马缨丹入侵对草坪土壤养分特征的影响

研究了外来入侵物种马缨丹对草坪不同入侵程度条件下土壤理化性质和土壤蛋白酶、脲酶及磷酸酶活性的变化,分析了马缨丹入侵对土壤养分影响在其入侵过程中的意义。结果表明:马缨丹的入侵显著提高了根际土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、NH+4-N、NO-3-N和速效钾的含量,导致土壤碱化,但显著降低了土壤全磷和速效磷的含量;马缨丹种群根际土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均显著高于裸露地和非入侵草坪草多花黑麦草与白花三叶草植物群落。土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、NH4+-N、NO-3-N、速效钾的含量和土壤pH极显著正相关,而与土壤全磷和速效磷的含量极显著负相关,土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质存在显著相关关系。马缨丹入侵改变了根际土壤酶活性和土壤养分的供求平衡,这种改变可能有利于马缨丹的生长竞争并对草坪草的生长产生抑制作用。为马缨丹入侵的生态影响和其成功入侵的原因提供了试验依据,为阐明马缨丹入侵机制奠定理论基础。

植物入侵对城市湿地生态系统中本地植物的影响

城市湿地不仅有着重要的生态和经济价值,同时还服务于城市居民的人文、审美需求等社会和文化的各个方面.然而随着经济全球一体化的发展,外来植物入侵对城市湿地生态环境和物种多样性已构成不可避免的威胁.城市湿地入侵植物对城市湿地生态系统中本地植物个体适合度、生理特性、种群遗传结构、种群数量、群落种间关系、本地植物多样性以及本地植物所处的生境等多方面造成严重影响.因此,应根据城市湿地本地植物遭受的影响,加强对城市湿地外来入侵植物的有效管理及对退化城市湿地生态系统的修复.

河北省地下咸水对地下淡水资源入侵影响分析

河北省中东部区域分布为地下咸水分布区。自大量开采地下淡水以来,出现了地下咸水入侵地下淡水资源问题,第四系地下淡水水质呈不断变差趋势,对宝贵的地下淡水资源构成威胁,其主要原因是地下淡水资源的超量开采和成井工艺不严格。本文分析了地下咸水入侵地下淡水机制及影响现状。

外来生物入侵对海洋生态环境损害影响建模研究

在利用现有模型分析外来生物入侵对海洋生态环境造成的影响时,分析结果不理想。以科学性、系统性、重要性、实用及可操作性、相对独立、灵活性为原则,探讨损害影响模型的构建流程,通过总目标指标层、分目标指标层和操作指标层三部分构成指标体系层,分别对传入阶段、定殖阶段、扩散阶段、危害影响阶段和防控阶段外来入侵生物对海洋生态环境造成的影响进行了研究。对比实验结果表明,该模型能够在短时间内有效分析出外来生物入侵对海洋生态环境造成的影响,对于海洋生物多样性的保护有重要意义。

生物入侵的影响是否准确可知?

生物入侵常常带来一系列负面影响,如物种快速丧失、巨大经济损失、生态公益急剧降低、不可逆环境破坏等。正是这些负面影响引起科技界、政府和公众对生物入侵的极大关注。因此,准确量化生物入侵的影响非常重要。然而,广泛使用的生物入侵影响评估方法存在两个严重缺陷:一是缺乏真实对照,二是包含非入侵效应。这两个缺陷使得人们对生物入侵影响的了解相对粗略。为此,作者提出两点建议:一是在实验条件下设置真实对照,二是考虑同步对照。评估方法的完善将有助于人们更加准确地理解生物入侵的影响。

Tests to evaluate the ecological impact of treated ballast water on three Chinese marine species

Ballast water has been a topic of concern for some time because of its potential to introduce invasive species to new habitats. To comply with the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, members of the International Maritime Organization(IMO) must equip their ships with on-board treatment systems to eliminate organism release with ballast water. There are many challenges associated with the implementation of this IMO guideline, one of which is the selection of species for testing the ecological impacts of the treated ballast water. In the United States, ballast water toxicity test methods have been defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. However, the test methods had not been finalized in China until the toxicity test methods for ballast water were established in 2008. The Chinese methods have been based on species from three trophic levels: Skeletonema costatum, Neomysis awatschensis, and Ctenogobius gymnauchen. All three species live in broad estuarine and open sea areas of China; they are sensitive to reference toxicants and acclimatize easily to different conditions. In this paper, the biological characteristics, test processes and statistical analysis methods are presented for the three species. Results indicate that the methods for evaluating these three organisms can be included in the ecological toxicity tests for treated ballast water in China.

Assessment of Salinity Intrusion in the Red River under the Effect of Climate Change

This paper focuses on analysis of salinity distribution along Red River and its main branches to determine and limit effects of salinity intrusion under variable scenarios for outlet discharge from upstream reservoirs and the tidal magnitude under global climate change effects. The effect of outlet discharge from upstream reservoirs, which generates flow in droughty months, is considered as upstream input condition for salinity intrusion. The sea level rising phenomenon is represented by scenarios according to prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC）. The lateral flow and the rainfall in dry season are neglected in the process of simulation. MIKE 11, ID river model software by DHI （Danish Hydraulic Institute）, is used to simulate the processes of salt water intrusion from the river mouths to the upstream of the river in consideration the effect of the Sea Level Rise phenomenon and the operation of existing reservoirs and those under construction. The results indicate that salinity intrusion length from river mouth depends on the estuary characteristics, discharges from upper reservoirs and tidal phases （low and high tides）. With the safe salinity concentration for agriculture and livestock is 4 psu, the study shows that the length of intruded salt in Red River is about 40km from the river mouth, in otherwise, the effect of salinity intrusion in Thai Binh river is negligible. The Sea Level Rise phenomenon has inconsiderable affects on salinity intrusion processes in Red River System. The influence of outlet discharges from upstream reservoirs has also negligible affects on prevent salinity intrusion from the sea. According to the results of the study, reasonable water resources utilization and appropriate reservoir operation approaches in the drought will be studied to protect the crop and aquaculture from salinity intrusion.

Animal personality and the ecological impacts of freshwater non-native species

While the ecological impacts of invasive species have been demonstrated for many taxonomic groups, the potential effects of behavioural variation among nonnative individuals （i.e. personality） on these impacts have been largely overlooked. This is despite the fact that recent studies have demonstrated that, by nature, the three first stages of biological invasions （i.e. transport, establishment and spread） can lead to personalitybiased populations. Freshwater ecosystems provide a unique oppor tunity to investigate this issue, notably because the ecological impacts of nonnative species have been extensively documented and because animal personality has been widely studied using freshwater model species. Here, we aim at developing some per spectives on the potential effects of animal personality on the ecological impacts of freshwater nonnative species across levels of biological organizations. At the individual level, personality types have been demonstrated to affect the physiolo gy, metabolism, life history traits and fitness of individuals. We used these effects to discuss how they could subsequently impact invaded popula tions and, in turn, recipient communities. We also discussed how these might translate into changes in the structure of food webs and the functioning of invaded ecosystems. Finally we discussed how these perspectives could interact with the management of invasive species .

Effects of elevated temperature on chemistry of an invasive plant,its native congener and their herbivores

Climatic warming affects plant growth and physiology,yet how warming alters chemistry in invasive plants and indirectly affects herbivorous insects remains largely unknown.Here,we explored warming-induced changes in leaf chemistry of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native congener Alternanthera sessilis,and further examined how these changes affected the performance of the herbivores,Cassida piperata and Spodoptera litura.We conducted a simulated warming experiment to address its effects on 13 leaf chemical traits of A.philoxeroides and A.sessilis.We measured growth and development time of two herbivores reared on plants from warming or ambient controls.Warming significantly affected leaf chemistry composition for both the invasive and native Alternanthera.Warming decreased nitrogen concentration in A.philoxeroides and increased total flavonoid and total phenol concentration in A.sessilis.The effects of warming on nutrients(i.e.fructose,sucrose,total soluble sugar and starch)varied with individual chemicals and plant species.Weight of C.piperata pupal and S.litura larval reared on warming-treated A.sessilis significantly decreased compared with non-warmed control,and a similar pattern was observed for weight of S.litura larval feeding on warming-treated A.philoxeroides.In addition,warming-treated A.sessilis significantly prolonged larval development time of S.litura.These results indicate that warming can directly affect the leaf chemistry in both invasive plant and its native congener,but these effects vary by species.Such differences in warming-induced changes in plant chemistry could indirectly affect herbivorous insects associated with the invasive and native plants.