全生态系统和谐:建构社会主义和谐社会的必由之路

社会系统本质是自然社会与人类社会的统一。社会主义和谐社会就是实现自然——人——社会这个全生态系统整体和谐统一的社会。实现和谐发展是科学发展观的精髓。构建和谐社会必须坚持"和谐共生"核心价值理念。正确处理"自然生态,社会生态,人格生态"三大系统内部及其相互关系,建立适应时代发展要求的全生态系统整体和谐统一发展的文明社会。

生态化协同治理:媒体深度融合发展的逻辑取向与创新应变

媒体深度融合发展是一个动态演化过程,其目标指向多个复杂系统经由协同进化而形成的一个更高级的复杂适应性系统——全媒体生态系统。媒体融合过往历程中所遭遇的困境和迷思主要源于融合参与者个体、种群及群落在各自分散决策时的生态位冲突,而已取得的阶段性中间成果则得益于生态化协作过程中对于分布式创新的有序联动。因此,来自异质性多主体的生态化协作共治,通过明确起始条件和实施规则而成为解释并解决上述难题的逻辑取向。与此同时,媒体深度融合发展的生态化协同治理作用的发挥,需要与之相匹配的平台型模块系统架构以及能够生成演化势能的自组织协同学内部动力机制。

旅游全产业链:内涵、逻辑与构建

产业链是社会分工下的生产组织方式,塑造全产业链是市场经济发达、现代经济体系建设的主要任务,也是旅游产业换挡提速高质量发展的关键环节和基础工程。文章致力寻求理论命题下的关键内核,应用链传动理论和旅游体验理论诠释产业链“链主”“链接”“链条”等基本维度,剖析旅游全产业链内涵、理论逻辑及现实构建等问题。研究表明:旅游全产业链是旅游产业链的一种高阶状态,是传统旅游产业“链主”与不断涌现的新“链主”以更强的融贯性和扩展性进行“链接”形成的多“链条”复合式“链网”结构;旅游全产业链实现由“链主”横向联系为主、纵向短链条为辅的初阶旅游产业链网向横向、纵向、立体协同、深度互动的高阶全产业链网络结构转变;“旅游体验需求—市场创新能力—产业融合程度”三维动力在对“3+3+N”旅游全产业链生态系统核心系统、支撑系统的作用中决定了旅游全产业链的发展演进;针对需要克服旅游体验需求与供给能力间的现实矛盾,指出夯实“链主”、优化“链接”、锻造“链条”是构建旅游全产业链的基本路径。

移动互联网时代商业新闻网站发展的困境及解决对策——以新浪、网易为例

2015年,移动互联网时代到来,商业新闻网站作为率先涉足移动互联网领域的媒体,研究其发展具有重要意义。本文梳理了商业新闻网站近些年的发展情况,并以新浪、网易为例,总结出其面临的采访权与版权争议、新闻品质不高、盈利模式模糊等困局。针对这些困局,本文从借助传统媒体提升自身公信力、注重编辑专业素养平衡媒体双重属性、探索用户付费打造全媒体生态系统三个方面探索商业新闻网站摆脱困境的对策。

Integrated Evaluation of Ecological Security at Different Scales Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Zhongxian County, the Three Gorges Area, China

Based on related literature and this research, an ecological security evaluation from the pixel scale to the small watershed or county scale was presented using remote sensing data and related models. With the driver-pressure, state and exposure to pollution-response （DPSER） model as a basis, a conceptual framework of regional ecological evaluation and an index system were established. The extraction and standardization of evaluation indices were carried out with GIS techniques, an information extraction model and a data standardization model. The conversion of regional ecological security results from the pixel scale to a small watershed or county scale was obtained with an evaluation model and a scaling model. Two conceptual scale conversion models of regional ecological security from the pixel scale to the county scale were proposed： 1） scale conversion of ecological security regime results from plxel to small watershed; and 2） scale conversion from pixel to county. These research results could provide useful ideas for regional ecological security evaluation as well as ecological and environmental management.

Effects of experimental warming on soil microbial communities in two contrasting subalpine forest ecosystems,eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Soil microbial communities are primarily regulated by environmental temperature. Our study investigated the effects of global warming on soil microbial community composition as measured via phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） analysis and soil chemical characteristics in relation to soil depth in a dragon spruce plantation and a spruce-fir-dominated natural forestin the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Opentop chambers were utilized to increase the soil and air temperature. Soil samples were collected from the o-10 cm, 10-20cm, and 20-30 cm layers after a 4-year warming. Our results showed that the soil microbial community and the contents of TC （Total carbon）, TN （Total nitrogen）. NO3-. and NH4＋ responded differently to warming in the two contrasting forests, especially at the 0-10 cm soil depth. Warming increased soil microbial biomass at the 0-20 cm depth of soil in natural forest but reduced it at the o-lo cm depth ofsoil in the plantation. In contrast, the TC and TN contents were reduced in most soil layers of a natural forest but increased in all of the soil layers of the plantation under warming conditions. This result suggested that the effects of warming on soil microbial community and soil C and N pools would differ according to soil depth and forest types; thus, the two contrasting forests would under go differing changes following the future climate warming in this region.

The sources and transport of iron in the North Paci?c and its impact on marine ecosystems

The limitation of iron(Fe)makes the North Pacific a typically high-nitrate,low-chlorophyll(HNLC)region in comparison with other oceanic regions of the world.Iron inputs from land via river discharge and atmospheric dust deposition are the primary processes introducing Fe into the ocean.Also,subsequent physical processes are crucial in transporting biologically available Fe into the upper ocean.As anthropogenic dust increases,the Fe from anthropogenic activities is expected to become more important in terms of impacting marine ecosystems.To investigate the Fe cycle and its impact on ecosystems,a project entitled‘The sources and transport of Fe in the North Pacific and its impact on marine ecosystems’has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.The project will focus on three major scientific questions:(1)What are the major sources of Fe in the North Pacific?(2)What is the influence of the Fe-binding ligand cycle on marine ecosystems?(3)What is the likely influence of global change in the future?The distribution of Fe and its corresponding impact on the marine ecosystem in current and future environmental conditions will be investigated.The results of the project are expected to improve our understanding of the marine ecosystem in the North Pacific.

Preliminary Study on Early-warning System of Ecological Security in Water-Level-Fluctuating Zone (WLFZ) of Three Gorges Reservoir

The area,the scope as well as some ecological environment questions in Three Gorges Reservoir was briefly introduced. Then its early warning-system frame was preliminarily constructed,which includes ecological security dynamic monitoring,ecological security appraisal,ecological security forecast and ecological security decision-making management. The synthetic evaluation indicator system of the ecological security quality were initially established,which includes ecological environment pollution,land use and land cover change,geological hazard and epidemic outbreaks. At the same time,29 evaluating indicators were selected,divides into the basic factors,response factors and inducing factors,which need to be Real-time monitored.

Tourist Behaviors in Wetland Park:A Preliminary Study in Xixi National Wetland Park,Hangzhou,China

Public education as well as tourism and leisure are the two important functions of national wetland park, and tourist behaviors act as the guiding factor in the national wetland park construction and management.As the first national wetland park in China, Xixi National Wetland Park, located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, will give constructive instructions to the construction and management of other wetland parks and ecotourism resorts.This paper analyzed the tourist behaviors in Xixi National Wetland Park.By the observation, in-depth interview and questionnaire, the results show that tourists in wetland parks are different from those in the other common destinations, and they are also different from those strict eco-tourists.In fact, the tourists in wetland park have unique characteristics, such as the intense perception to the functions of wetland ecosystem and the environment impact behaviors.Those tourists are preferred to natural landscapes in their motivations and expectations.Wetland landscapes are the main image to those tourists in the Xixi National Wetland Park.Tourist expectation, experience and satisfaction are all critical factors for the success of the planning and management in national wetland parks.Based on the results, some measures for the sustainable development of wetland parks, including to optimize wetland theme landscape and tourism products, to improve tourist facilities and services, to enhance quality of visitor experiences, and to implement total quality management based on tourist characteristics, are given to national wetland park ecotourism.

A watershed-based adaptive knowledge system for developing ecosystem stakeholder partnerships

This study proposes a Watershed-based Adaptive Knowledge System(WAKES) to consistently coordinate multiple stakeholders in developing sustainable partnerships for ecosystem management.WAKES is extended from the institutional mechanism of Payments for Improving Ecosystem Services at the Watershed-scale(PIES-W).PIES-W is designed relating to the governance of ecosystem services flows focused on a lake as a resource stock connecting its inflowing and outflowing rivers within its watershed.It explicitly realizes the values of conservation services provided by private land managers and incorporates their activities into the public organizing framework for ecosystem management.It implicitly extends the "upstream-to-downstream" organizing perspective to a broader vision of viewing the ecosystems as comprised of both "watershed landscapes" and "marine landscapes".Extended from PIES-W,WAKES specifies two corresponding feedback:Framework I and II.Framework I is a relationship matrix comprised of three input-output structures of primary governance factors intersecting three subsystems of a watershed with regard to ecosystem services and human stakeholders.Framework II is the Stakeholder-and-Information structure channeling five types of information among four stakeholder groups in order to enable the feedbacks mechanism of Framework I.WAKES identifies the rationales behind three fundamental information transformations,illustrated with the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and the Strategic Action Program of the Bermejo River Binational Basin.These include(1) translating scientific knowledge into public information within the Function-and-Service structure corresponding to the ecological subsystem,(2) incorporating public perceptions into political will within the Serviceand-Value structure corresponding to the economic subsystem,and(3) integrating scientific knowledge,public perceptions and political will into management options within the Value-and-Stakeholder structure corresponding to the social subsystem.This study seeks to share a vision of social adaptation for a global sustainable future through developing a network to adopt contributions from and forming partnerships among all ecosystem stakeholders.

Ecological Responses to Holocene Millennial-Scale Climate Change at High Altitudes of East and Central Asia: A Case Study of Picea/Abies Pollen Changes in Lacustrine Sediments

Ecosystem response to climate change in high-altitude regions is a focus on global change research. Picea/Abies forests are widely distributed at high altitudes of East and Central Asia, and their distribution changes are sensitive to climate change. Humidity is an important climatic factor that affects high-altitude ecosystems; however, the relationship between distribution changes of Picea/Abies forests and millennial-scale variability of humidity is still not dear. Palynological records can provide insights into millennial-scale paleovegetation changes, which have been successfully used to reconstruct past climate change in East and Central Asia. In this study, we synthesized 24 Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture changes based upon Holocene lake records in East and Central Asia in order to explore the response of high-latitude ecosystem to millennial-scale climate change. The changing pattern of Holocene lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen in arid Central Asia differs from that of monsoonal East Asia, which can be due to different millennial-scale climate change patterns between monsoonal and arid Central Asia. Then, the relationship between changes in Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture conditions was examined based on a comparison of pollen and humidity/moisture records. The results indicate that millennial-scale Picea/Abies distribution changes aremainly controlled by moisture variability at high altitudes, while the temperature effect plays a minor role in Picea/Abies distribution changes. Moreover, this research proves that lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen can be used as an indicator of millennial-scale humidity/moisture evolution at high altitudes in East and Central Asia.

Primary Discussion of a Carbon Sink in the Oceans

As a consequence of global warming and rising sea levels, the oceans are becoming a matter of concern for more and more people because these changes will impact the growth of living organisms as well as people＇s living standards. In particular, it is extremely important that the oceans absorb massive amounts of carbon dioxide. This paper takes a pragmatic approach to analyzing the oceans with respect to the causes of discontinuities in oceanic variables of carbon dioxide sinks. We report on an application of chemical, physical and biological methods to analyze the changes of carbon dioxide in oceans. Based on the relationships among the oceans, land, atmosphere and sediment with respect to carbon dioxide, the foundation of carbon dioxide in shell-building and ocean acidification, the changes in carbon dioxide in the oceans and their impact on climate change, and so on, a vital conclusion can be drawn from this study. Specifically, under the condition that the oceans are not disturbed by external forces, the oceans are a large carbon dioxide sink. The result can also be inferred by the formula： C=A-B and G=E＋F when the marine ecosystem can keep a natural balance and the amount of carbon dioxide emission is limited within the calrying capacity of the oceans.

Invasive Weed Mapping of Lebanon

Surveying and early detection of invasive weeds are essential for strategic management and monitoring. Accordingly, a weed mapping was conducted during July 2011, against native （Orobanche ramosa, Cuscuta spp., Sorghum halepense and Xanthium strumarium） and non native （Abutilon theophrasti, Datura stramonium, Solanum elaeagnifolium and Verbesina encelioide） weeds of Lebanon. A global positioning system （Garmin 2006） was used for precise waypoint, elevation, navigation and distance. The result of interviewing and interacting with the residents in 95 villages distributed between the Beq＇aa and the North governorates of Lebanon, along with the observations made on the route, yielded the first detection of Abutilon theophrasti in both governorates. Solanum elaeagnifolium and Verbesina encelioide were not found in the agro-ecosystems of either governorates. This is the first report of the introduction ofAbutilon theophrasti in Lebanon and the establishment of a baseline data on weeds of Lebanon. The adoption of an integrated weed management program with a quarantine and control techniques and methods is needed to manage the spreading of weeds and to lessen their ability to adapt to a constantly changing system which uses several control practices.

Climate change impact in the Western Himalaya:people's perception and adaptive strategies

The Himalaya represents a vast mountain system and globally valued for its significant role in regulation of global as well as regional climate that has direct impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services crucial for sustenance of millions of people in Himalaya and adjoining areas. However, mountain regions worldwide are impacted by climate change and at the same time represent distinctive area for the assessment of climate related impacts. Climate change impacts in Himalayan region have its implications on food production, natural ecosystems,retreat of glacier, water supply, human and animal health and overall human well being. The livelihood and food security of the people inhabited in region largely depend on climate sensitive sectors i.e.agriculture, livestock, forestry and their interlinkages with each other, and has the potential to break down food and nutritional security as well as livelihood support systems. People's perception and understanding of climate can be an important asset when it comes to adaptation to climate change impact;however it is not taken into consideration for the development of policy design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation strategies by governments and other civil society organizations.The knowledge of local people and farming communities for rural landscape management and sustainable use of bioresources is gaining credence as a key strategy to cope up with the climate change.Therefore, the present study analyzes the indigenous knowledge of local people and their perceptions on climate change, and also documented adaptation approaches at local level in mountain ecosystem of western Himalaya. The study could be useful to policy makers to design appropriate adaptation strategies to cope up with the impacts of climate change.

First Estimations of Plant Acridone Alkaloid Implemented in Mushroom Mycelium Growth

Acridone derivatives are widespread in nature and known to be capable of having a variety of biological activities, but there is not any information on the acridone series compounds in relation to higher fungi, including edible mushrooms available in literature at all. Research into the character of the mode of action of these substances on various living systems is necessary to elucidate the possible unfavorable biological consequences and improve measures on their ecological safety. In this work, the effect of acridone-N-acetic acid on mushroom mycelial growth was tested and the culture of basidiomycete Lentinula edocles （shiitake） has been used. The influence of acridone additive upon the fungal mycelium growth on liquid （submerged） and agar media was examined within the wide concentration range of acridone carboxy-derivative. The results obtained testify to the relative ecological safety of these substances for mushroom organism, and to the mycelial growth promoting capability of acridone-N-acetic acid at favorable concentrations, both under the solid-phase and liquid-phase culture conditions. In fact, the very first step toward the investigation into the systems ＂macromycete-acridone series compound＂ has been made.

浅析传统媒体在社交媒体时代如何保持自身影响力

当前,社交媒体发展之快超乎想象,信息传播模式、媒体格局、顶层设计纷纷产生深刻变化,社交媒体的社会影响越来越大,传统媒体正面对不进则退的局面。在此情况下,传统媒体若想保持自身影响力、牢固树立舆论引导权,融合发展是大势所趋。传统媒体须结合自身优势,分别通过树立互联网思维、重视技术研发、构建全媒体生态系统、加强人才储备等必要途径,不断推进媒体深度融合,促进传统媒体的可持续性发展。

The Global Science of Integrated Water Governance

Abstract： This study discusses the benefits of establishing a broader discipline of water science, based on the organizing mechanism of PES-W （payments for ecosystem services on the watershed scale）. PES-W is derived from an extension of governance analyses of 163 watershed-based PES （payments for ecosystem services） programs, and from the integrative decision mechanism of IPES （integrated payments for ecosystem services） to generalize the PES approach. PES-W reflects three interrelated perspectives fundamental to the global science of integrated water governance： （1） the ecological and economic perspective to integrate human incentives for integrated water resources governance; （2） the sociological and ecological perspective to form partnerships for meta-monitoring and recta-funding for integrated watershed governance; and （3） the scientific and sociological perspective to develop organizing botmdaries based on technology, lifestyle, entrepreneurship and organizing infrastructure for integrated aquatic ecosystem governance. This study is intended to communicate with the international scientific communities for establishing an advanced, academic, and practical multidisciplinary field of the global science of integrated water governance as a critical condition for sustainable development in human societies.

Efflux Estimate of Greenhouse Effect Gases in Three Different Forest Formations and the Influence of Soil

In carbon global cycle, the relationship between the terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere where there are, among others, gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, has become object of relevant scientific interest. The content of organic matter in soil, expressed by its supplies as well as the organic matter degree of stability, are factors that can prevent the soil from acting as a drain and at the same time contribute for it to become a source of those gases. The variations in the way land is used in Brazil are factors responsible for the increase in emission of greenhouse effect gases. Based on these facts, this study was aimed to evaluate the CO2 and CH4 efflux using a gas retention chamber, and to associate these emissions to the organic carbon content in the soil. Two different areas were selected for the study, one in Tijuca Forest National Park, in a forest area, and the other at the Rio de Janeiro Federal Rural University campus. In the latter, the area was stratified in three sub areas according to the vegetation, use and water saturation degree. Samplings were performed during 8 months between 2013 and 2014.

Carbon Storage and Its Spatial Pattern of Terrestrial Ecosystem in China

地球系统的碳库变化和碳循环过程机制是气候变化成因分析、变化趋势预测、减缓和适应对策的科学基础,受到科技界和国际社会的广泛关注。从20世纪80年代中后期开始,中国学者就开展了陆地生态系统碳循环研究工作,并且在许多研究领域都取得了可喜的进展。本文在回顾中国的陆地生态系统碳循环研究发展历程基础上,重点评述陆地生态系统的碳储量及其空间格局方面的研究成果,评价有关研究的不确定性以及亟待解决的重要科学问题。分析表明,中国的陆地生态系统碳循环研究经过了陆地生态系统碳循环的前期研究、区域尺度生态系统碳循环综合研究、生态系统碳循环过程对环境变化适应性实验研究,以及生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环及其区域调控管理研究4个主要发展阶段。大多的研究表明,中国陆地生态系统碳储量及其空间格局是温度和降水控制的。全国土壤、森林和草地植被储存约为97.95 —118.93 Pg C;自20世纪70年代中期以来,我国的植树造林和林业管理、草地保护、农作制度改革和保护性耕作等措施发挥了重要的固碳功能,但是各种方法评估的结果仍然存在较大不确定性。今后的研究重点工作是建立天地空一体化碳储量和碳汇动态监测体系、开展生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环及其区域调控管理的前瞻性研究,定量评价中国区域生态系统的碳收支状况和增汇潜力,评估各种典型生态系统增汇技术的经济效益,为国家尺度的温室气体管理和碳交易机制与政策体系的建立提供可报告、可度量和可核查的科学数据和技术支持。

美国高校图书馆技术增强型学习空间建设实践与思考

伴随信息共享空间建设的兴起,高校图书馆越来越重视对学习者主动与终身学习技能养成的支持,以技术为支撑,以教学改革支持服务为目标的高校图书馆技术增强型学习空间的建设备受关注。美国高校图书馆已通过打造主动学习课堂、教学实验室、创客空间、团队课堂和合作学习环境五种路径探索技术增强型学习空间的建设。为面向更广泛的用户提供学习支持服务,高校图书馆技术增强型学习空间在建设过程中应进一步精准服务定位、支持跨界合作、顺应学习变革趋势,以全面彰显图书馆空间资源的价值。