采编全时化——网络时代新理念

传统新闻时代对"及时性"的固守,与网络新闻时代对"全时性"的追逐,是近年来世界新闻潮流演进在新闻价值观方面的两种不同的理念表现.

Comparative Analysis of China Surface Air Temperature Series for the Past 100 Years

Temperature change plays a crucial role in global change sciences. In the past several decades, comprehensive find- ings have been achieved on temperature change in China for the past 100 years. Several time series have been created to illustrate the averaged surface air temperature for the country. The correlations of these series range from 0.73 to 0.97. It is also achieved in better data quality, wider spatial data coverage, improved homogeneity of time series, and enhanced reliability of findings. The results show an annual mean temperature increase by 0.78±0.27℃ per 100 years in China for the period 1906-2005. After prolonging the period till 2007, it is found that 2007 is rated as the warmest year in the past 100 years. Although all the series, except one, reflect temperature changes in the eastern part of China before the 1930s, they represent the general temperature change in most parts of the country after the 1930s.

The ocean response to climate change guides both adaptation and mitigation efforts

The ocean’s thermal inertia is a major contributor to irreversible ocean changes exceeding time scales that matter to human society.This fact is a challenge to societies as they prepare for the consequences of climate change,especially with respect to the ocean.Here the authors review the requirements for human actions from the ocean’s perspective.In the near term(∼2030),goals such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)will be critical.Over longer times(∼2050–2060 and beyond),global carbon neutrality targets may be met as countries continue to work toward reducing emissions.Both adaptation and mitigation plans need to be fully implemented in the interim,and the Global Ocean Observation System should be sustained so that changes can be continuously monitored.In the longer-term(after∼2060),slow emerging changes such as deep ocean warming and sea level rise are committed to continue even in the scenario where net zero emissions are reached.Thus,climate actions have to extend to time scales of hundreds of years.At these time scales,preparation for“high impact,low probability”risks—such as an abrupt showdown of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,ecosystem change,or irreversible ice sheet loss—should be fully integrated into long-term planning.

The Algebraic Criteria for the All-delay Stabilityof Two-dim ensional Degenerate Differential System swith Delay

This paper give the algebraic criteria for all delay stability of two dimensional degenerate differential systems with delays and give two examples to illustrate the use of them.

Design of p-n homojunctions in metal-free carbon nitride photocatalyst for overall water splitting

Two-dimensional(2D)carbon nitride(CN)photocatalysts are attracting extensive attention owing to their excellent photocatalytic properties.In this study,we successfully prepared CN materials with heterogeneous structures via hydrothermal treatment,high-temperature roasting,ball milling,sintering,and other processes.Benefitting from interface interactions in hybrid architectures,the CN photocatalysts exhibited high photocatalytic activity.The rate of hydrogen production using these CN photocatalysts reached 17028.82μmol h^(−1)g^(−1),and the apparent quantum efficiency was 11.2%at 420 nm.The ns-level time-resolved photoluminescence(PL)spectra provided information about the time-averaged lifetime of fluorescence charge carriers;the lifetime of the charge carriers causing the fluorescence of CN reached 9.99 ns.Significantly,the CN photocatalysts displayed satisfactory results in overall water splitting without the addition of sacrificial agents.The average hydrogen and oxygen production rates were 270.95μmol h^(−1)g^(−1)and 115.21μmol h^(−1)g^(−1)in 7 h,respectively,which were promising results for the applications of the catalysts in overall water splitting processes.We investigated the high efficiency of the prepared CN photocatalysts via a series of tests(UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,photocurrent response measurements,PL emission spectroscopy,time-resolved PL spectroscopy,and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis).Furthermore,the Mott-Schottky plot and current-voltage curve were acquired via electrochemical tests.The fabricated CN photocatalyst had a small p-n junction in its heterogeneous structure,which further enhanced its photocatalytic efficiency.Therefore,this work can promote the development of CN photocatalysts.

The New Challenges on the Silk Road

In his book Out of Control, Brzezinski speaks about a vacuum in Eurasia, with important geopolitical consequences. Which are the new challenges and risks on the Silk Road in the time of globalization, radicalization, and freedom of movement？ The paper will stress three challenges： the project ＂Economic zone on the Silk Road＂ （the leadership in economic performance is held by China and therefore the eastern political cultures have the necessary economic basis for asserting their independence）, the influence of ETIM and IMU on the region and the role and place of Xinjiang, as a bridge between Central and South Asia; how they reflected on this way of old traditions and cultures and whether there is a ＂clash＂ between the Eastern religions on the ＂Silk Road＂ and Islam with its multi dimensions, between the thick black chador and the silk veil, called ＂tissue of wind＂, between spiritual, transcendental cognition （Daoism） and pragmatic mundane faith of Islam. I will conclude that the new challenges on the Silk Road create new borders between people--religious, linguistic, ethnical, and new identities. The main question is as follows： Shall we keep the cultural plurality and authenticity of the region？

Study on Internal Waves Generated by Tidal Flow over Critical Topography

Resonance due to critical slope makes the internal wave generation more effectively than that due to supercritical or subcritical slopes(Zhang et al., 2008). Submarine ridges make a greater contribution to ocean mixing than continental margins in global oceans(Müller, 1977; Bell, 1975; Baines, 1982; Morozov, 1995). In this paper, internal wave generation driven by tidal flow over critical topography is examined in laboratory using Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) and synthetic schlieren methods in synchrony. Non-tidal baroclinic velocities and vertical isopycnal displacements are observed in three representative regions, i.e., critical, outward-propagating, and reflection regions. Temporal and spatial distributions of internal wave rays are analyzed using the time variations of baroclinic velocities and vertical isopycnal displacement, and the results are consistent with those by the linear internal wave theory. Besides, the width of wave beam changes with the outward propagation of internal waves. Finally, through monitoring the uniformly-spaced 14 vertical profiles in the x-z plane, the internal wave fields of density and velocity fields are constructed. Thus, available potential energy, kinetic energy and energy fluxes are determined quantitatively. The distributions of baroclinic energy and energy fluxes are confined along the internal wave rays. The total depth averaged energy and energy flux of vertical profiles away from a ridge are both larger than those near the ridge.

Shanghai FLVCO Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd. application and performance management

With the advent of economic globalization and the information age increasingly competitive market, facing tough competition in the market, an enterprise in order to gain competitive advantages, to survive and develop, we must continue to improve its overall efficiency and performance. Practice has proved an effective way to improve performance is a performance management.

Impact of Meteorological Drought on Streamflow Drought in Jinghe River Basin of China

Under global climate change, drought has become one of the most serious natural hazards, affecting the ecological environment and human life. Drought can be categorized as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or socio-economic drought. Among the different categories of drought, hydrological drought, especially streamflow drought, has been given more attention by local governments, researchers and the public in recent years. Identifying the occurrence of streamflow drought and issuing early warning can provide timely information for effective water resources management. In this study, streamflow drought is detected by using the Standardized Runoff Index, whereas meteorological drought is detected by the Standardized Precipitation Index. Comparative analyses of frequency, magnitude, onset and duration are conducted to identify the impact of meteorological drought on streamflow drought. This study focuses on the Jinghe River Basin in Northwest China, mainly providing the following findings. 1) Eleven meteorological droughts and six streamflow droughts were indicated during 1970 and 1990 after pooling using Inter-event time and volume Criterion method. 2) Streamflow drought in the Jinghe River Basin lagged meteorological drought for about 127 days. 3) The frequency of streamflow drought in Jinghe River Basin was less than meteorological drought. However, the average duration of streamflow drought is longer. 4) The magnitude of streamflow drought is greater than meteorological drought. These results not only play an important theoretical role in understanding relationships between different drought categories, but also have practical implications for streamflow drought mitigation and regional water resources management.

Global Water Vapor Content Decreases from 2003 to 2012： An Analysis Based on MODIS Data

Water vapor in the earth′s upper atmosphere plays a crucial role in the radiative balance, hydrological process, and climate change. Based on the latest moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data, this study probes the spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content in the past decade. It is found that overall the global water vapor content declined from 2003 to 2012(slope b = –0.0149, R = 0.893, P = 0.0005). The decreasing trend over the ocean surface(b = –0.0170, R = 0.908, P = 0.0003) is more explicit than that over terrestrial surface(b = –0.0100, R = 0.782, P = 0.0070), more significant over the Northern Hemisphere(b = –0.0175, R = 0.923, P = 0.0001) than that over the Southern Hemisphere(b = –0.0123, R = 0.826, P = 0.0030). In addition, the analytical results indicate that water vapor content are decreasing obviously between latitude of 36°N and 36°S(b = 0.0224, R = 0.892, P = 0.0005), especially between latitude of 0°N and 36°N(b = 0.0263, R = 0.931, P = 0.0001), while the water vapor concentrations are increasing slightly in the Arctic regions(b = 0.0028, R = 0.612, P = 0.0590). The decreasing and spatial variation of water vapor content regulates the effects of carbon dioxide which is the main reason of the trend in global surface temperatures becoming nearly flat since the late 1990 s. The spatio-temporal variations of water vapor content also affect the growth and spatial distribution of global vegetation which also regulates the global surface temperature change, and the climate change is mainly caused by the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system. A big data model based on gravitational-magmatic change with the solar or the galactic system is proposed to be built for analyzing how the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system affects spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content, vegetation and temperature at large spatio-temporal scale. This comprehensive examination of water vapor changes promises a holistic understanding of the global climate change and potential underlying mechanisms.

Situation and Development of SME e-commerce

Economic globalization is the core of information technology, information technology is the core of e-commerce. E-commerce is as an important part of inlbrnaation technology in recent years when China has been booming. For a large number of SMEs, human resources, capital, technology and information are in a relatively weak position, in addition, in recent years, changes in the external environment in which small and medium enterprises are also reflected in： international trade friction increase, RMB such as the increasing appreciation of the exchange rate increase, it raises the cost of export products. Under the new situation, how to find space for development, how to implement e-commerce strategy, clutches the huge growth opportunities given the times, to keep pace with the times, in an invincible position in the competitive market environment, many small and medium enterprises become China＇ s urgent problems.

A software cost model with maintenance and risk costs for safety-critical systems

According to the consequences of software failures, software faults remaining in safety-critical systems can be classified into two sets： common faults and fatal faults. Common faults cause slight loss when they are activated. A fatal fault can lead to significant loss, and even damage the safety-crltical system entirely when it is activated. A software reliability growth model for safety-critical systems is developed based on G - 0 model. And a software cost model is proposed too. The cost model considers maintenance and risk costs due to software failures. The optimal release policies are discussed to minimize the total software cost. A numerical exampie is provided to illustrate how to use the results we obtained.

Temperature Variations in Sidi Bel Abbes during the Last Three Decades

The Mediterranean climate of the Sidi Bel Abbes city in northwestern Algeria has not been the subject of many investigations except some sporadic syntheses reports. However, climate change studying its most important parameters has not, at our knowledge, been the subject of a rigorous study. For this purpose this work intends to gather several temperatures ranging between 1980 and 2006 and find a mathematical model that tells us climate changes following changes in temperature during this time interval. Consequently and undesirably, the results confirm firmly the global greenhouse effect affecting our planet, but what seems rather puzzling is the fact that this warming trend has accelerated over time resulting in a changing climate toward warmer periods, for that reason a likely shift in the region of a semi-arid to tropical or arid regime overall, depending mainly on the evolution of the Azores anticyclone.

Internet Thinking and the Transformation of Traditional Firms

The Internet and mobile internet have made the transaction of a huge number of products and services possible in ways previously unimaginable, exerting an extensive and profound influence on commercial, industrial, financial and even medical enterprises, universities and government agencies. All of this wide variety of transformations can be distilled into the concept of ＂Internet thinking. ＂ This paper poses that internet thinking consists of the following three levels. First is lnternet spirit, i.e., openness, equality, collaboration and sharing. Second is Internet philosophy, including interconnection between virtual and real entities, elimination of restrictions of time and space, modularization, personal imperialism, crowdsourcing and user-centered approaches. Third is the Internet economy, featuring long-tail theory at a technical level, market equilibrium theory at the level of transaction structure and consumer sovereignty theory at the level of transaction performance. According to Internet thinking, traditional firms must be transformed towards smart organizations characterized by network-based ecosystem, global integration, platform-based operation, users as contributors, borderless development and self- organizing management. As rightly pointed out by the CEO of Haier Group Zhang Ruimin, ＂There is no such a thing as a successful firm; there are only firms defined by their times. ＂ Adapting to the times is key to the survival of all firms.

Spatio-temporal evolution of drought and flood disaster chains in Baoji area from 1368 to 1911

Based on the collation and statistical analysis of flood and drought information in Baoji area from 1368 to 1911, and in the context of climate change, we investigated the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of drought and flood disaster chains in this area during the Ming and Qing dynasties using the methods of moving average, cumulative anomaly and wavelet analysis. The results are as follows:(1) We found a total of 297 drought and flood events from 1368 to 1911 in Baoji. Among these events, droughts and floods occurred separately 191 and 106 times, which accounted for 64.31% and 35.69% of the total events, respectively.(2) We observed distinct characteristics of flood and drought events in Baoji in different phases. The climate was relatively dry from 1368 to 1644. A fluctuant climate phase with both floods and droughts occurred from 1645 to 1804. The climate was relatively wet from 1805 to 1911. Moreover, we observed a pattern of alternating dry and wet periods from 1368 to 1911. In addition, 3 oscillation periods of drought and flood events occurred around 70 a, 110 a and 170 a, which corresponded to sunspot cycles.(3) We also observed an obvious spatial difference in drought and flood events in Baoji. The northern and eastern parts of Weihe River basin were regions with both frequent droughts and floods.(4) The sequential appearance of drought and flood disaster chains in Baoji from 1368 to 1911 was in response to global climate change. Since the 1760s, global climatic deterioration has frequently led to extreme drought and flood events.

Spatiotemporal Variation of Cultivated Land Security and Its Drivers:The Case of Yingtan City,China

Maintaining an adequate security level of cultivated land is essential for the healthy and sustainable survival of China’s large and growing population.We constructed a cultivated land security evaluation index system,combined with an improved TOPSIS method by taking into account the balance and stability of quantitative,qualitative,and ecological security.We applied this improved method to an evaluation of the state of cultivated land security and analyzed its spatiotemporal variation in Yingtan City(Jiangxi Province,China)from 1995 to 2015.The drivers of the changes in cultivated land security were investigated via a spatial regression model,which can eliminate the effect of spatial autocorrelation.The results showed that cultivated land security decreased rapidly from 1995 to 2005,although it tended to rise slowly in the subsequent period from 2005 to 2015.Areas deemed to be in a highly dangerous state were mainly distributed in the Yuehu District,while those that were secure appeared primarily in the southern mountainous area,with the area in a generally dangerous state extending to the west in the same direction as urban development.Among the examined drivers,social-economic factors and policy factors significantly influenced the cultivated land security.Our work suggests that government managers should take appropriate measures to improve cultivated land security according to its spatiotemporal variations and the underpinning drivers in this region.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Cropland at the Global Level from 1992 to 2015

Correlated increases in population and dema nd for food over rece nt decades have caused remarkable changes in cropland area globally. Utilizing the latest data product provided by the European Space Agency (ESA), this paper an alyzes annual trends and spatiotemporal variati ons in cropla nd area and discusses cropla nd con version, I osses, and in creases globally between 1992 and 2015 at a 300 m resoluti on. The results show that the global area of cropla nd in creased rapidly between 1992 and 2004, more slowly between 2004 and 2012, and began to decrease gradually since 2012. First, an increasing trend in cropland area has been maintained solely in Africa;all other regions are characterized by decreasing trends in later periods despite different transition points and change rates. A reduction in cropland area frequently emerged earlier in high-income countries. Second, increase rates in cropland area have largely decreased in recent years while the overall rate of loss has remained almost the same. Hotspot areas of global cropland increases are mainly concentrated around the edge of the Amazon forest, Eurasian Steppe, and Sahara Desert. These hotspot areas of global cropland loss shifted from Europe to Asia while built-up areas have expanded at the expense of cropland.

Current hypotheses to explain genetic chaos under the sea

Chaotic genetic patchiness （CGP） refers to surprising patterns of spatial and temporal genetic structure observed in some marine species at a scale where genetic variation should be efficiently homogenized by gene flow via larval dispersal. Here we review and discuss 4 mechanisms that could generate such unexpected patterns： selection, sweepstakes reproductive success, collective dispersal, and temporal shifts in local population dynamics. First, we review examples where genetic differentiation at specific loci was driven by diversifying selection, which was historically the first process invoked to explain CGP. Second, we turn to neutral demographic processes that may drive genome-wide effects, and whose effects on CGP may be enhanced when they act together. We discuss how sweepstakes reproductive success accelerates genetic drift and can thus generate genetic structure, provided that gene flow is not too strong. Collective dispersal is another mechanism whereby genetic structure can be maintained regardless of dispersal intensity, because it may prevent larval cohorts from becoming entirely mixed. Theoretical analyses of both the sweepstakes and the collective dispersal ideas are presented. Finally, we discuss an idea that has received less attention than the other ones just mentioned, namely temporal shifts in local population dynamics.