当代公共行政美德研究图景

当前国内外有关公共行政美德的研究已经取得一定的进展:在实践价值的研究方面,行政美德可以在行政组织、行政有效性、行政胜任能力和行政伦理等方面的建设中起着举足轻重的作用;在具体德目及培育路径的研究方面,虽然国外对具体德目的研究领先于国内,但国内外学界均聚焦于从组织、个体和社会三个层面来培育行政美德;在研究方法方面,当前的研究主要采用定量研究、文献分析和案例分析等方法。未来的研究仍需在研究内容、研究方法和研究视角等方面不断拓展和深化,以期更好地服务于公共行政的实践、实现公共行政的价值。

公共行政权监督的分野、补强与融合——一种基于监察与行政检察公益保护职能配置的思考

基于公共行政权监督和公益保护的现实需求,监察权与检察权在公共行政权监督权能方面存在整合的可能性。为实现权力制约、整合及补充,监察权对公共行政权的监督成为必要。采取横向分治与纵向递进的监督模式,使监察与行政检察公益保护职能达到适度分野和融合共治,避免公共行政权监督的碎片化和分散监督问题。

公共行政权集中:滋生腐败

公共事业是社会公共部门为了社会的共同利益而集体从事的非营利性活动。公共事业应遵循社会经济福利准则:一是有效提供社会公共服务,二是保障社会公平分配。由于体制和制度上的缺陷,中国'政府失灵',公共经济问题凸显。公共行政权的高度集中导致公共的生产准入壁垒森严,公共品生产领域的产权过于集中在政府与公共部门手中,产权结构单一、僵化,竞争机制难以形成。个人和利益集团通过影响政府决策来增加自身利益。由于组织制度上的缺陷。

行政主体概念的缺陷与完善刍议

我国现有行政主体概念存在诸多缺陷,难以与时俱进地反映公共行政社会化、行政权力分化与行政主体多元化的冲击与要求。文章借鉴西方国家的行政主体理论,结合我国实际将现有行政主体概念一分为二,称为行政主体与公共行政体,以期克服现有行政主体概念的缺陷,拓展行政法学研究的新视野。

试析中国践行公共新闻的现实困境及突围之策

中国践行"公共新闻"现实困境主要表现在:公众的缺失、传媒的体制性限制、公众参与手段的有限以及节目制作成本的现实选择。因此中国践行"公共新闻"的突围之策亦可以围绕着这几个层面展开:媒介素养教育与公众主体的崛起、搭建公共话语空间以及公众参与手段的完善。

网络平台经营者治理行为规制研究

司法实践中,网络平台经营者的治理处罚行为存在不合理、不公平之处,侵犯了平台内经营者和用户的合法权益,应受到现行法律、法规的限制。本文以案例入手探析网络平台经营者治理行为的理论基础,从平台经营者处理行为具有单方性、格式条款存在不平等现象、获取证据手段低可靠性和网络平台治理监督措施不足几个方面找出问题所在并给出相应的治理建议,以期能为构建良好的互联网运营环境有所裨益。

Bus transit travel time reliability evaluation based on automatic vehicle location data

In order to provide important parameters for schedule designing, decision-making bases for transit operation management and references for passengers traveling by bus, bus transit travel time reliability is analyzed and evaluated based on automatic vehicle location （AVL） data. Based on the statistical analysis of the bus transit travel time, six indices including the coefficient of variance, the width of travel time distribution, the mean commercial speed, the congestion frequency, the planning time index and the buffer time index are proposed. Moreover, a framework for evaluating bus transit travel time reliability is constructed. Finally, a case study on a certain bus route in Suzhou is conducted. Results show that the proposed evaluation index system is simple and intuitive, and it can effectively reflect the efficiency and stability of bus operations. And a distinguishing feature of bus transit travel time reliability is the temporal pattern. It varies across different time periods.

Reform Dividends and Economic Convenience

Reform dividends refer to the improvements in certain economic actors under the new, reformed institutional system as compared against the original system. Reform leads to greater economic growth potential by changing the institutional environment, which in turn increases the vibrancy and innovation of economic actors. The most economically convenient system is also in actuality the most effective market economic system. Reform based on public and collective actions should be based on the following principle： if institutional reform is evolving towards the enhancement of economic convenience, then we can be sure that reform is embarking on the path of releasing dividends.

基于城市用地的公共自行车骑行量建模

将公共自行车出行模式划分为前往站点、租车骑行和还车离开3个阶段,分别研究了城市用地在每个阶段对公共自行车骑行量的影响;针对第1、3阶段,采用兴趣点度量公共自行车站点周围的城市用地类型,通过引入时间满意度函数,基于多元回归分析,提出了预测骑行产生量和吸引量的建模方法;针对第2阶段,构建了城市用地对公共自行车骑行量的6个影响指标,包括起始站点骑行产生量、起始站点分布密度、起始站点偏离度、终止站点骑行吸引量、起终站点间距与起终站点用地差异;对纽约市961 865条以及上海市1 185 816条公共自行车骑行记录进行多元回归分析。分析结果表明:在保持用地因素数量不变的情况下,传统方法针对纽约和上海记录数据的决定系数分别为0.581、0.474,建模方法的决定系数较高,分别达到了0.738、0.607;针对自行车站点间客流量的建模,提出的6个指标均对站点间客流量有显著影响,并且模型的调整决定系数为0.487。可见,建模方法更加合理地衡量了城市用地对公共自行车骑行量的影响,并对站点的骑行产生量、站点间客流量与站点吸引量实现了更为准确的建模。

Territorial Governance in Flux： A Case of the City-Regions in England

Answers to challenges in a changing environment highlight the need to work with a more flexible sense of geography, developing institutional reforms in delivering public services. The emerging city regions in England can be regarded as a prime test of what the need for optimal territorial scope and enhanced coordination needs. The aim of this paper is to examine the emerging new forms of territorial governance in the light of the ＂piecemeal＂ approach of reforms launched by the post-2010 Conservative Liberal Government. We argue that the creation of city-regions is an organic part of the new territorial paradigm; an important element of which is an integrated and functional approach that intersects public administrative borders. Since 2010, the uniformed regional model has been replaced by primarily ad hoc, informal, and flexible approaches. The successive governments placed the bigger cities and its hinterland at the centre of English devolution, but wished to implement them in varying forms of ＂deal-making＂ as a means of decentralization, encouraging solutions tailored to local requirements and opportunities, and retaining the fundamental characteristics of the ＂asymmetrical devolution＂. However, in terms of regional governance, the relationship between the new and old regional configurations has seen the creation of a much-debated, malleable framework which, during the process of Brexit could generate new, further interpretations, narratives, and practical solutions

Synchronous hybrid transport network design

Delay,as an inevitable real-world phenomenon,is usually ignored in transport network design.A model of urban hybrid transport system with stochastic delay was created on the basis of the idealized public transport system design.After formulating the total trip time cost composed of accessing time in the sub-region of the city,waiting time at the public transport station,and in-vehicle time in the public transit network,the analytical properties of the total trip time cost function were investigated.The results show that in the urban hybrid transport network design,the total trip time cost reaches its approximate minimum in a δ-neighbourhood of buffer time of 1.5 min,and that through modelling optimal delay in hybrid transport system,the maximal synchronization can be achieved and operational efficiency and passenger satisfaction can be improved.The proposed modelling and analytical investigations are attempts to contribute to more realistic modelling of future idealized public transport system that involves more practical constraints.

Nursing ethics for prevention and control of major infectious disease outbreaks:Chinese expert consensus

Background Major infectious disease has become a serious threat to people’s health worldwide.As the world’s largest healthcare workforce and the core forces fighting against the epidemic,nurses are on the frontline of this battle.A number of ethical issues have given rise to numerous concerns that have largely affected nurses in different ways as they respond to the epidemic.In addition,excessive expectations from people can exert undue pressure,which can easily lead to burnout in nurses.Methods In this consensus,the expert panel method was used to develop and reach a consensus.The members involved in the formation of the consensus included an expert discussion panel and a consensus writing expert group,a methodologist,and four secretaries.After 16 rounds of online expert consultation and two rounds of expert panel meetings,the writing team analyzed and reviewed the 78 amendments suggested by the experts to develop a consensus on nursing ethics for prevention and control of major infectious disease outbreaks based on the ethical vision of life care.Results This expert consensus focuses on five essential domains:the responsibilities and rights of nurses,the nurse-patient relationship,the doctor-nurse relationship,and the relationship between society and nurses throughout the epidemic.Conclusions We hope this consensus can help nurses better understand and respond to the ethical issues and challenges in public health emergencies,and raise reasonable public expectations of the roles and responsibilities of nurses in these situations.

Development and psychometric assessment of the public health emergency risk perception scale:Under the outbreak of COVID-19

Objective:Correctly understanding and evaluating the level of public risk perception toward public health emergencies not only helps experts and decision-makers understand the public’s preventative health behaviors to these emergencies but also enhances their risk information communication with the public.The aim of this study was to develop a risk perception scale for public health emergencies and test its validity and reliability during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Methods:Guided by the theoretical model of risk perception,an initial scale was generated through literature review,group meetings,resident interviews,and expert consultation.A pretest and item screening were then conducted to develop a formal risk perception scale for public health emergencies.Finally,the reliability and validity of the scale were validated through a questionnaire survey of 504 Chinese adults.Results:The final scale had 9 items.The content validity index of the scale was 0.968,and the content validity index of individual items ranged from 0.83 to 1.00.Three common factors,dread risk perception,severe risk perception,and unknown risk perception,were extracted for exploratory factor analysis,and together they explained 66.26%of the variance in the score.Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model had a satisfactory fit,whereχ^(2)/df=1.384,the goodness-of-fit index(GFI)=0.989,root mean square error of approximation(RMSEA)=0.028,root mean square residual(RMR)=0.018,comparative fit index(CFI)=0.995,normed fit index(NFI)=0.982,and non-normed fit index(NNFI)=0.990.The correlations between dimensions ranged from 0.306 to 0.483(P<0.01).Cronbach’s a was 0.793 for the total scale and ranged between 0.687 and 0.801 for the individual dimensions.The split-half coefficient was 0.861 for the total scale and ranged from 0.727 to 0.856 for induvial dimensions.The test-retest coefficient was 0.846 for the total scale and ranged from 0.843 to 0.868 for induvial dimensions.Conclusion:The developed scale for the risk perception of public health emergencies showed acceptable levels of reliability and validity,suggesting that it is suitable for evaluating residents’risk perception of public health emergencies.

Urban Water Supply Industry Marketization of China in View of Public Water Service and Water Resource Management

Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal of public water service equalization to some extent.The article also analyzes the problems emerged in urban water supply industry marketization reform and various rea-sons in view of efficiency and fairness.An efficiency and fairness oriented management model is built in this article to illustrate how the government should conciliate interests of various communities involved in the process of marketization reform of the urban water supply industry so as to actualize the coordination of efficiency and fairness.At the end,an assumption on urban water price is put forward to help achieve the public water service equalization.

Principles About Batho Pele Principles： South African Exploration and Analyses

This paper explores Batho Pele principles within the ambit of the South African legislative framework regularizing the public service. It informs that there are original principles apprising what is commonly referred to as Batho Pele principles. The original principles are principles about Batho Pele principles. Batho Pele principles are not Bantu principles due to the historical and derogatory orientation of the phrase ＂Bantu＂. They are people orientated principles. The analytical axis is premised on that Batho Pele principles are more about the people than about themselves. The people are not only first in relation with the principles but are the first to be first before the principles were documented. The principles are developed by the people in order to regularize the actions of the public functionaries. The Batho Pele principles and the original principles do not exist in isolation. They are deeply rooted in the societal value systems of the people that existed from one generation to the other to the subsequent, emphasizing the centrality of people in relation to principles. The people＇s centrality is accentuated with references to a reasonable number of specific people orientated instruments that have bearing in the global and international arena.

A Study on the Acts of Civil Disobedience That Have Nationwide Significance in Republic of Turkey

When the relationship between the government and the citizens is taken into consideration, at the times when the government is misusing its power, the citizens may express themselves about the injustice in various ways and civil disobedience is one of them. If the injustice still exists after all the judicial proceedings are taken, then, this act that has nonviolence as its fundamental philosophy is seen to take place. The most important representatives of civil disobedience in the world are Socrates, Henry David Thoreau, M. Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi. These thinkers with their discourses and actions put forth what constitutes as civil disobedience and set an example to other societies. In this study, firstly, the aforementioned notion of civil disobedience is explained. Then, some demonstrations that took place in Turkey are evaluated in the framework of civil disobedience. The aim is to determine whether or not these demonstrations can be considered as examples of ＂civil disobedience＂. Also, the reasons why some of these demonstrations are not in the scope of civil disobedience are discussed. In this study, depiction and historical methods are used.

Administrative Law Studies policy based on public interest

From the aspect of administrative law to analyze the needs of the ＂public interest＂, evaluate the study of traditional administrative law definition of ＂public interest＂ extensive oversight and administrative mission and different levels of resistance, from the perspective of administrative policy on science policy the role of the administrative process of the formation of the special nature of administrative law, reflecting the interests of the mechanism of the modem state, the role of public opinion and how to grasp the meaning of the people said that other issues were discussed, in order to reveal the modem administrative law, research must pay attention to the value and benefits of diversification, the complexity of the method.

Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights

Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for achieving gender equality that emerged in the United Nations in the 1970s and consists of integrating gender equality issues into all public policies. In the 1990s, the same strategy began to be applied to human rights to draw attention to the fact that the enjoyment of human rights is different for men and women, and that some human rights violations specifically affect women. This is a reflection and a result of the patriarchal organization of society and men＇s position of dominance over women. The European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights have begun to incorporate gender mainstreaming or a gender perspective in some judgments, especially in cases of violence against women.