型煤与原煤全应力–应变过程渗流特性对比研究

利用自主研制的自压式三轴渗流装置对型煤和原煤试样进行三轴压缩渗流试验,得到不同围压下2种煤样的全应力–应变曲线,并利用流量计和环向引伸计自动采集整个试验过程中煤样的渗流速度和横向变形。从细观损伤力学的观点分析2种煤样不同的破坏形式以及煤样的变形破坏对渗流速度的影响;讨论渗流速度对外部变量的敏感性和煤与瓦斯突出的突发性。研究结果表明,2种煤样的全应力–应变曲线都可以分为5个阶段,并与渗流速度–轴向应变曲线具有良好的对应关系。由于型煤与原煤的结构特性不同,致使2种煤样受力以后具有不同的损伤机制,渗流速度–轴向应变曲线差异较大,尤其在破坏阶段。型煤变形主要在前2个阶段影响煤的渗流特性,而原煤在整个试验过程中都受影响;型煤的渗流速度对轴向压力和轴向变形最敏感,而原煤的渗流速度对体积变形和横向变形比较敏感。原煤全应力–应变–渗流试验的5个阶段可以较好地解释煤与瓦斯突出过程的准备、发动、发展和终止4个阶段,可以间接地利用煤体瓦斯渗流速度变化进行煤与瓦斯突出预测预报。研究结果对探索煤层真实的瓦斯运移规律具有一定的参考价值。

突出煤型煤全应力–应变全程瓦斯渗流试验研究

以典型煤与瓦斯突出矿井重庆天府矿业有限责任公司的三汇一矿K1煤层的突出煤型煤试件为研究对象,利用自行研制的含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流试验系统,进行突出煤型煤在连续加载作用下,全应力–应变过程的瓦斯渗流规律的试验研究。研究结果表明:突出煤型煤在整个全应力–应变过程中,瓦斯流量与煤样的损伤变形的进程密切相关;瓦斯流量先随着轴向应变的增大而逐渐减小,在煤样达到屈服点后,瓦斯流量发展方向发生转变,开始慢慢增大,并在峰后瓦斯流量增速加大;另一方面,瓦斯流量先随着煤样的体积压缩而变小,在煤样开始扩容后,瓦斯流量转为增大,在破裂后阶段瓦斯流量增幅变大;瓦斯流量与轴向应变的关系可用二次函数表示;瓦斯流量随围压的增大而减小。

基于全应力–应变曲线及起裂应力的岩石脆性特征评价方法

脆性作为岩石重要的力学指标,准确评价岩石脆性特征对岩体工程稳定性具有重要意义。目前,常用的岩石脆性指数评价方法主要基于岩石压缩过程中峰后应力–应变曲线变化规律,而对岩石峰前应力状态关注较少。综合考量峰后应力跌落速率及起裂应力值至峰值应力值之间的应力增长速率,建立一种基于岩体应力–应变全过程的脆性指数计算方法,更加准确、合理地描述岩体脆性特征。试验结果表明:单轴条件下当全程采用轴向位移控制时,脆性较强的岩石难以准确获得其峰后曲线,容易降低基于峰后应力曲的常规脆性评价方法的准确性,而所建立的脆性指标可根据峰前曲线进行判断,能够准确评价岩石脆性程度。在三轴条件下,该脆性指标更为全面地反映了围压对大理岩脆性的抑制作用。建立的脆性指标基于岩石整个压缩过程的应力状态,能够更加显著地体现不同因素对岩石脆性特征的影响。试验结果很好地验证了该指标的准确性与优越性,研究结果对丰富与完善岩体脆性评价体系具有重要的作用。

全应力–应变过程中裂隙灰岩的水–力耦合特性试验研究

为研究裂隙灰岩在全应力–应变过程中的力学特性和渗透性特点,对裂隙灰岩进行不同渗透压和围压组合下的水–力耦合试验,研究水–力耦合作用下裂隙灰岩的强度和变形特性,并定义全应力–应变过程中6个关键的渗透率值。试验结果表明:渗透压对裂隙灰岩的力学特性有较大影响,渗透压的存在降低了裂隙灰岩的强度和变形模量,加剧其侧向变形,水–力耦合作用下裂隙灰岩的强度特性可用莫尔–库仑屈服准则来表征;全应力–应变过程中,裂隙灰岩渗透率经历缓慢下降–缓慢增加–快速增长–小幅度下降4个阶段,这大致对应于全应力–应变过程中体积压缩阶段,近线性变形阶段,峰值点附近的破裂阶段和峰后残余强度阶段。在较低渗透压(2 MPa左右)下,上述相应关系吻合情况良好,而在较高渗透压(8 MPa以上)下,上述相应吻合关系存在偏差,渗透率下降阶段要短于体积压缩阶段;在较低渗透压(2 MPa左右)下体积压缩阶段的渗透率与体积应变之间的关系可用负指数函数来描述,而在较高渗透压(8 MPa以上)作用下,在体积压缩阶段的渗透率和体积应变之间的关系可用三次多项式来描述。

渗透压–应力耦合作用下砂岩渗透率与变形关联性三轴试验研究

为了探讨渗透压–应力耦合作用下岩石渗透率与变形的关联性,采用岩石伺服三轴试验系统,在不同围压和渗透压条件下,利用稳态法对砂岩全应力–应变过程进行渗透率试验研究。根据试样渗透率变化与其破坏过程的对应关系,分析全应力–应变过程中试样渗透率随其脆性、延性变化的特点及渗透率–轴向应变和渗透率–体积应变之间的关联性。试验结果表明:(1)在渗透压–应力耦合作用下,试样初始渗透率、峰值强度随着围压与渗透压的改变而改变。(2)在渗流场–应力场耦合作用下连续加载的全应力–应变过程中,渗透率先随着轴向应变的增大而逐渐减小,进入弹塑性阶段后,渗透率变化曲线随围压变化呈现增大、持平及减小3个不同趋势。其中,渗透率曲线持平的现象为三轴渗透试验研究中的新现象。(3)围压较高时,若形成局部压缩带,则试样进入弹塑性阶段后,渗透率的变化趋势是由岩石微裂隙的萌生、扩展与岩石骨架颗粒压碎这2个主要因素共同决定的。(4)岩石微裂隙的萌生、扩展对渗透率增大起积极作用,岩石骨架颗粒压碎形成的压缩带对渗透率增大起抑制作用。(5)岩石进入塑性阶段后,随围压增大,渗透率由上升趋势转变为下降趋势的现象先于脆–延转换的临界状态发生。(6)岩石的体积应变对渗透率有一定影响,在脆–延转换阶段存在体积应变增大而渗透率减小的现象,这需要其他能够更精确地测量体积应变变化的试验进一步验证。

采动应力下深部煤体渗透率演化规律研究

为了研究深部开采工作面前方煤体的渗透属性,首先基于典型开采方式应力路径进行了不同瓦斯压力下的深部煤体渗透率测试,然后根据渗透率升降速率和单调性对渗透率的演化过程进行划分,归纳出常规三轴加载和采动应力下煤体渗透率演化过程概化模型,最后结合三向扰动应力下的深部煤体渗透率模型与二次多项式拟合关系建立了深部采动煤体全应力–应变渗透率理论模型。结果表明:典型开采方式采动应力路径下深部煤体的应力–应变曲线不存在压密阶段;峰值应力之前和之后测点的渗透率增加率上升幅度较小,而峰值点的渗透率增加率上升幅度较大;常规三轴加载的煤体渗透率曲线呈“V”字形,相应的概化模型包括下降段、峰前缓升段、急升段和峰后缓升段;采动应力下的深部煤体渗透率曲线呈倒“Z”字台阶形,相应的概化模型可划分为峰前缓升段、急升段和峰后缓升段;建立的渗透率理论模型能够表征不同开采方式下深部煤体全应力–应变过程的渗透率演化。

硬岩应力–应变曲线真三轴仪研制关键技术研究

基于茂木式岩石真三轴试验原理,介绍真三轴试验机设计中的岩石体积变形测量、端部摩擦效应、应力空白角效应以及真三轴条件下的峰后行为捕捉关键试验技术。此试验系统具有高刚度、大吨位及高响应等特点,能获得真三轴条件下多种硬岩的全应力–应变曲线。同时,利用该试验系统,对不同减摩方案下的摩擦系数进行测试,并评估端部摩擦效应对岩石变形的影响。结果表明:硬脂酸和凡士林混合物具有较好的减摩效果,真三轴试验中,建议采用此减摩方案。端部摩擦往往造成岩石变形的不均匀分布,且对岩石的变形模量和强度有所提高。

持续力载条件下碎石混凝土的力学特性研究

混凝土的应力–应变全曲线在结构强度分析中有着极其重要的作用。本文对碎石混凝土(期龄28 d)、不同围压条件下碎石混凝土试块进行压缩试验,并对试件的变形性能、应力–应变全曲线、特征参数等进行分析。分析得出:围压对碎石混凝土的变形有一定的限制作用,破坏形态由短轴向剪切发展为斜向剪切再转为轴向剪切,且控制裂缝发展走向与延伸,提高了碎石混凝土的强度与变形性能;峰值应力、峰值应变、初始弹性模量也得到不同程度的提高。

陶砂微粒混凝土力学性能研究

设计不同陶砂和碎石含量的微粒混凝土试件,对钢筋混凝土结构相似模型材料微粒混凝土进行力学性能静力试验研究,结果表明微粒混凝土破坏模式以斜压剪切脆性破坏为主,其应力–应变全曲线与普通混凝土相似,具备在结构试验中模拟混凝土结构的弹性和非弹性阶段力学特征的特点。粗骨料采用陶砂添加碎石拌和,在满足弹性模量需求的同时,还可增加结构模型自重和降低人工配重,使结构动力试验模型质量分布更接近实际,便于在小型振动台上实现大型结构缩尺模型试验。

Regularity and mechanism of coal resistivity response with different conductive characteristics in complete stress-strain process

The stress,strain as well as resistivity of coal during uniaxial compression process were tested based on self-built real-time testing system of loaded coal resistivity.Furthermore,the coal resistivity regularity and mechanism were analyzed at different stages of complete stress-strain process,which includes the two kinds of coal body with typical conductive characteristics.The results indicate that coal resistivity with different conductive characteristics has different change rules in complete stress-strain process.It is mainly represented at the densification and flexibility phases before dilatation occurs.The variation of resistivity can be divided into two kinds,named down and up.Dilatation of coal samples occurred between 66%σ_(max) and 87%σ_(max).Because of dilatation,coal resistivity involves sudden change.The overall representation is shifting from reducing into improving or from slow improving into accelerated improving.Thus,coal resistivity always shows an increasing tendency at the plastic stage.After peak stress,coal body enters into failure stage.The expanding and communicating of macro fracture causes further improvement of coal resistivity.The maximum value of resistivity rangeability named λ reached 3.49.Through making real-time monitoring on coal resistivity,variation rules of resistivity can be deemed as precursory information so as to reflect the dilatation and sudden change before coal body reaches buckling failure,which can provide a new technological means for forecasting the dynamic disaster of coal petrography.

Permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in the damaged zone of an excavation

Research on the permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in the excavation damaged zone(EDZ) is beneficial for the development of gas control technology. In this study, analytical solutions of stress and strain of the roadway surrounding rock were obtained, in which the creep deformation and strain softening were considered. Using the MTS815 rock mechanics testing system and a gas permeability testing system, permeability tests were conducted in the complete stress-strain process, and the evolution characteristics of permeability and strain were studied over the whole loading process. Based on the analytical solutions of stress and strain and the governing equation of gas seepage flow, this paper proposes a hydro-mechanical(HM) model, which considers three different zones around the roadway. Then the gas flow process in the roadway surrounding rock in three different zones was simulated according to the engineering geological conditions, thus obtaining the permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in three different zones. These results show that the surrounding rock around the roadway can be divided into four regions-the full flow zone(FFZ), flow-shielding zone(FSZ), transitive flow zone(TFZ), and in-situ rock flow zone(IRFZ). These results could provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of gas extraction and gas control technology.

Seepage laws of two kinds of disastrous gas in complete stress-strain process of coal

The similarities and differences in seepage flow evolution laws of CH4 and CO2 during complete stress- strain process of samples were comparatively analyzed. The results show that the seepage flow evolution laws of CH4 and CO2 are extremely similar during the stress-strain process, showing that the character- istic first decreased and then increased. A mathematical model was also established according to the rela- tionship of seepage velocity and axial strain. However, due to the strong adsorption ability of CO2, the coal samples generated a more serious ''Klinkenberg effect'' under the condition of CO2. Owing to this, the CO2 seepage flow resulted into occurrence of ''stagnation'' phenomenon during the late linear elastic stage II. In the strain consolidation stage III, the increment rate of CH4 seepage velocity was significantly greater than that of CO2. In the stress descent stage IV, when the axial load reached the peak pressure of coal, the increment rates of CH4 seepage velocity presented a turning point. But the changing rate of CO2 seepage velocity still remained slow and a turning point was presented at one time after the peak of thestrain pressure, which showed an obvious feature of hysteresis.