《圣经》公义观嬗变研究

在《圣经》中,公义(justice),即公平、公正、正直、正义,是上帝之道,上帝的本质属性和美德,上帝对待世界的态度和方式、维护世界秩序的重要原则和法规,也是上帝对人类的道德启示和人类必须遵循的道德规范。公义包括品性和规则两个方面的要求。通过比较可以发现,两约公义观有继承,但发生了以下嬗变:《圣经》充满了对上帝公义性的赞颂,《旧约》从上帝的言行、职任、典章、律例、约束、管理、衡量、分配、仲裁、察验、审判、拯救、赏罚、报偿、庇护、怜悯、伸冤、报应、应许、预定等方面全方位赞颂上帝的公义,而《新约》对上帝公义的赞颂主要集中于末日审判和耶稣代人受过两个方面;《旧约》多处记载了对上帝公义性的怀疑,如义人与恶人没有分别,一样对待,恶人在世兴盛,不受惩罚,反享平康,子民遭受患难,好人遭受迫害,既然人按他的本性都一样该受惩罚,上帝却越过恶人,试探义人,没有一视同仁,而《新约》对上帝的公义性坚信不疑;《旧约》中弥赛亚国度的政治基础是公义,《新约》中天国的道德基础也是公义。《圣经》公义观的嬗变显示了对上帝公义信念的坚守、公义的道德化趋向和来世价值。

Women on the Cross： A Study of the Heroines of George Eliot＇s Three Major Novels

Women＇s suffering in George Eliot＇s three major novels in part results from, on the one hand their consciousness of their futile struggling for something that is incompatible with the society, and on the other, their eventual renunciation of their original dreams. Generally speaking, no matter what overt images they assume, Madonna or madwoman, no matter which period they are in, no matter how hard they try, suffering more or less characterizes their normal living state and they generally have to face a doomed fate. However, Eliot is by no means a pessimist, and she will never let her heroines subject to their fate passively. In suffering, these heroines still believe in love and humanity. They keep their eyes on the misery of the world with great sympathy. They suffer for themselves, and more for others. Suffering is the source of their strength and their way to save the corrupted souls of their male counterparts. They put themselves on the cross of suffering, and in this process they eventually are elevated as Christ figures. Suffering, as Eliot has wished, serves as a baptism, a regeneration, and the initiation into a new state for the sufferers and also a salvation to the world.

The Implications of Population Decline and Fiscal Austerity on Public Nature:Insights From the Evolution of Urban Park Management System in Japan

Facing challenges of population decline and fiscal austerity,Japan has implemented a series of initiatives to promote public-private partnerships(PPP)to ensure the sustainability of urban parks and revitalize urban spaces.These initiatives,while alleviating the government’s financial burdens on parks,have also raised concerns about the potential erosion of publicness and public interests resulted from the commercialization of public assets.This paper reviews the evolution of Japan’s urban park management system after World War II—including three phases of being purely public goods,initiating marketization,and diversifying management entities.The functions of parks have continuously enriched,and the construction,management,and operational modes have shifted from government-led towards multi-stakeholder participation,along with expanded funding sources.By examining the PPP types,driving forces,implementation mechanisms and challenges in urban park management,this paper points out that,in different eras and social contexts,the Japanese government has kept adjusting its role to maximize public interests.This has proactively updated the implications of publicness in infrastructure like urban parks,from a post-war opposite of publicness versus privateness on ownership,to the participation of private capital for a higher efficiency,and finally to a community for a stronger regional competitiveness.The reforms of urban park management system in Japan offer significant lessons and insights for urban infrastructure management in other countries and regions.

The Governance of Higher Education According to the Marxist View of Fairness

According to Marxism,fairness or equity is concrete,evolving,and practice-based,and has as its ultimate aim the realization of the full and free development of man.Xi Jinping Thought on Fairness and Justice underscores governing the country according to law,improving work styles,innovating the social governance model,and making social welfare and people＇s full and free development the point of departure and ultimate goal,in a fresh development of the Marxist approach to equity in the contemporary era.Guided by this approach,Chinese higher education institutions should break free of the traditional regimen,shifting the governance structure from bureaucratic management to shared governance and from the traditional rule of man to the rule of law.Through institutional measures and observance of the basic laws of higher education development,we can build a new type of collaborative relationship among governments,institutions of higher learning,academics and students,and society as a whole.In this way,all participants will find their proper place and realize their full potential,thus activating and enhancing the innovative capacity of higher education.Only thus will higher education institutions be able to modernize their governance systems and capacity.

On the development of citizenship education outlook in China

A sourceidentifying and comparative study of the development of the outlook on citizenship education in China and the Western countries indicates that there emerges a tendency of similar orientations in terms of relations between citizens and the state and society,between citizens’rights and obligations and between citizenship education and moral education.At the same time,there also exists the possibility of mutual integration of the viewpoints and the ideas of Chinese traditional moral education in such aspects as subject basis,educational mechanism and values orientation.