欧盟GDPR对我国参与数据跨境流动全球规制的启示

数据跨境流动全球规制已是国际重要议题。中国争夺数据跨境流动全球规制话语权,完善国内法与国际法相协调是前提。我国国内立法与国际衔接上还存在安全评估严苛、监管制度不佳和国际合作不足等问题。欧盟《通用数据保护条例》(GDPR)的优势与劣势对于我国参与数据跨境流动全球规制具有重要价值。未来我国需要推动国内法与国际兼容,健全事前监管与事后问责机制,尊重他国主权和司法管辖权并积极合作参与数据跨境流动全球规制。

迈向数据跨境流动的全球规制:基本关切与中国方案

数据跨境流动不仅涉及跨境贸易问题,也对个人信息保护、国家数据安全和司法执法管辖带来了重大挑战,目前的数字贸易谈判无法承载这些关切。对此,我国提出了数据跨境安全流动理念,构建了双轨多层次规制制度,包括重要数据出境管理制度、个人信息跨境提供制度、司法执法跨境调取数据制度等。迈向数据跨境流动全球规制,要促进正当可控的数据跨境流动,基于风险关切进行类型化监管,统筹域内外法治推动制度兼容。关键是构建兼容性规制框架,主要包括防范国家安全风险应厘清重要数据范围以明确“负面清单”,保护个人信息权益应健全跨境问责制以缓和事前监管压力,维护司法执法管辖应关注数据访问权而非依赖本地化存储。

全球规制与我国政府规制制度的改革

本文认为,可以将全球规制的组织形态分为五类,包括正式的政府间组织的规制、跨政府组织网络、各国规制机构实施的行政规制、政府和私人主体组成的混合行政、国际非政府组织的治理。全球规制给我国政府规制的影响是规制规则的趋同、规制信息的交流、规制结果的相互承认、规制能力的学习。我国的政府规制机构要以制度化、程序化的方式,积极参与到全球规制网络之中。

“削履适足”的eBay易趣

2006年12月18日的美国,随着圣诞节前一星期的购物季(Christmas Shopping)最后高潮的到来,到处充斥着各种打折出售的商品,买家和卖家的脸上都泛着阵阵笑意。这一天,eBay的女掌门人梅格·惠特曼脸上的笑意有些勉强,她要做的是“圣诞节出售”(Christmas Sales)

Collective Background Extraction for Station Market Area by Using Location Based Social Network

Half centuries of follow-up survey has enabled the architects and urban planners to design rationally by the aid of planning Nonetheless, limitation has occurred at planning because city has been changing its utility in accordance with its users＇ demand. In this paper, the authors proposed a method to analyze trait of users in market areas near stations by analyzing location based social network. After the datum collection from geotagged tweets, these GPS （global positioning system） datum were plotted to map attained from yahoo open location platform. Then the morphological analysis and terminology extraction system extracted the keywords and their scores. After calculating the distance from stations and users＇ GPS coordination, the authors extracted the array of keywords and corresponding scores in some station market area. Lastly, ratios of all users＇ scores and city＇s scores were calculated to examine the locality. Full combination of data collection, natural language processing and visualization enabled the authors to envisage distribution of collective background in city.

Globalization and Education for All： The Challenge of the Twenty-First Century

Recently more and more people talk about ＂globalization＂ with loads of semasiological variety： mainly economic but also cultural. Many perceive it as a significant progress, others as an undisputed threat. However, despite the euphoria that faces this phenomenon, globalization is an evolving process. The fact remains that this is a progressive development of economic, scientific, political, and cultural aspects of all peoples of planet Earth turning it into a big city with many differences, in particular in education and educational activities. This paper will try to illuminate fundamental issues as： （1} understanding the notion of globalization in relation to both pedagogical principles in the field： the integrity and completeness; （2） elements of globalization, as a necessary process and development factor; and （3） ＂education for all＂ challenges for the twenty-first century. The content of global education in the scientific publication is given analytical processing, linking globalization in education with the development of democracy and human rights, global ethics, the influence of European norms, standards and the global world, the impact of European and world norms and standards, as well as the penetration of global civic cultural elements.

The Incorporation of Precautionary Principle in the Planning of Global System for Mobile Communications Mast Locations in Built-up Areas： Proposals for Jimeta, Nigeria

This paper aimed at incorporating the precautionary principles into the planning and development of GSM （global system for mobile communications） masts within the built-up areas of Jimeta. Using GIS （geographic information system） analysis technique, the zone of precautionary principle was defined to 500 meters radius as the zone within which precautionary measures are exercised. The criteria for siting GSM base station are also equally identified. For instance, the presence of certain elements within the precautionary zone like schools, hospitals, residential density and overlap of RF （radio frequency） occurrences, may disqualify any mast location. Analysis of the land use within precautionary zone has shown various proportions of exposure to RF, whereas, only 3.39% of the masts are suitably located and 94.92% are not and therefore should be relocated. The study recommend measures for addressing physical development within precautionary areas, including land conversion and mast sharing to reduce potential harmful effects of RF emanating from GSM base stations.

Analysis on the Content Features and Their Correlation of Web Pages for Spam Detection

In the global information era,people acquire more and more information from the Internet,but the quality of the search results is degraded strongly because of the presence of web spam.Web spam is one of the serious problems for search engines,and many methods have been proposed for spam detection.We exploit the content features of non-spam in contrast to those of spam.The content features for non-spam pages always possess lots of statistical regularities; but those for spam pages possess very few statistical regularities,because spam pages are made randomly in order to increase the page rank.In this paper,we summarize the regularities distributions of content features for non-spam pages,and propose the calculating probability formulae of the entropy and independent n-grams respectively.Furthermore,we put forward the calculation formulae of multi features correlation.Among them,the notable content features may be used as auxiliary information for spam detection.

A Study on the Determinants of Location Choice in Inward Foreign Direct Investment （FDI）： Focusing on the Incheon Free Economic Zone

Inward foreign direct investment （FDI） is expected to grow further by virtue of economic globalization. A thorough understanding of the locational determinants of inward FDI will be conducive to enhanced efficiency in attracting direct and SOC-related investments from foreign entities. This study analyzes 51 cases of inward direct foreign investment made in the Incheon free economic zone （IFEZ） from 2002 to 2009 to determine the factors influencing FDI volume, the relevance of locations and the correlation between investment size and location. First, the relationship between the loeational determinants of FDI and the total investment size （total expected project cost） is analyzed. Second, the relationship between the locational determinants of FDI and the FDI is analyzed. Third, the relationship between the locational determinants of FDI and the location choice is analyzed. The results indicate the determinants that influence locations and investment size of FDI entities; whether these factors exercise influence in the zone; and the factors that have relatively significant effects. Ultimately, based on the analytical findings, a few implications for policy and practice are derived.

Impact of Regional Development on Carbon Emission: Empirical Evidence Across Countries

Global warming is recently an urgent issue worldwide. The increase of carbon emissions induced by human economic activi- ties has become a major driving force behind global climate change. Thus, as a matter of social responsibility, reasonable carbon con- straints should be implemented to ensure environmental security and sustainable development for every country. Based on a summary of studies that examined the relationship between carbon emissions and regional development, this paper shows that human activity-led carbon emission is caused by the combination of several influencing factors, including population size, income level, and technical pro- gress. Thus, a quantitative model derived from IPAT-ImPACT-Kaya series and STIRPAT models was established. Empirical analysis using multivariate nonlinear regression demonstrated that the origins of growing global carbon emission included the increasing influ- encing elasticity of the population size and the declining negative effect of technical progress. Meanwhile, in context of classification of country groups at different income levels, according to the comparison of fluctuating patterns of the influencing elasticity, technical progress was found as the main factor influencing carbon emission levels in high-income countries, and population size might he the controlling factor in middle-income countries. However, for low-income countries, the nonlinear relationship between carbon emission and its influencing factors was not significant, whereas population growth was identified as an important potential driving force in future carbon emissions. This study can therefore provide a reference for the formulation of policies on carbon constraints, especially to de- velop more efficient carbon mitigating policies for countries at different income levels.

Development of Adsorption Steam Generator without the Fossil Fuels Consumption

Reducing CO2 emissions and restraining dependence on nuclear power generation are serious concerns in the prevention of global warming since the Great East Japan Earthquake. To do so, it is necessary to use and expand natural renewable energy source such as solar energy and to promote energy conservation. However, in high-latitude regions, it is difficult to directly and effectively use solar power due to on insufficient amount of solar radiation. If steam can be generated from warm water at less than 373 K, it is possible to obtain steam by solar water heaters from weak solar radiation and industrial waste warm water without the consumption of any fossil fuels. In this study, the authors have been developing a system which generates steam over 423 K from warm water at less than 373 K using an adsorption heat pump with zeolite. Therefore, bench-scale equipment which generates steam continuously and the experimental results are mentioned.

China＇s Contributions to the World： Economic Growth, Resource . Consumption and Global Imbalance

This paper makes systematic observations of China＇s contributions to global macroeconomic growth and bulk commodity consumption. Our observations suggest that while China＇s economic size is relatively small on a per capita basis, its contributions are large in terms of overall volume; moreover, the economy has experienced tremendous growth. Quantifying these characteristics that are unique to China＇s development creates a realistic background upon which China can re-examine its trade and economic policies and strategic thinking.

非政府组织参与全球环境治理——一个国际法学与国际关系理论的跨学科视角

在全球环境治理中,非政府组织的积极参与提供了专门知识、谈判信息、履约信息、政治压力和声誉压力,帮助克服了政府、企业和国际制度的激励不足和信息不对称,影响和改变了环境领域的国家偏好、观念认知、身份认同和利益计算,促进了国际环境法律与承诺的达成,改善了国际环境法律与承诺的履行。非政府组织利用竞争者、消费者、投资者、劳动者、供应链等市场权力杠杆和国内制度、国际制度的政治权力杠杆,影响和改变了环境领域的企业偏好、观念认知、身份认同和利益计算,帮助克服了企业环境社会责任的激励不足和消费者等利害相关者的信息不对称,增强了全球环境私人规制的有效性。

Mapping Global Mortality and Affected Population Risks for Multiple Natural Hazards

Substantial reduction in both mortality from and the number of people affected by natural hazards by 2030 are two principal targets that can be measured to assess global progress toward meeting the goals of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR). Based on existing research of expected annual multi-hazard intensity (M (h) ) of 11 hazards at the 0.5A degrees A xA 0.5A degrees grid scale in the World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk, including earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, flood, storm surge, tropical cyclone, sand and dust storm, drought, heat wave, cold wave, and wildfire, a vulnerability model involving M (h) and GDP per capita was developed to estimate the mortality level and scale of affected populations in 2005-2015 and 2020-2030. Global mortality and affected population risks were then mapped at the 0.5A degrees A xA 0.5A degrees grid scale and the mortality and affected population rates were ranked at the national scale. The results show that most countries can achieve the target of reducing the mortality and affected population rates. Countries with increasing rates such as Bangladesh and Madagascar, where the coping capacity for natural hazard risks cannot keep pace with the increase of M (h) and the growth of exposure, should be the 'hotspots' of concern in global disaster risk reduction. The method proposed to quantitatively calculate the mortality and affected population risks can provide scientific and technical support for assessing global and national/regional progress in achieving the outcome and goal of the SFDRR.

Model study of relationship between local temperature and artificial heat release

In recent decades,it presents a more obvious temperature rise in urban area along with the global warming.City is generally the center of human society,so the study on urban temperature variation will be helpful to our city development planning that is to reduce urban warming.The study is also helpful to a more comprehensive understanding of the causes of climate warming,which could provide a theoretical support to the government to make more reasonable international energy policies.Local temperature rise has different mechanisms with the global warming:large quantities of artificial heat release from the energy consumption will stay in urban areas for a period of time,which will inevitably influence the short-term trend of the local temperature change.Based on that view,a structural thermodynamic model was established in this paper to investigate the effect of the artificial heat release on the urban local temperatures.In the model,the city environment was divided into Human,Local,Outer three blocks,and then the heat and temperatures of the blocks were analyzed based on the laws of thermodynamics.After that,the effect of artificial heat release in Human block on the local temperatures was clarified.The model shows that the artificial heat release has an approximately linearly promoting effect on the local temperature rise,and the more the heat release is,the stronger the effect is.In addition,a validation of that model was carried out based on some national statistical data.The data of temperatures and artificial heat release of some provincial capitals of China were analyzed with linear regression extrapolation method and Pearson correlation statistical method.The results show that in most capital cities,the temperature variations basically depend on the artificial heat release in a linear relationship,which usually becomes more apparent with the increase of the artificial heat release in both spatial and temporal dimensions.The conclusions of the statistics have good conformity with the model and the rationality of the model is verified.

The Interplay between Global and State Governance: Theoretical Origins and Practical Reflections

Global governance largely grows out of the externalities in state governance. At present, global governance and state governance are integrated into a kind of ＂holistic governance＂ based on their interaction and interpenetration. Our understanding of their interplay can be traced back to ideas that developed from ancient Greek and Roman times to the early 20th century. More recently, from the second half of the 20^th century, theories of the interaction between global and state governance essentially revolved around the externalities in state governance and efforts to overcome those externalities by designing an ideal world. Today, the interaction between global and state governance is of great practical significance, serving to inspire the establishment of a global order based on sharing, integration and symbiotic harmony. However, we should also be aware that this interaction may be converted by great powers to the service of their own interests. At present, China can help reshape the global governance order of the 21st century by strengthening its own development, promoting benign interaction between global and state governance, actively harnessing the potential of its state governance capacity and sharing its experience and ideas.

The Influence of Global Governance upon State Governance

The constant deepening of globalization is bringing all countries into the same global village, and intensified the coordination, interaction and mutual checks of global and state governance. Global governance advocates the whole of the interdependent destiny and common interests of mankind, and the extension of shared national responsibilities, challenges and risks to the whole globe instead of restricting them to certain regions or countries. Global governance is increasingly exerting a profound influence upon state governance in many respects, among them values, concepts, mechanisms, structures and actors, and is giving an external impetus to the modernization of state govemance.

A Multiscale Superpixel-Level Salient Object Detection Model Using Local-Global Contrast Cue

The goal of salient object detection is to estimate the regions which are most likely to attract human's visual attention. As an important image preprocessing procedure to reduce the computational complexity, salient object detection is still a challenging problem in computer vision. In this paper, we proposed a salient object detection model by integrating local and global superpixel contrast at multiple scales. Three features are computed to estimate the saliency of superpixel. Two optimization measures are utilized to refine the resulting saliency map. Extensive experiments with the state-of-the-art saliency models on four public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.