《外台秘要》汤剂全方量的研究

目前对中药药量的研究多集中在单味药量上,对全方量的研究多有忽略。对《外台秘要》中汤剂的全方量、药味数和加水量进行研究,统计得出全方量的常用范围为131~331 g,药味数的常用范围为4~8个,加水量的常用范围为1 200~1 800 mL。统计结果说明,汉唐时期多数医家继承了《伤寒杂病论》＂药专力宏＂的用量特点,并且加水量因方而异、因药而异,能够取得更好的疗效和最大煎出量。

A three-dimensional positioning method based on three satellites

A three-dimensional positioning method for global positioning system(GPS)receivers based on three satellites was proposed.In the method,the measurement equation used for positioning calculation was expanded by means of two measures.In this case,the measurement equation could be solved,and the function of positioning calculation could be performed.The detailed steps of the method and how to evaluate the positioning precision of the method were given,respectively.The positioning performance of the method was demonstrated through some experiments.It is shown that the method can provide the three-dimensional positioning information under the condition that there are only three useful satellites.

Security analysis of access control model in hybrid cloud based on security entropy

To resolve the problem of quantitative analysis in hybrid cloud,a quantitative analysis method,which is based on the security entropy,is proposed.Firstly,according to the information theory,the security entropy is put forward to calculate the uncertainty of the system' s determinations on the irregular access behaviors.Secondly,based on the security entropy,security theorems of hybrid cloud are defined.Finally,typical access control models are analyzed by the method,the method's practicability is validated,and security and applicability of these models are compared.Simulation results prove that the proposed method is suitable for the security quantitative analysis of the access control model and evaluation to access control capability in hybrid cloud.

What is the optimal treatment for appendiceal mass formed after acute perforated appendicitis?

We read with great interest the editorial article by Meshikhes AWN published in issue 25 of World J Gastroenterol 2011.The article described the advantages of emergency laparoscopic appendectomy compared with interval appendectomy as a new safe treatment modality for the appendiceal mass.The author concluded that the emergency laparoscopic appendectomy was a safe treatment modality for the appendiceal mass,and might prove to be more cost-effective than conservative treatment,with no need for interval appendectomy.However,we would like to highlight certain issues regarding the possibility of percutaneous catheter drainage to successfully treat the appendiceal mass,with no need for appendectomy,too.

Improved preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm and application in 3D inversion of gravity-gradiometry data

With the continuous development of full tensor gradiometer （FTG） measurement techniques, three-dimensional （3D） inversion of FTG data is becoming increasingly used in oil and gas exploration. In the fast processing and interpretation of large-scale high-precision data, the use of the graphics processing unit process unit （GPU） and preconditioning methods are very important in the data inversion. In this paper, an improved preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm is proposed by combining the symmetric successive over-relaxation （SSOR） technique and the incomplete Choleksy decomposition conjugate gradient algorithm （ICCG）. Since preparing the preconditioner requires extra time, a parallel implement based on GPU is proposed. The improved method is then applied in the inversion of noise- contaminated synthetic data to prove its adaptability in the inversion of 3D FTG data. Results show that the parallel SSOR-ICCG algorithm based on NVIDIA Tesla C2050 GPU achieves a speedup of approximately 25 times that of a serial program using a 2.0 GHz Central Processing Unit （CPU）. Real airbome gravity-gradiometry data from Vinton salt dome （south- west Louisiana, USA） are also considered. Good results are obtained, which verifies the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed parallel method in fast inversion of 3D FTG data.

Food Physics and Food Safety- Some Aspects in Food Processing and Food Quality Control

The article deals with special questions of some aspects of food safety and application of methods of food physics in food processing and also in food quality control and quality assurance. The role of food safety has developed significantly in the last 2 decades, so today the production and processing of safe and quality food is of primary importance. Modem food production is based on principles of GAP and GMP （including GHP） and different methods and tools for quality control and assurance （IFS, HACCP, ISO-9000, ISO-9000/2010, ISO-22000, TQM）. There are different techniques and methods to produce safe food and to control the quality of the foodstuffs. The modem, up-to-date technologies and measurement techniques involve the application of many physical methods - high pressure, pulsing electrical field, microwave, non-destructive techniques （e.g., INAA, NMR, NIR-NIT, PAS）, radiation treatments as well. Using radiation technologies （of course not only nuclear ones） it is possible to fulfil some very important expectations of modem food processing, e.g., decrease of microbial contamination, improvement of sensory properties, increase of storability of food products.

A Method for Transferring an Unknown Quantum State and Its Application

We suggest a method for transferring an unknown quantum state. In this method the sender Alice first applies a controlled-not operation on the particle in the unknown quantum state and an ancillary particle which she wants to send to the receiver Bob. Then she sends the ancillary particle to Bob. When Alice is informed by Bob that the ancillary particle is received, she performs a local measurement on her particle and sends Bob the outcome of the local measurement via a classical channel. Depending on the outcome Bob can restore the unknown quantum state, which Alice destroyed, on the ancillary particle successfully. As an application of this method we propose a quantum secure direct communication protocol. By introducing the decoy qubits the security of the scheme is guaranteed.

A Dynamic Method for Quantifying Natural Warming in Urban Areas

In the study of global warming, one of the main issues is the quantification of the urbanization effect in climate records. Previous studies have contributed much to removing the impact of urbanization from surface air temperature by carefully selecting reference stations. However, due to the insufficient number of stations free from the influence of urbanization and the different criteria used to select reference stations, there are still significant controversies about the intensity of the impact of urbanization on temperature records. This study proposes a dynamic method for quantifying natural warming using information on urbanization from every station acquired from remote sensing (RS) data instead of selecting reference stations. Two different spatial scales were applied to examine the impact of urbanization, but little difference was found, indicating the stability of this method. The results showed a significant difference in original temperature data and the homogenized data-urban warming accounted for approximately 64% in the original temperature warming but only approximately 20% in the homogenized temperature records.

Sensitivity of Near Real-time MODIS Gross Primary Productivity in Terrestrial Forests Based on Eddy Covariance Measurements

As an important product of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS), MOD17A2 provides dramatic improvements in our ability to accurately and continuously monitor global terrestrial primary production, which is also significant in effort to advance scientific research and eco-environmental management. Over the past decades, forests have moderated climate change by sequestrating about one-quarter of the carbon emitted by human activities through fossil fuels burning and land use/land cover change. Thus, the carbon uptake by forests reduces the rate at which carbon accumulates in the atmosphere. However, the sensitivity of near real-time MODIS gross primary productivity(GPP) product is directly constrained by uncertainties in the modeling process, especially in complicated forest ecosystems. Although there have been plenty of studies to verify MODIS GPP with ground-based measurements using the eddy covariance(EC) technique, few have comprehensively validated the performance of MODIS estimates(Collection 5) across diverse forest types. Therefore, the present study examined the degree of correspondence between MODIS-derived GPP and EC-measured GPP at seasonal and interannual time scales for the main forest ecosystems, including evergreen broadleaf forest(EBF), evergreen needleleaf forest(ENF), deciduous broadleaf forest(DBF), and mixed forest(MF) relying on 16 flux towers with a total of 68 site-year datasets. Overall, site-specific evaluation of multi-year mean annual GPP estimates indicates that the current MOD17A2 product works highly effectively for MF and DBF, moderately effectively for ENF, and ineffectively for EBF. Except for tropical forest, MODIS estimates could capture the broad trends of GPP at 8-day time scale for all other sites surveyed. On the annual time scale, the best performance was observed in MF, followed by ENF, DBF, and EBF. Trend analyses also revealed the poor performance of MODIS GPP product in EBF and DBF. Thus, improvements in the sensitivity of MOD17A2 to forest productivity require continued efforts.

Measuring the Accessibility of Safe Drinking-water： From Millennium Development Goals Experience to Sustainable Development Goals Prospects

The access to safe drinking-water is a global priority for sustainable development, as it has been recognized within the MDGs （Millennium Development Goals）. Although the MDG’s target of halving the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water was met in 2010, the measurement method of the monitoring and evaluation indicator used ignored certain elements including the quality of water that should be underlined. Starting with a review of drinking-water and improved water source concepts, this study examines the limitations of measuring access to safe drinking-water in the context of the MDGs, and learns from the lessons to ensure a better performance in achieving the SDGs （Sustainable Development Goals）.

Estimation of the Gauging and the Calibration Time Interval for the Modern Total Stations

The modern TSs （total stations） have reached a very high level in the provided reading and reliability （accuracy and precision） of their measurements. The evolution of the digital technology has helped in this direction. Thus, the TSs can support all requirements for the stake out and monitoring of modern survey engineering and constructions projects. Their complicated manufacturing process and the sensitivity of their components require gauging, adjusting and calibration at certain time intervals. This appears to be the only way in order to assure the precision of measurements provided by the manufacturer and the reliability of the works they are used for. The goal of this paper is to propose a method for the estimation of the gauging time interval for modern YSs. which could be used by any user. More specifically, the indispensable need for the TSs gauging is elevated and documented. All the parameters that influence their operation are registered. A model expressed by a scale of grades is defined, leading thus to an equation for the calculation of the time interval for the next needed gauging and calibration.

The Study on Wireless Mesh Networks Security based on Improved Coding Scheme

In a multi-hop wireless mesh network, wireless links are vulnerable due to severe channel fading, interference and physical damage. In this paper, we will provide a coding scheme to protect fi＇om multiple failures in wireless mesh networks to achieve high throughput where the redundancy is considered for the average number of failures. Our coding scheme is designed to protect fi＇om the average number of failures to increase the network throughput. When the number of failures is more than the average case, the destination will have to walt for more coded packets in the following time slots.

The Study on Wireless Mesh Networks Security based on Improved Coding Scheme

In a multi-hop wireless mesh network, wireless links are vulnerable due to severe channel fading, interference and physical damage. In this paper, we will provide a coding scheme to protect from multiple failures in wireless mesh networks to achieve high throughput where the redundancy is considered for the average number of failures. Our coding scheme is designed to protect from the average number of failures to increase the network throughput. When the number of failures is more than the average case, the destination will have to wait for more coded packets in the following time slots.

Contribution of Ground-Based Cloud Observation to Satellite-Based Cloud Discrimination

One of the biggest factors to deteriorate the satellite product quality is cloud coverage. Therefore, cloud masking process is important to improve the quality of various satellite products. However, satellite-based cloud discrimination algorithm has been developing and efficient ground-based cloud observations are necessary to validate satellite-based cloud discrimination. The purpose of this study is to develop the efficient ground-based cloud observation methodology using whole sky camera. This paper deals with methods how to discriminate cloud portions on whole sky image, how to apply the ground-based cloud observation to the validations for satellite products. For the cloud discrimination on whole sky image, we propose SI （sky index） and BI （brightness index） calculated from RGB （red, green and blue） channels. SI shows the extent of the blueness and gray scale and BI indicates the extent of the brightness. Sun, cloud and blue sky portions are divided by SI and BI threshold. As an application of ground-based cloud observation for the validation of satellite products, clouds portions discriminated from whole sky image are projected onto ground surface with map coordinate. We also examine to compare with cloud portions on whole sky images and MODIS （MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer） image as one of experiments. The proposed ground-based cloud observation method and its extension to satellite-based cloud discrimination should be connected to improve the quality of satellite products.

A Model-calibration Approach to Using Complete Auxiliary Information from Stratified Sampling Survey Data

In stratified survey sampling, sometimes we have complete auxiliary information. One of the fundamental questions is how to effectively use the complete auxiliary information at the estimation stage. In this paper, we extend the model-calibration method to obtain estimators of the finite population mean by using complete auxiliary information from stratified sampling survey data. We show that the resulting estimators effectively use auxiliary information at the estimation stage and possess a number of attractive features such as asymptotically design-unbiased irrespective of the working model and approximately model-unbiased under the model. When a linear working-model is used, the resulting estimators reduce to the usual calibration estimator（or GREG）.

Global Stability in a Differential Equation with Piecewisely Constant Arguments

In this paper we consider the differential equation with piecewisely constant arguments where ['] -denotes the greates integer function, r(t) E C([0,+∞),(0, +∞)),Pi ∈ [0, +∞)(i = 1, 2,''' , m), with Pm > 0, we establish some new sufficient conditions for an arbitrary solution N(t) to satisfy the initial conditions of the form N(0) = NO > 0 and N(-j) = N-j ≥ 0,j = 1, 2, ., m, to converge to the positive equilibrium N* as t →∞.

Research on the optimal dynamical systems of three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations based on weighted residual

In this paper, the theory of constructing optimal dynamical systems based on weighted residual presented by Wu & Sha is applied to three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, and the optimal dynamical system modeling equations are derived. Then the multiscale global optimization method based on coarse graining analysis is presented, by which a set of approximate global optimal bases is directly obtained from Navier-Stokes equations and the construction of optimal dynamical systems is realized. The optimal bases show good properties, such as showing the physical properties of complex flows and the turbulent vortex structures, being intrinsic to real physical problem and dynamical systems, and having scaling symmetry in mathematics, etc.. In conclusion, using fewer terms of optimal bases will approach the exact solutions of Navier-Stokes equations, and the dynamical systems based on them show the most optimal behavior.

Unusual combined fracture dislocation of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints： a case report and review of the literature

Volar perilunate fracture dislocation is an extremely rare carpal injury, but associated with metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation of both the ipsilateral index and middle finger has never been reported. We report one case of a 28-year-old man following a high-energy trauma. After performing closed reduction of the metacarpophalangeal joint injury, open reduction of the wrist injury through volar approach was done, and a K-wire fixation was used to stabilize the scaphoid fracture and lunotriquetral joint. After a 16 months＇ follow-up period, the wrist regained a full range of motion without symptoms, and the fractured bone was strengthened in a good position.

Image quality assessment method based on nonlinear feature extraction in kernel space

To match human perception, extracting perceptual features effectively plays an important role in image quality assessment. In contrast to most existing methods that use linear transformations or models to represent images, we employ a complex mathematical expression of high dimensionality to reveal the statistical characteristics of the images. Furthermore, by introducing kernel methods to transform the linear problem into a nonlinear one, a full-reference image quality assessment method is proposed based on high-dimensional nonlinear feature extraction. Experiments on the LIVE, TID2008, and CSIQ databases demonstrate that nonlinear features offer competitive performance for image inherent quality representation and the proposed method achieves a promising performance that is consistent with human subjective evaluation.

The security analysis of a threshold proxy quantum signature scheme

In the YW threshold proxy quantum signature scheme proposed by Yang and Wen,it is found that the basic signature key is the same as the basic verification key,which means that the bitwise exclusive OR(XOR) of the t proxy signature keys is exactly the XOR of the t proxy verification keys.Therefore,the proxy signers can deny their signature and the specific verifiers can forge a legal signature.Furthermore,an attacker can obtain a legal threshold proxy signature for an arbitrary new message.These findings show that there are hidden security loopholes that should be carefully constructed in designing more efficent YW-scheme.