in 4 cases(40%).IHC staining in archived FFPE samples with anti-M.tuberculosis monoclonal antibody revealed positive findings in 4 patients(40%);the same patients in which granulomas were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining.M.tuberculosis antigens were found to be mostly intracellular,granular in pattern,and primarily located in the CD68 + macrophages of the granulomas.CONCLUSION:IHC staining with a monoclonal antibody to M.tuberculosis may be an efficient and simple diagnostic tool in addition to classic examination methods for the diagnosis of intestinal TB.

Prostatic Foamy Adenocarcinoma:A Case Report.

A 58-year-old male patient, complaining of dysuresia, which increased over a period of 2 months, had a history of urine retention that did not respond to treatment administered in an outpatient clinic. Upon admission to the hospital on August 2, 2005, examination showed that his prostate was midrange size by rectal palpation, and without pain or prostate nodus. An ultrasound examination indicated the prostate size was 6.1 cm×4.7 cm×3.6 cm, without an occupying lesion in the prostate.

Feature selection for chemical process fault diagnosis by artificial immune systems

With the Industry 4.0 era coming, modern chemical plants will be gradually transformed into smart factories, which sets higher requirements for fault detection and diagnosis(FDD) to enhance operation safety intelligence. In a typical chemical process, there are hundreds of process variables. Feature selection is a key to the efficiency and effectiveness of FDD. Even though artificial immune system has advantages in adaptation and independency on a large number of fault samples, antibody library construction used to be based on experience. It is not only time consuming, but also lack of scientific foundation in fault feature selection, which may deteriorate the FDD performance of the AIS. In this paper, a fault antibody feature selection optimization(FAFSO) algorithm is proposed based on genetic algorithm to optimize the fault antibody features and the antibody libraries' thresholds simultaneously. The performance of the proposed FAFSO algorithms is illustrated through the Tennessee Eastman benchmark problem.

Evaluation of multi- parameter diagnosis in histology of gastric cancer

AIMS The synthetic diagnosis and analysis of multiparameter in histology is evaluated for the clinical study on diagnosis of gastric cancer(GC). METHODS The expressions of MG-3c7 anatigen and cerbB-2 receptor in specimens of GC were detected with the technique of ABC immunnohistochemistry.The DNA content of specimens was determined with flow cytometry(FCM).The data of multi-parameter in methodology were analysed by statistics. RESULTS The expressive rates of MG-3c7 antigen and cerbB-2 receptor were observed in gastric tublar adenocarci- noma(GTA,100% and 56%),adenocarcinoma(AC,58% and 50%),and normal gastric mucosa(NGM,20% and 33%). respectively The DNA heteroploid rate was 63%(12/19)in GTA,75%(3/4)in AC and 0%(0/8)in NGM.In Detecting GTA with FCM and ABC method,the histological parameter analysis synthetically showed that the sensitivity was 82.3% specificity 88%,expentancy 95.4% and accuracy 84%.Both methods were complementary. CONCLUSIONS The synthetic diagnosis and analysis of multi-parameter and the study on histomorphology and molecular biology may be a new way for the diagnosis on GC in histology.

Diagnostic value of antigenemia assay for cytomegalovirus gastrointestinal disease in immunocompromised patients

AIM:To investigate the utility of the cytomegalovirus(CMV)antigenemia assay for the diagnosis of CMV gastrointestinal disease(GID). METHODS:One hundred and thirty immunocompromised patients were enrolled in this study.Patients with a history of anti-CMV treatment and who had not undergone examination using the antigenemia assay were excluded.CMV-GID was defined as the detection of large cells with intranuclear inclusions alone or associated with granular cytoplasmic inclusions by biopsy.Biopsy sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically stained with anti-CMV.We evaluated the association between CMV-GID and patient characteristics(symptoms,underlying disease,medication,leukocyte counts,and antigenemia assay).All patients were checked with an human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)antibody test before endoscopic examination.White blood cell(WBC)counts were obtained from medical records within 1 wk of endoscopy.Leukopenia was defined as a total WBC count<5000 cells/mm 3 . For HIV patients,we also checked CD4+counts from medical records. RESULTS:A total of 99 patients were retrospectively selected for analysis.Of the immunocompromised patients,19 had malignant disease,18 had autoimmune disease,19 had disorders of biochemical homeostasis, three had undergone transplantation,and 45 had HIV infection.A total of 50 patients had received immunosuppressive therapy.No patients had inflammatory bowel disease.Fifty-five patients were diagnosed as having CMV-GID.Univariate analysis indicated an association between HIV infection,leukopenia,and positive antigenemia and CMV-GID(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis using logistic regression revealed that HIV infection and positive antigenemia were the only independent factors related to CMV-GID(P<0.01).The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value of antigenemia for CMV-GID were 65.4%,93.6%, 91.9%,and 71.0%,respectively.In a subgroup analy-sis,patients with leukopenia displayed low sensitivity and high specificity.Minimal differences in accuracy were seen among patients with or without leukopenia. HIV-infected patients displayed low sensitivity and high specificity.Accuracy barely differed between HIV-positive and-negative patients.In HIV-infected patients, CD4 count<50 cells/μL resulted in low sensitivity and high specificity.Differences in accuracy among patients were minor,regardless of CD4 count.In patients who had undergone both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and antigenemia assay,real-time PCR was slightly more accurate in terms of sensitivity than the antigenemia assay;however,this difference was not statistically significant(P=0.312). CONCLUSION:If the antigenemia test is positive,endoscopic lesions are acceptable for the diagnosis of CMVGID without biopsy.The accuracy is not affected by HIV infection and leukopenia.Either PCR or the antigenemia assay are valid.

Signif icance of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosis and Staging of Stage-cN0 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To assess the significance of sentinel lymph node biopsy （SLNB）, serial section and cytokeratin immunohistochemical staining in the diagnosis and staging of Stage-cNO oral squamous cell carcinoma （OSCC）, METHODS A blue stain, 99mTc-dextran SPECT lymphoscintigrapgy and intraoperative y-ray probes were used to examine the sentinel nodes in 31 cases with Stage-oNO oral cancer, The H＆E staining and a cytokeratin AE1/ AE3 immunohistochemistry （IHC） assessment, with serial sections, were conducted to provide results obtained from a routine pathological examination of lymph nodes, The value of the routine pathological examination of the sentinel lymph node （SLN）, serial sections and IHC determination for cervical lymph node metastasis of Stage-cN0 OSCC was appraised, RESULTS A total of 45, 55 and 51 SLNs were examined in 25 （80%）, 31 （100%） and 30 （96,5%） of the cases, by using the blue stain, y-ray probes, and SPECT lymphoscintigraphy, respectively, The average SLNs found in each case of the groups was 1,4 （1 to 3） and there were 1,302 non-NSLNs, Six positive SLN metastases were detected by routine pathological examination, among which 1 case was found to be an accompanied positive metastasis of non-SLN, One positive SLN metastasis was found after examination of serial sections plus routine H＆E staining and 2 were detected using serial sections plus AE3 immunohistochemical staining methods, No positive NSLNs were found in the study, CONCLUSION In order to make more progress in accurate SLNB diagnosis, serial sections and IHC （AE1/AE3） methods can be used for examination of the micrometastases which are difficult to identify by routine pathological sections and H＆E staining.

Rhabdoid Meningioma in a Child:Report of a Case and Literatures Review

Meningiomas occur in 1%-4% of primary intracranial tumors in the pediatric group, and is increasing in incidence with age. Some authors have reported that meningioma is more prevalent among adult males, but there is no gender prevalence. The accepted origin of meningiomas is from the arachnoid ceils lining the meninges, or the choroid plexuses. Since Beckwith and Palmer introduced the term ＇rhabdoid tumor＇ in 1978 in reference to a subgroup of childhood malignant renal tumors, many tumors with a rhabdoid morphology have been reported in various sites, including the central nervous system. In 1998 Kepes et al.

血吸虫病的诊断检测技术及研究进展

血吸虫病的诊断检测技术在血吸虫病的防治中具有极其重要的作用。近年来除了病原学诊断技术的改进,免疫学诊断技术也因为其良好的敏感性、特异性和实用性,成为当前血吸虫病的常用诊断手段,而且随着分子生物学、免疫化学、免疫传感器等新技术的渗入,极大地促进了血吸虫病诊断方法和检测技术的改进和发展。

EVALUATION OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS OF RHABDOMYOSARCOMA

Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of regularly used immunohistochemicalmarkers, including Vimentin ( Vim) , Desmin ( Des) , Myoglobin (MG) , Myosin ( MS) , Smooth-muscle actin (SMA) and Sarcomeric actin (Sr-A) , in the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Methods After resection , 24 RMSs and other childhood tumor specimens were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and embeded in paraffin. The immunohistochemical staining was performed by LSAB procedure. Heat-induced epitope retrieval of Des, MS, Sr-A was processed in order to enhence positive rate and positive strength. Results Vim, MG, MS, Des, Sr-A, SMA were arranged in the order of sensitivity from higher to lower. About specificity, Sr-A, Des, SMA, MG, Vim standed in a sequence from higher to lower (the data of MS is insufficient) ; Des,MG, Sr-A possessed higher experimental efficiency, followed by SMA, Vim in a succession. Conclusion Vim and MG are of the higher sensitivity but lower specificity. On the reverse, Sr-A and Des hold the better specificity but lower sensitivity. So the combination of multiple antibody reactions should be considered to improve the diagnostic ability in poorly differentiated RMS. According to the result of experimental efficiency, we suggest that the combination of Des, MG and Sr-A can make it possible to diagnose the majority of RMS clearly.

Immunohistochemical characterization of β-catenin in gynecologic tumor and its diagnostic value

β-catenin is a very unusual protein with multiple functions depending on its cellular localization. The β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) encodes for β-catenin and apart from its well-defined role in cellular adhesion,it is also a component of the Wnt signalling pathway. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in various normal cellular activities,including determination,proliferation,migration and differentiation in embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Deregulation or constitutive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may lead to cancer formation. Immunohistochemical expression of β-catenin in gynecologic tumor have been reported recently. In normal epithelia,immunoreactivity was strongly observed at the membrane,partially at cytoplasm,nuclear staining of β-catenin was rarely seen in normal cases; In ovarian carcinomas,β-catenin nuclear expression was found more commonly in endometrioid carcinomas,nuclear β-catenin staining seemed to be of prognostic importance; In endometrium carcinomas,β-catenin nuclear expression were more common in pure endometrioid tumors than in unendometrioid tumors,associated with favorable prognosis,the staining pattern was independent of the menopausal status; In synchronous primary cancers of the endometrium and ovary,activating mutations in β-catenin seemed to distinguish synchronous primary tumors from metastatic tumors.