Data-Driven Viewpoint for Developing Next-Generation Mg-Ion Solid-State Electrolytes

Magnesium(Mg)is a promising alternative to lithium(Li)as an anode material in solid-state batteries due to its abundance and high theoretical volumetric capacity.However,the sluggish Mg-ion conduction in the lattice of solidstate electrolytes(SSEs)is one of the key challenges that hamper the development of Mg-ion solid-state batteries.Though various Mg-ion SSEs have been reported in recent years,key insights are hard to be derived from a single literature report.Besides,the structure-performance relationships of Mg-ion SSEs need to be further unraveled to provide a more precise design guideline for SSEs.In this viewpoint article,we analyze the structural characteristics of the Mg-based SSEs with high ionic conductivity reported in the last four decades based upon data mining-we provide big-data-derived insights into the challenges and opportunities in developing next-generation Mg-ion SSEs.

Synthesis of High Purity Lithium Sulfide for Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Applications through Hydrogen Reduction of Lithium Sulfate

This paper is aimed to present a clean,inexpensive and sustainable method to synthesize high purity lithium sulfide(Li_(2)S)powder through hydrogen reduction of lithium sulfate(Li_(2)SO_(4)).A three-step reduction process has been successfully developed to synthesize well-crystallized and single-phase Li_(2)S powder by investigating the melting,sintering and reduction behavior of the mixtures of Li_(2)SO_(4)-Li_(2)S.High purity alumina was found to be the most suitable crucible material for producing high purity Li_(2)S,because it was not attacked by the Li_(2)SO_(4)-Li_(2)S melt during heating,as compared with other materials,such as carbon,mullite,quartz,boron nitride and stainless steel.The use of synthesized LizS resulted in higher purity and substantially higher room temperature ionic conductivity(2.77 mS·cm^(-1))for the argyrodite sulfide electrolyte Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl than commercial Li_(2)S(1.12 mS·cm^(-1)).This novel method offers a great opportunity to produce battery grade Li_(2)S for sulfide solid electrolyte applications.

患病水生动物的给药方法研究

在人工养殖条件下的水生动物, 由于放养密度大、集约化程度高, 因此, 疾病暴发的机率相对较大, 这就要求在确诊的基础上, 正确给药进行治疗.

Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of LiCo0.8M0.2O2 （M=Ni,Zr） Cathode Films for All-solid-state Rechargeable Thin-film Lithium Batteries

LiCo0.8M0.2O2 （M=Ni,Zr） films were fabricated by radio frequency sputtering deposition combined with conventional annealing methods. The strtuctures of the films were characterized with X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman spectroscopy and scarming electron microscopy （SEM） techniques. It was shown that the 700 ℃- annealed LiCo0.8M0.2O2 has an α-NaFeO2 like layered structure. All-solid-state thin-film batteries （TFBs） were fabrieated with these films as the cathode and their eleetroctemical performances were evaluated. It was found that doping of electrochemically active Ni and inactive Zr has different effects on the structural and elcctrochemical properties of the LiCoO2 cathode films. Ni doping increases the discharge capacity of the film while Zr doping improves its cycling stability.

Research on Rural Idle Ponds in the Perspective of Human Asset Specificity

A thorough investigation was carried out to the pond resources of a county, and Grossman-Hart-Moore （GHM） incomplete contract theory was used to do the economic analysis on the idle pond resources. The result indicated that with the deepening of market-oriented economy, the human asset specificity under the incomplete contract had distorted the investment incentives to the governance of ponds that corresponding policies were required to govern the idle ponds.

翘嘴红鲌养殖技术(3)

(续第4期第19页)三、池塘成鱼主养1.池塘条件要求水源充足,水质良好,周围无污染,排灌方便,增氧和机电设备完善,面积0.2~0.7公顷,水深2~2.5米,池底平坦,淤泥少,提前1个月干塘、清淤、暴晒。放养前15天,每667平方米用生石灰125公斤化浆全池泼洒消毒;放鱼前7天,每667平方米施发酵的有机肥200公斤左右培育饵料生物。2.鱼种投放放养时间为11月至次年3月,选择晴天上午进行,鱼种要求体质健壮。

鱼种放养前要消毒

冬去春来，万物复苏塘水逐满，正是放养鱼种的季节。在鱼种下池或转入大水面放养时，为了避免和防止鱼病的发生和传染，一定要注意在下池时做好鱼种消毒工作，大家都知鱼，体质弱的鱼当然很容易带病，然而即使是健康的鱼种，也难免带有一些病原体。因此鱼种下池前消毒是一件看来很平常的，但又不可忽视的工作，消毒方法一般常用的有两种：即称为洗浴法和全池浸泡法。

Green large-scale production of N/O-dual doping hard carbon derived from bagasse as high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries are considered as a promising candidate for lithium-ion batteries due to abundant sodium resources and similar intercalation chemistry.Hard carbon derived from biomass with the virtue of abundance and renewability is a cost-effective anode material.Herein,hard carbon is derived from renewable bagasse through a simple two-step method combining mechanical ball milling with carbonization.The hard carbon electrodes exhibit superior electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 315 mA∙h/g.Furthermore,the initial capacity of the full cell,HC//NaMn0.4Ni0.4Ti0.1Mg0.1O2,is 253 mA∙h/g and its capacity retention rate is 77%after 80 cycles,which further verifies its practical application.The simple and low-cost preparation process,as well as excellent electrochemical properties,demonstrates that hard carbon derived from bagasse is a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries.

Recent advances in one-dimensional nanostructures for energy electrocatalysis

Catalysts play decisive roles in determining the energy conversion efficiencies of energy devices.Up to now,various types of nanostructured materials have been studied as advanced electrocatalysts.This review highlights the application of one‐dimensional(1D)metal electrocatalysts in energy conversion,focusing on two important reaction systems-direct methanol fuel cells and water splitting.In this review,we first give a broad introduction of electrochemical energy conversion.In the second section,we summarize the recent significant advances in the area of 1D metal nanostructured electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reactions involved in fuel cells and water splitting systems,including the oxygen reduction reaction,methanol oxidation reaction,hydrogen evolution reaction,and oxygen evolution reaction.Finally,based on the current studies on 1D nanostructures for energy electrocatalysis,we present a brief outlook on the research trend in 1D nanoelectrocatalysts for the two clean electrochemical energy conversion systems mentioned above.

Techno-Economic Challenges of Fuel Cell Commercialization

As resource scarcity, extreme climate change, and pollution levels increase, economic growth must rely on more environmentally friendly and efficient production processes, Fuel cells are an ideal alternative to internal combustion （IC） engines and boilers on the path to greener industries because of their high effi- ciency and environmentally friendly operation, However, as a new energy technology, significant market penetration of fuel cells has not yet been achieved, In this paper, we perform a techno-economic and environmental analysis of fuel cell systems using life cycle and value chain activities, First, we investigate the procedure of fuel cell development and identify what activities should he undertaken according to fuel cell life cycle activities, value chain activities, and end-user acceptance criteria, Next, we present a unified learning of the institutional barriers in fuel cell commercialization, The primary end-user accep- tance criteria are function, cost, and reliability; a fuel cell should outperform these criteria compared with its competitors, such as IC engines and batteries, to achieve a competitive advantage, The repair and maintenance costs of fuel cells （due to low reliability） can lead to a substantial cost increase and decrease in availability, which are the major factors for end-user acceptance, The fuel cell industry must face the challenge of how to overcome this reliability barrier, This paper provides a deeper insight into our work over the years on the main barriers to fuel cell commercialization, and discusses the potential pivotal role of fuel cells in a future low-carbon green economy, It also identifies the needs and points out some direc- tions for this future low-carbon economy, Green energy, supplied with fuel cells, is truly the business mode of the future, Striving for a more sustainable development of economic growth by adopting green public investments and implementing policy initiatives encourages environmentally responsible indus- trial investments.

Holographic Zone Plate and Its Combination Used for Conversion of Solar Energy

An on-axis holographic zone plate or an off-axis holographic zone plate used for the silicon solar cell will have a solar energy conversion factor of 2. 5. And the combination of the two plates will have its conversion factor of 5. Especially for the use of silver halide photographic emulsion, the cost can be cut down dramatically.

Interpretation of GB/T 24549-2009 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle—Safety Requirements

The national standard GB/T 24549—2009 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle—Safety Requirements specifies the general safety requirements for whole vehicle and key parts of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV).It is of great significance for the development of FCEV in china.This paper discusses the main contents and the background of its development.

A new low-bandgap polymer acceptor based on benzotriazole for efficient all-polymer solar cells

The rational design of polymer acceptors with strong and broad absorption is critical to improve photovoltaic performance.In this work,a new polymer acceptor PY9-T based on heptacyclic benzotriazole(Y9-C16)as a building block and thiophene unit as the linking unit was synthesized,which exhibited a low bandgap(1.37 eV)and a high extinction coefficient of the neat film(1.44×10^(5) cm^(−1)).When PY9-T was blended with the wide bandgap polymer donor PBDB-T,the all-polymer solar cells(APSCs)showed a high power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 10.45%with both high open circuit voltage of 0.881 V and short-circuit current density of 19.82 mA/cm^(2).In addition,APSCs based on PY9-T show good thermal stability,as evidenced by slight changes morphologies when annealed at 100℃.These results suggest that Y9-C16 provides a new building block to develop efficient and stable polymer acceptors.

Small-Scale Household Biogas Digesters as a Viable Option for Energy Recovery and Global Warming Mitigation--Vietnam Case Study

Biogas from livestock waste is considered as clean and renewable energy in Vietnam. In the last 20 years, in rural and remote areas of Vietnam, there has been a significant increase of small-scale household biogas digesters. Biogas digesters create the benefits of replacing energy and mitigation of climate change caused by greenhouse gas （GHG） emission and deforestation for firewood and charcoal. Livestock waste produces approximately 85 million tonnes every year and continues to increase, meaning there are huge feedstocks for biogas digesters to meet the energy demands in households. However, there are also many constraints on the development programme for small-scale household biogas digester. In Vietnam, the socio-economic situation and the lack of a sustainable energy policy for biogas from livestock sector are hindering the growth of the biogas digester industry. Government subsidies are needed to encourage farmers to participate. This paper will be helpful not only for the sustainable development of household biogas in Vietnam, but also for the developing program of biogas generation in developing countries with similar agricultural economies to Vietnam.

Mg2＋-ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes： Materials Characterization and All-Solid-State Battery Performance Studies

For All-Solid-State battery applications, Mg2＋-ion conducting polymer electrolytes and Mg-metal electrode are currently considered as alternate choices in place of Li＋-ion conducting polymer electrolytes/Li-metal electrode. Present paper reports fabrication of All-Solid-State battery based on the following Mg2＋-ion conducting nano composite polymer electrolyte （NCPE） films： [85PEO： 15Mg（C104）2] ＋ 5% TiO2 （〈 100 nm）, [85PEO： 15Mg（CIO4）2] ＋ 3% SiO2（-8 nm）. [85PEO： 15Mg（CIO4）2] ＋ 3% MgO （〈 100 nm）, [85PEO：15Mg（C1O4）2] ＋ 3% MgO （-44 μm）. NCPE films were prepared by hot-press technique. Solid Polymer Electrolyte （SPE） composition： [85PEO： 15Mg（CIO4）2], identified as high conducting film at room temperature, has been used as ISt--phase host and nano/micro particles of active （MgO）/passive （SiO2, TiO2） fillers as IInd-phase dispersoid. Filler particle dependent conductivity studies identified above mentioned NCPE films as optimum conducting composition （OCC） at room temperature. Ion transport behavior of SPE/NCPE film materials was investigated previously. Present paper reports materials characterization and cell performance studies on All-Solid-State batteries： Mg （Anode） Ⅱ SPE or NCPE films tt C＋MnO2＋Electrolyte （Cathode）. Open circuit voltage （OCV） obtained was in the range： 1.79-1.92 V. The batteries were discharged at room temperature under different load conditions and some important battery parameters have been evaluated from plateau region of cell-potential discharge profiles. All the batteries performed quite satisfactorily specially under low current drain states.

Ultrafast Electron Transfer in All-Small-Molecule Photovoltaic Blends Promoted by Intermolecular Interactions in Cyanided Donors

Cyano substitution has been established as a viable approach to optimize the performance of all-small-molecule organic solar cells.However,the effect of cyano substitution on the dynamics of photo-charge generation remains largely unexplored.Here,we report an ultrafast spectroscopic study showing that electron transfer is markedly promoted by enhanced intermolecular charge-transfer interaction in all-small-molecule blends with cyanided donors.The delocalized excitations,arising from intermolecular interaction in the moiety of cyano-substituted donor,undergo ultrafast electron transfer with a lifetime of∼3 ps in the blend.In contrast,some locally excited states,surviving in the film of donor without cyano substitution,are not actively involved in the charge separation.These findings well explain the performance improvement of devices with cyanided donors,suggesting that manipulating intermolecular interaction is an efficient strategy for device optimization.

Energy Efficient Switch Policy for Small Cells

Switch policy is essential for small cells to properly serve variable number of users in an energy efficient way.However,frequently switching small cell base stations(SBSs) may increase the network operating cost,especially when there is an nonnegligible start-up energy cost.To this end,by observing the variety of user number,we focus on the design of a switch policy which minimize the cumulative energy consumption.A given user transmission rate is guaranteed and the capability of SBSs are limited as well.According to the knowledge on user number variety,we classify the energy consumption problem into two cases.In complete information case,to minimize the cumulative energy consumption,an offline solution is proposed according to critical segments.A heuristic algorithm for incomplete information case(HAIIC) is proposed by tracking the difference of cumulative energy consumption.The upper bound of the Energy Consumption Ratio(ECR) for HAIIC is derived as well.In addition,a practical Q-learning based probabilistic policy is proposed.Simulation results show that the proposed HAIIC algorithm is able to save energy efficiently.

Correspondence between the ENSO-like state and glacial- interglacial condition during the past 360 kyr

In the warming world, tropical Pacific sea surface temperature （SST） variation has received considerable attention because of its enormous influence on global climate change, particularly the El Nino-Southern Oscillation process. Here, we provide new high-resolution proxy records of the magnesium/ calcium ratio and the oxygen isotope in foraminifera from a core on the Ontong-Java Plateau to reconstruct the SST and hydrological variation in the center of the Western Pacific Warm Pool （WPWP） over the last 360 000 years. In comparison with other Mg/Ca-derived SST and δ18O records, the results suggested that in a relatively stable condition, e.g., the last glacial maximum （LGM） and other glacial periods, the tropical Pacific would adopt a La Nifia-like state, and the Walker and Hadley cycles would be synchronously enhanced. Conversely, El Nino-like conditions could have occurred in the tropical Pacific during fast- changing periods, e.g., the termination and rapidly cooling stages of interglacial periods. In the light of the sensitivity of the Eastern Pacific Cold Tongue （EPCT） and the inertia of the WPWP, we hypothesize an inter-restricted relationship between the WPWP and EPCT, which could control the zonal gradient variation of SST and affect climate change.