Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） has long been the gold standard treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Recently, there has been an emergence of novel immunotherapeutic agents, which have shown p...Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） has long been the gold standard treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Recently, there has been an emergence of novel immunotherapeutic agents, which have shown promise in the treatment of urothelial cell carcinoma. These agents aim to augment, modify, or enhance the immune response. Such strategies include recombinant BCG, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, gene therapy, and adoptive T-cell therapy. Here, we review the emerging immunotherapeutics in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.展开更多
Background and aims:Due to the invasiveness of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in liver cirrhosis have been widely established by numerous studies.A questionnaire survey,whic...Background and aims:Due to the invasiveness of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in liver cirrhosis have been widely established by numerous studies.A questionnaire survey,which was aimed at understanding the current knowledge about non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in liver cirrhosis,was distributed among the members of Gastroenterology Branch of the Liaoning Medical Association.Methods:A questionnaire assessing the knowledge about non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices was sent to 42 members who participated in the entire ninth committee.They were from 33 hospitals in 13 cities of Liaoning Province,China.Results:Overall,97.6%(41/42)of participants responded to the questionnaire.A majority of participants were chief physicians(85.4%),had>20 years of experience in clinical work of digestive diseases(80.5%)and worked at tertiary hospitals(97.6%).In 46.3%of participants’departments,there were>200 patients with liver cirrhosis and gastroesophageal varices admitted every year.In 90.2%of participants’departments,upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was regularly employed for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal varices.Only six(15%)participants often used non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in clinical practice.Thirty(75%)participants knew at least one non-invasive diagnostic test for varices.The knowledge of at least one non-invasive diagnostic test was significantly associated with the number of cirrhotic patients with varices(P¼0.038)or the regular use of gastrointestinal endoscopy to diagnose varices(P¼0.022).Conclusions:This questionnaire survey suggested that non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in liver cirrhosis were rarely or never used in clinical practices in Liaoning Province,China.Reliable,non-invasive indexes should be further explored in a well-designed multi-center observational study.展开更多
基金supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research
文摘Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） has long been the gold standard treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Recently, there has been an emergence of novel immunotherapeutic agents, which have shown promise in the treatment of urothelial cell carcinoma. These agents aim to augment, modify, or enhance the immune response. Such strategies include recombinant BCG, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, gene therapy, and adoptive T-cell therapy. Here, we review the emerging immunotherapeutics in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
文摘Background and aims:Due to the invasiveness of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in liver cirrhosis have been widely established by numerous studies.A questionnaire survey,which was aimed at understanding the current knowledge about non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in liver cirrhosis,was distributed among the members of Gastroenterology Branch of the Liaoning Medical Association.Methods:A questionnaire assessing the knowledge about non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices was sent to 42 members who participated in the entire ninth committee.They were from 33 hospitals in 13 cities of Liaoning Province,China.Results:Overall,97.6%(41/42)of participants responded to the questionnaire.A majority of participants were chief physicians(85.4%),had>20 years of experience in clinical work of digestive diseases(80.5%)and worked at tertiary hospitals(97.6%).In 46.3%of participants’departments,there were>200 patients with liver cirrhosis and gastroesophageal varices admitted every year.In 90.2%of participants’departments,upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was regularly employed for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal varices.Only six(15%)participants often used non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in clinical practice.Thirty(75%)participants knew at least one non-invasive diagnostic test for varices.The knowledge of at least one non-invasive diagnostic test was significantly associated with the number of cirrhotic patients with varices(P¼0.038)or the regular use of gastrointestinal endoscopy to diagnose varices(P¼0.022).Conclusions:This questionnaire survey suggested that non-invasive diagnostic tests for varices in liver cirrhosis were rarely or never used in clinical practices in Liaoning Province,China.Reliable,non-invasive indexes should be further explored in a well-designed multi-center observational study.
